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Dhar (Kashmiri: धर (Devanagari), دھر (Nastaleeq)), also spelled Dar Kashmiri: डार (Devanagari), ڈار (Nastaleeq)), is a Kashmiri surname (kram), found among individuals native to the Kashmir Valley of India,^[1] as well as Kashmiri émigrés who have migrated to the Punjab,^[2]^[3] a region divided between India and neighbouring Pakistan.^[4] The caste name is shared among both Hindus and Muslims.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] The Dhar kram originates from the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of a jagir.^[10]^[11]^[12] This honorific was prevalent during the 12th Century A.D. and remained in vogue up until the 14th Century A.D.^[13] In antiquity, many Dhars migrated to the region of Gauda (present day Bengal), and much later returned to the Kashmir Valley.^[14] Nevertheless, to this day, there are many Bengali Kayasthas of the Dhar clan who are found in that region of Bengal.^[15] Many Dar's are also found in Ajk districts like Muzaffarabad^[16].

History and origins

According to one explanation, the Dhar kram originates from the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of a jagir.^[17]^[11]^[18] This title was often used in the 12th century and stayed fashionable up until the 14th century.^[13] According to one theory, by a Kashmiri writer, many Dhars migrated to Gauda, and a large amount later returned to the Kashmir Valley.^[19]

Notables

Abdul Majeed Dar, Hizbul Mujahideen Commander
Meeraji (born Mohammed Sanaullah Dar), Urdu poet-scholar, considered one of the fathers of modernism in Urdu literature
Aneek Dhar, Indian singer
Anuj Dhar, Indian author and journalist
Birbal Dhar, leader of Kashmiri resistance to Afghan rule
Divya Dhar
Durga Prasad Dhar, ambassador of India to the Soviet Union
Kiran Kumar, Indian actor
Mirza Pandit Dhar
Muhammad Ahsan Dar, founder and former Hizbul Mujahideen commander
Muhammad Nasir Dar, PAF Shaheed
P. N. Dhar, Principal Secretary to Indira Gandhi
Sandeepa Dhar, Bollywood actress
Sheila Dhar, Kashmiri Indian author and singer
Sudhir Dar (b. 1934), cartoonist
Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Urdu novelist
Rumeli Dhar, Indian cricketer
KSHMR (real name Niles Hollowell-Dhar), Indo-American EDM artist
Angira Dhar, Indian actress

Pakistani sportspeople

Aleem Dar, Pakistani cricket umpire
Haroon Rasheed, former Pakistani test cricketer and manager
Nida Dar, female Pakistani test cricketer
Tabarak Dar, Bangkok cricketer
Munir Ahmed Dar, field hockey
Tanvir Dar, field hockey
Asif Dar, boxer
Noam Dar, wrestler

Pakistani politicians

Ishaq Dar, Pakistani Finance Minister
Sh Rohail Asghar Dar, Pakistani Member of Parliament
Kiran Imran Dar, politician and MNA for women from Punjab
Usman Dar, politician from Sialkot

References

^ Explore Kashmiri Pandits. Dharma Publications. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
^ A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Nirmal Publishers and Distributors. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The most important Kashmiri element in the Punjab is found in the cities of Ludhiana and Amritsar, which still contain large colonies of weavers, employed in weaving carpets and finer fabrics.
^ Kashmiris' contribution to Ludhianvi culture. The Tribune. Retrieved 25 March 2007. In fact, the Ludhiana hosiery industry owes its origin to Kashmiris. According to the Ludhiana District Gazetteer, during a devastating famine in the 19th century a number of Kashmiris migrated to Ludhiana. They are known world over for their handicraft skills. They started weaving woollen fabric here. Slowly the trade got popular and Ludhiana started to be identified with hosiery only.
^ P.D.B.J. Meerbach. Relating Farmers' Practices to Cotton Yields in the South-Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Irrigation and Soil and Water Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University. Retrieved 25 March 2007. With the inception of Pakistan, the Punjab has been divided into two parts: west Punjab (Pakistan) and east Punjab (India).
^ D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma. Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names. Mittal Publication. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Similar is the case of Hindus and Christians in Kerala, eg (Krisna Panikkar; George Panikkar), and Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir or Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab who have many common surnames, eg (Kashmir) : Bhat, Dar, Malik, Rana, Pandit (Saleem Pandit), etc. and (Punjab): Arora, Bedi, Kapoor, Bjaj, Sahney, Maini, Ahloowalia, etc. In such cases reference to a person by his surname, as Mr. Bhat or Mr. Arora does not indicate whether the person under reference is a Hindu, a Muslim or a Sikh.
^ Arjun Ray. Kashmir diary: psychology of militancy. Manas Publications. Retrieved 25 March 2007. This is peculiar to Kashmir only. • Hindu surnames like Dar, Rishi, Pandit, ...
^ William M. Clements. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East. Greenwood Press. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The Kashmiri population consists of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and others. Hindus, popularly known as Pandits and considered the purest specimens of the ancient Aryan ... A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, ...
^ Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Volumes 62–63. Dr. A. M. Ghatage. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Hence Kashmiri speech community can be viewed as the population united by sharing social norms; acquire Kashmiri as their native language; and use Kashmiri language to meet ... The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, ...
^ Saligram Bhatt; Jānakīnātha Kaula. Kashmiri Pandits, a cultural heritage. Lancer Book. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Incidentally it may be stated that many Kashmiri Muslims still have the surnames of the pandits, like Kaul, Bhatt, Pandit, Dar, etc. With the accession to throne of Hari Singh in 1925, the State was given a 'new look'.
^ Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller jagir/estate; called Dara pronounced as Dhara. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.
^ ^a ^b Kumar Suresh Singh; Tapash Kumar Ghosh; Surendra Nath. People of India: Delhi. Anthropological Survey of India. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Some of their surnames are derived from location, occupation, tide, status, family history and so. These are Kaul, Dhar, ...
^ Barbara Anne Brower; Barbara Rose Johnston. Disappearing peoples?: indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia. Left Coast Press. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (eg, Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, ...
^ ^a ^b Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller jagir/estate; called Dara pronounced as Dhara. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.
^ Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Dhar's were those who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} and retained their Dhar surname once they returned to the valley.
^ Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya. Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems. Nabu Press. Dhar–A Surname–1. (1) Of the Dakshin Rarhi Kayasthas of Bengal–179. (2) Of the Bangaja Kayasthas of East Bengal–184. (3) Of the Barendra Kayasthas of North bengal–184.
^ "Muzaffarabad district - Wikipedia". en.m.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or warlord of smaller jagir/estate; called Dara pronounced as Dhara. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century (Jaisimha) and continued to be used till about 14th Century. [italics in the original]
^ Barbara Anne Brower; Barbara Rose Johnston. Disappearing peoples?: indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia. Left Coast Press. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, ...
^ Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. A recent article by a Kashmeeri writer has propounded that Dhar's were those who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} and retained their Dhar surname once they returned to the valley.

