51 Pegasi: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: Sky map 22h 57m 28.0s, +20° 46′ 08″
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}}</ref> However, several "hot Jupiters" are now known to be oblique relative to the stellar axis.<ref name="Ojeda">{{cite journal
}}</ref> However, several "hot Jupiters" are now known to be oblique relative to the stellar axis.<ref name="Ojeda">{{cite journal
|title=Starspots and spin-orbit alignment for Kepler cool host stars
|title=Starspots and spin-orbit alignment for Kepler cool host stars
|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten
|volume=334
|issue=1–2
|pages=180
|author=Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda
|author=Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda
|author2=Josh N. Winn
|author2=Josh N. Winn
|author3=Daniel C. Fabrycky
|author3=Daniel C. Fabrycky
|date=2012
|date=2012
|arxiv=1211.2002|bibcode = 2013AN....334..180S |doi = 10.1002/asna.201211765 }}</ref>
|arxiv=1211.2002|bibcode = 2013AN....334..180S |doi = 10.1002/asna.201211765 |citeseerx=10.1.1.759.5082
}}</ref>


A long-period signal was detected in the radial velocities measured from the Lick and [[W. M. Keck Observatory|Keck]] observatories indicating a possible additional planet with a 88-year period but this is likely a false positive caused by instrumental offsets within the Lick radial velocities.<ref name="Howard2016"/>
A long-period signal was detected in the radial velocities measured from the Lick and [[W. M. Keck Observatory|Keck]] observatories indicating a possible additional planet with a 88-year period but this is likely a false positive caused by instrumental offsets within the Lick radial velocities.<ref name="Howard2016"/>
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<ref name=aaa474_2_653>{{cite journal | first=F. | last=van Leeuwen |date=November 2007 | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 |arxiv = 0708.1752 }}</ref>
<ref name=aaa474_2_653>{{cite journal | first=F. | last=van Leeuwen |date=November 2007 | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 |arxiv = 0708.1752 }}</ref>


<ref name=apj694_2_1085>{{cite journal | first1=Gerard T. | last1=van Belle | first2=Kaspar | last2=von Braun | title=Directly Determined Linear Radii and Effective Temperatures of Exoplanet Host Stars | journal=The [[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=694 | issue=2 | date=2009 | pages=1085–1098 | type=abstract | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/694/2/1085 | bibcode=2009ApJ...694.1085V | arxiv=0901.1206 }}</ref>
<ref name=apj694_2_1085>{{cite journal | first1=Gerard T. | last1=van Belle | first2=Kaspar | last2=von Braun | title=Directly Determined Linear Radii and Effective Temperatures of Exoplanet Host Stars | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=694 | issue=2 | date=2009 | pages=1085–1098 | type=abstract | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/694/2/1085 | bibcode=2009ApJ...694.1085V | arxiv=0901.1206 }}</ref>


<ref name=apjl457_2_L99>{{cite journal | last1=Baliunas | first1=Sallie | last2=Sokoloff | first2=Dmitry | last3=Soon | first3=Willie | title=Magnetic Field and Rotation in Lower Main-Sequence Stars: An Empirical Time-Dependent Magnetic Bode's Relation? | journal=The [[Astrophysical Journal]] Letters | volume=457 | issue=2 | date=1996 | pages=L99–L102 | doi=10.1086/309891 | bibcode=1996ApJ...457L..99B }}.</ref>
<ref name=apjl457_2_L99>{{cite journal | last1=Baliunas | first1=Sallie | last2=Sokoloff | first2=Dmitry | last3=Soon | first3=Willie | title=Magnetic Field and Rotation in Lower Main-Sequence Stars: An Empirical Time-Dependent Magnetic Bode's Relation? | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=457 | issue=2 | date=1996 | pages=L99–L102 | doi=10.1086/309891 | bibcode=1996ApJ...457L..99B }}.</ref>


<ref name=nature378_6555_355>{{cite journal | last1=Mayor | first1=Michael | last2=Queloz | first2=Didier | title=A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | date=1995 | volume=378 | issue=6555 | pages=355–359 | doi=10.1038/378355a0 | bibcode = 1995Natur.378..355M }}</ref>
<ref name=nature378_6555_355>{{cite journal | last1=Mayor | first1=Michael | last2=Queloz | first2=Didier | title=A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | date=1995 | volume=378 | issue=6555 | pages=355–359 | doi=10.1038/378355a0 | bibcode = 1995Natur.378..355M }}</ref>


<ref name=apj646_1_505>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Butler | first1=R. P. | last2=Wright | first2=J. T. | last3=Marcy | first3=G. W. | last4=Fischer | first4=D. A. | last5=Vogt | first5=S. S. | last6=Tinney | first6=C. G. | last7=Jones | first7=H. R. A. | last8=Carter | first8=B. D. | last9=Johnson | first9=J. A. | title=Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets | journal=The [[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=646 | issue=1 | pages=505–522 | date=2006 | doi=10.1086/504701 | bibcode=2006ApJ...646..505B | arxiv=astro-ph/0607493 }}</ref>
<ref name=apj646_1_505>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Butler | first1=R. P. | last2=Wright | first2=J. T. | last3=Marcy | first3=G. W. | last4=Fischer | first4=D. A. | last5=Vogt | first5=S. S. | last6=Tinney | first6=C. G. | last7=Jones | first7=H. R. A. | last8=Carter | first8=B. D. | last9=Johnson | first9=J. A. | title=Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=646 | issue=1 | pages=505–522 | date=2006 | doi=10.1086/504701 | bibcode=2006ApJ...646..505B | arxiv=astro-ph/0607493 }}</ref>


<ref name=aj125_2_984>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Monet | first1=David G. | last2=Levine | first2=Stephen E. | last3=Canzian | first3=Blaise | last4=Ables | first4=Harold D. | last5=Bird | first5=Alan R. | last6=Dahn | first6=Conard C. | last7=Guetter | first7=Harry H. | last8=Harris | first8=Hugh C. | last9=Henden | first9=Arne A. | title=The USNO-B Catalog | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=125 | issue=2 | pages=984–993 | doi=10.1086/345888 | bibcode=2003AJ....125..984M |arxiv = astro-ph/0210694 |date=February 2003}}</ref>
<ref name=aj125_2_984>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Monet | first1=David G. | last2=Levine | first2=Stephen E. | last3=Canzian | first3=Blaise | last4=Ables | first4=Harold D. | last5=Bird | first5=Alan R. | last6=Dahn | first6=Conard C. | last7=Guetter | first7=Harry H. | last8=Harris | first8=Hugh C. | last9=Henden | first9=Arne A. | title=The USNO-B Catalog | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=125 | issue=2 | pages=984–993 | doi=10.1086/345888 | bibcode=2003AJ....125..984M |arxiv = astro-ph/0210694 |date=February 2003}}</ref>
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<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite web | title=51 Peg – Star suspected of Variability | work=SIMBAD | publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=51+Pegasi | accessdate=2011-12-17 }}</ref>
<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite web | title=51 Peg – Star suspected of Variability | work=SIMBAD | publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=51+Pegasi | accessdate=2011-12-17 }}</ref>


<ref name=clpl4>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Johnson | first1=H. L. | last2=Iriarte | first2=B. | last3=Mitchell | first3=R. I. | last4=Wisniewskj | first4=W. Z. | title=UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars | journal=Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory | volume=4 | issue=99 | date=1966 | bibcode=1966CoLPL...4...99J }}</ref>
<ref name=clpl4>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Johnson | first1=H. L. | last2=Iriarte | first2=B. | last3=Mitchell | first3=R. I. | last4=Wisniewskj | first4=W. Z. | title=UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars | journal=Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory | volume=4 | issue=99 | pages=99 | date=1966 | bibcode=1966CoLPL...4...99J }}</ref>


<ref name=csvs>{{cite book | display-authors=1 | last1=Kukarkin | first1=B. V. | last2=Kholopov | first2=P. N. | last3=Artiukhina | first3=N. M. | last4=Fedorovich | first4=V. P. | last5=Frolov | first5=M. S. | last6=Goranskij | first6=V. P. | last7=Gorynya | first7=N. A. | last8=Karitskaya | first8=E. A. | last9=Kireeva | first9=N. N. | title=Nachrichtenblatt der Vereinigung der Sternfreunde e.V. (Catalogue of suspected variable stars) | location=Moscow | publisher=Academy of Sciences USSR Shternberg | date=1981 | bibcode=1981NVS...C......0K }}</ref>
<ref name=csvs>{{Cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Kukarkin | first1=B. V. | last2=Kholopov | first2=P. N. | last3=Artiukhina | first3=N. M. | last4=Fedorovich | first4=V. P. | last5=Frolov | first5=M. S. | last6=Goranskij | first6=V. P. | last7=Gorynya | first7=N. A. | last8=Karitskaya | first8=E. A. | last9=Kireeva | first9=N. N. | title=Nachrichtenblatt der Vereinigung der Sternfreunde e.V. (Catalogue of suspected variable stars) | journal=Nachrichtenblatt der Vereinigung der Sternfreunde | pages=0 | date=1981 | bibcode=1981NVS...C......0K }}</ref>


<ref name=aaa508_3_1417>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Poppenhäger | first1=K. | last2=Robrade | first2=J. | last3=Schmitt | first3=J. H. M. M. | last4=Hall | first4=J. C. | title=51 Pegasi – a planet-bearing Maunder minimum candidate | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=508 | issue=3 | pages=1417–1421 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912945 | bibcode=2009A&A...508.1417P |arxiv = 0911.4862 |date=December 2009}}</ref>
<ref name=aaa508_3_1417>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Poppenhäger | first1=K. | last2=Robrade | first2=J. | last3=Schmitt | first3=J. H. M. M. | last4=Hall | first4=J. C. | title=51 Pegasi – a planet-bearing Maunder minimum candidate | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=508 | issue=3 | pages=1417–1421 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912945 | bibcode=2009A&A...508.1417P |arxiv = 0911.4862 |date=December 2009}}</ref>
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<ref name=mnras408_3_1666>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Simpson | first1=E. K. | last2=Baliunas | first2=S. L. | last3=Henry | first3=G. W. | last4=Watson | first4=C. A. | title=Rotation periods of exoplanet host stars | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=408 | issue=3 | pages=1666–1679 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17230.x | bibcode=2010MNRAS.408.1666S |arxiv = 1006.4121 |date=November 2010}} [as "HD 217014"]</ref>
<ref name=mnras408_3_1666>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Simpson | first1=E. K. | last2=Baliunas | first2=S. L. | last3=Henry | first3=G. W. | last4=Watson | first4=C. A. | title=Rotation periods of exoplanet host stars | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=408 | issue=3 | pages=1666–1679 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17230.x | bibcode=2010MNRAS.408.1666S |arxiv = 1006.4121 |date=November 2010}} [as "HD 217014"]</ref>


<ref name=csiro>{{citation|title=The Colour of Stars |date=December 21, 2004 |work=Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation |url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html |accessdate=2012-01-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6630AbtJZ?url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html |archivedate=March 10, 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name=csiro>{{citation|title=The Colour of Stars |date=December 21, 2004 |work=Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation |url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html |accessdate=2012-01-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6630AbtJZ?url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |last1=Scheme=Aglsterms. Aglsagent; Corporatename=Csiro Australia Telescope National Facility; Address=Po Box 76 Epping Nsw 1710 Australia; Contact=61 2 9372 4100 (Phone) |first1=61 2 9372 4310 (fax); Jurisdiction=Commonwealth }}</ref>


<ref name="Howard2016">{{cite journal | title=Limits on Planetary Companions from Doppler Surveys of Nearby Stars | last1=Howard | first1=Andrew W. | last2=Fulton | first2=Benjamin J. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | volume=128 | issue=969 | at=114401 | year=2016 | arxiv=1606.03134 | bibcode=2016PASP..128k4401H | doi=10.1088/1538-3873/128/969/114401 }}</ref>
<ref name="Howard2016">{{cite journal | title=Limits on Planetary Companions from Doppler Surveys of Nearby Stars | last1=Howard | first1=Andrew W. | last2=Fulton | first2=Benjamin J. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | volume=128 | issue=969 | at=114401 | year=2016 | arxiv=1606.03134 | bibcode=2016PASP..128k4401H | doi=10.1088/1538-3873/128/969/114401 }}</ref>


<ref name=perkins>{{cite journal|bibcode=1989ApJS...71..245K}}</ref>
<ref name=perkins>{{cite journal|bibcode=1989ApJS...71..245K|title=The Perkins Catalog of Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|volume=71|pages=245|last1=Keenan|first1=Philip C.|last2=McNeil|first2=Raymond C.|year=1989}}</ref>


<ref name=skiff>{{cite journal|bibcode=2014yCat....1.2023S}}</ref>
<ref name=skiff>{{cite journal|bibcode=2014yCat....1.2023S|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009-2016)|journal=Vizier Online Data Catalog|last1=Skiff|first1=B. A.|year=2014}}</ref>


<ref name=mittag>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527542|bibcode=2016A&A...591A..89M|arxiv=1607.01279}}</ref>
<ref name=mittag>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527542|bibcode=2016A&A...591A..89M|arxiv=1607.01279|title=Chromospheric activity and evolutionary age of the Sun and four solar twins|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=591|pages=A89|year=2016|last1=Mittag|first1=M.|last2=Schröder|first2=K.-P.|last3=Hempelmann|first3=A.|last4=González-Pérez|first4=J. N.|last5=Schmitt|first5=J. H. M. M.}}</ref>


}}
}}

Revision as of 18:26, 27 September 2018

51 Pegasi
51 Pegasi is located in 100x100
51 Pegasi

51 Peg (circled) in the constellation Pegasus.
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Pegasus
Right ascension 22h 57m 27.98004s[1]
Declination +20° 46′ 07.7912″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 5.49[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type G2IV[3]
Apparent magnitude (B) 6.16[4]
Apparent magnitude (R) 5.0[4]
Apparent magnitude (I) 4.7[4]
Apparent magnitude (J) 4.66[4]
Apparent magnitude (H) 4.23[4]
Apparent magnitude (K) 3.91[2]
U−B color index +0.20[5]
B−V color index +0.67[5]
V−R color index 0.37
R−I color index 0.32
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−33.7 km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 207.25 ± 0.31[1] mas/yr
Dec.: 60.34 ± 0.30[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)64.07 ± 0.38 mas[1]
Distance50.9 ± 0.3 ly
(15.61 ± 0.09 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)4.48[6]
Details
Mass1.11[7] M☉
Radius1.237 ± 0.047[2] R☉
Luminosity1.36±0.02[6] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.33[8] cgs
Temperature5768±8[6] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]+0.20[8] dex
Rotation21.9 ± 0.4 days[9]
Age6.1±0.6[6] Gyr
Other designations
Helvetios, 51 Peg, GJ 882, HR 8729, BD +19°5036, HD 217014, LTT 16750, GCTP 5568.00, SAO 90896, HIP 113357.[10]
Database references
SIMBADdata
Exoplanet Archivedata
ARICNSdata

51 Pegasi (abbreviated 51 Peg), also named Helvetios,[11] is a Sun-like star located 50.9 light-years (15.6 parsecs)[1] from Earth in the constellation of Pegasus. It was the first main-sequence star found to have an exoplanet (designated 51 Pegasi b, officially named Dimidium, formerly unofficially dubbed Bellerophon) orbiting it.[12]

Properties

51 Pegasi

The star is of apparent magnitude 5.49, and so is visible with the naked eye under suitable viewing conditions.

51 Pegasi was listed as a standard star for the spectral type G2IV in the 1989 The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars. Historically it was generally given a stellar classification of G5V,[7] and even in more modern catalogues it is usually listed as a main-sequence star.[13] It is generally considered to still be generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core, but to be in a more evolved state than the sun.[6] The effective temperature of the chromosphere is about 5571 K, giving 51 Pegasi the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star.[14] It is estimated to be 6.1–8.1 billion years old, somewhat older than the Sun, with a radius 24% larger and 11% more massive. The star has a higher proportion of elements other than hydrogen/helium compared to the Sun; a quantity astronomers term a star's metallicity. Stars with higher metallicity such as this are more likely to host planets.[7] In 1996 astronomers Baliunas, Sokoloff, and Soon measured a rotational period of 37 days for 51 Pegasi.[15]

Although the star was suspected of being variable during a 1981 study,[16] subsequent observation showed there was almost no chromospheric activity between 1977 and 1989. Further examination between 1994 and 2007 showed a similar low or flat level of activity. This, along with its relatively low X-ray emission, suggests that the star may be in a Maunder minimum period[7] during which a star produces a reduced number of star spots.

The star rotates at an inclination of 79+11
−30 degrees relative to Earth.[9]

Nomenclature

51 Pegasi is the Flamsteed designation. On its discovery, the planet was designated 51 Pegasi b by its discoverers and unofficially dubbed Bellerophon by the astronomer Geoffrey Marcy, in keeping with the convention of naming planets after Greek and Roman mythological figures (Bellerophon was a figure from Greek mythology who rode the winged horse Pegasus).[17]

In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars.[18] The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names.[19] In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names were Helvetios for this star and Dimidium for its planet.[20]

The winning names were those submitted by the Astronomische Gesellschaft Luzern, Switzerland. 'Helvetios' is Latin for 'the Helvetian' and refers to the Celtic tribe that lived in Switzerland during antiquity; 'Dimidium' is Latin for 'half', referring to the planet's mass of at least half the mass of Jupiter.[21]

In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[22] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. In its first bulletin of July 2016,[23] the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This star is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[11]

Planetary system

Main article: 51 Pegasi b

On October 6, 1995, Swiss astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting 51 Pegasi.[12] The discovery was made with the radial velocity method on a telescope at Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France and using the ELODIE spectrograph. On October 12, 1995, confirmation came from Geoffrey Marcy from San Francisco State University and Paul Butler from the University of California, Berkeley using the Hamilton Spectrograph at the Lick Observatory near San Jose in California.

51 Pegasi b (51 Peg b) is the first discovered planetary-mass companion of its parent star. After its discovery, many teams confirmed its existence and obtained more observations of its properties, including the fact that it orbits very close to the star, experiences estimated temperatures around 1200 °C, and has a minimum mass about half that of Jupiter. At the time, this close distance was not compatible with theories of planet formation and resulted in discussions of planetary migration. It has been assumed that the planet shares the star's inclination of 79 degrees.[24] However, several "hot Jupiters" are now known to be oblique relative to the stellar axis.[25]

A long-period signal was detected in the radial velocities measured from the Lick and Keck observatories indicating a possible additional planet with a 88-year period but this is likely a false positive caused by instrumental offsets within the Lick radial velocities.[26]

Artist impression of the exoplanet 51 Pegasi b.[27]
The 51 Pegasi planetary system[28]
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b (Dimidium) ≥ 0.472 ± 0.039 MJ 0.0527 ± 0.0030 4.230785 ± 0.000036 0.013 ± 0.012 — —

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357.
  2. ^ a b c van Belle, Gerard T.; von Braun, Kaspar (2009). "Directly Determined Linear Radii and Effective Temperatures of Exoplanet Host Stars". The Astrophysical Journal (abstract). 694 (2): 1085–1098. arXiv:0901.1206. Bibcode:2009ApJ...694.1085V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/2/1085.
  3. ^ Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989). "The Perkins Catalog of Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 71: 245. Bibcode:1989ApJS...71..245K.
  4. ^ a b c d e Monet, David G.; et al. (February 2003). "The USNO-B Catalog". The Astronomical Journal. 125 (2): 984–993. arXiv:astro-ph/0210694. Bibcode:2003AJ....125..984M. doi:10.1086/345888.
  5. ^ a b Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1966). "UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. 4 (99): 99. Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J.
  6. ^ a b c d e Mittag, M.; Schröder, K.-P.; Hempelmann, A.; González-Pérez, J. N.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2016). "Chromospheric activity and evolutionary age of the Sun and four solar twins". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 591: A89. arXiv:1607.01279. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..89M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527542.
  7. ^ a b c d Poppenhäger, K.; et al. (December 2009), "51 Pegasi – a planet-bearing Maunder minimum candidate", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 508 (3): 1417–1421, arXiv:0911.4862, Bibcode:2009A&A...508.1417P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912945
  8. ^ a b Frasca, A.; et al. (December 2009). "REM near-IR and optical photometric monitoring of pre-main sequence stars in Orion. Rotation periods and starspot parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 508 (3): 1313–1330. arXiv:0911.0760. Bibcode:2009A&A...508.1313F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913327.
  9. ^ a b Simpson, E. K.; et al. (November 2010), "Rotation periods of exoplanet host stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 408 (3): 1666–1679, arXiv:1006.4121, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408.1666S, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17230.x [as "HD 217014"]
  10. ^ "51 Peg – Star suspected of Variability". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  11. ^ a b "IAU Catalog of Star Names". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  12. ^ a b Mayor, Michael; Queloz, Didier (1995). "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star". Nature. 378 (6555): 355–359. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..355M. doi:10.1038/378355a0.
  13. ^ Skiff, B. A. (2014). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009-2016)". Vizier Online Data Catalog. Bibcode:2014yCat....1.2023S.
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