[Bansi_Pandit-1] Explore Kashmiri Pandits. Dharma Publications. Retrieved 2 December 2010.

[H.A._Rose_-_2-2] A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Nirmal Publishers and Distributors. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The most important Kashmiri element in the Punjab is found in the cities of Ludhiana and Amritsar, which still contain large colonies of weavers, employed in weaving carpets and finer fabrics.

[The_Tribune-3] Kashmiris' contribution to Ludhianvi culture. The Tribune. Retrieved 25 March 2007. In fact, the Ludhiana hosiery industry owes its origin to Kashmiris. According to the Ludhiana District Gazetteer, during a devastating famine in the 19th century a number of Kashmiris migrated to Ludhiana. They are known world over for their handicraft skills. They started weaving woollen fabric here. Slowly the trade got popular and Ludhiana started to be identified with hosiery only.

[P.D.B.J._Meerbach-4] P.D.B.J. Meerbach. Relating Farmers' Practices to Cotton Yields in the South-Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Irrigation and Soil and Water Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University. Retrieved 25 March 2007. With the inception of Pakistan, the Punjab has been divided into two parts: west Punjab (Pakistan) and east Punjab (India).

[D._D._(Dhruv_Dev)._Sharma-5] D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma. Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names. Mittal Publication. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Similar is the case of Hindus and Christians in Kerala, eg (Krisna Panikkar; George Panikkar), and Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir or Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab who have many common surnames, eg (Kashmir) : Bhat, Dar, Malik, Rana, Pandit (Saleem Pandit), etc. and (Punjab): Arora, Bedi, Kapoor, Bjaj, Sahney, Maini, Ahloowalia, etc. In such cases reference to a person by his surname, as Mr. Bhat or Mr. Arora does not indicate whether the person under reference is a Hindu, a Muslim or a Sikh.

[Arjun_Ray-6] Arjun Ray. Kashmir diary: psychology of militancy. Manas Publications. Retrieved 25 March 2007. This is peculiar to Kashmir only. • Hindu surnames like Dar, Rishi, Pandit, ...

[William_M._Clements-7] William M. Clements. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East. Greenwood Press. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The Kashmiri population consists of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and others. Hindus, popularly known as Pandits and considered the purest specimens of the ancient Aryan ... A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, ...

[Deccan_College_Post-graduate_and_Research_Institute-8] Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Volumes 62–63. Dr. A. M. Ghatage. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Hence Kashmiri speech community can be viewed as the population united by sharing social norms; acquire Kashmiri as their native language; and use Kashmiri language to meet ... The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, ...

[Saligram_Bhatt3-9] Saligram Bhatt; Jānakīnātha Kaula. Kashmiri Pandits, a cultural heritage. Lancer Book. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Incidentally it may be stated that many Kashmiri Muslims still have the surnames of the pandits, like Kaul, Bhatt, Pandit, Dar, etc. With the accession to throne of Hari Singh in 1925, the State was given a 'new look'.

[Saligram_Bhatt1-10] Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller jagir/estate; called Dara pronounced as Dhara. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.

[Kumar_Suresh_Singh,_Tapash_Kumar_Ghosh,_Surendra_Nath-11] Kumar Suresh Singh; Tapash Kumar Ghosh; Surendra Nath. People of India: Delhi. Anthropological Survey of India. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Some of their surnames are derived from location, occupation, tide, status, family history and so. These are Kaul, Dhar, ...

[Barbara_Anne_Brower,_Barbara_Rose_Johnston-12] Barbara Anne Brower; Barbara Rose Johnston. Disappearing peoples?: indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia. Left Coast Press. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (eg, Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, ...

[Saligram_Bhatt-13] Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller jagir/estate; called Dara pronounced as Dhara. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.

[Saligram_Bhatt2-14] Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Dhar's were those who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} and retained their Dhar surname once they returned to the valley.

[Jogendra_Nath_Bhattacharya-15] Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya. Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems. Nabu Press. Dhar–A Surname–1. (1) Of the Dakshin Rarhi Kayasthas of Bengal–179. (2) Of the Bangaja Kayasthas of East Bengal–184. (3) Of the Barendra Kayasthas of North bengal–184.

[16] "Muzaffarabad district - Wikipedia". en.m.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[Saligram_Bhatt4-17] Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or warlord of smaller jagir/estate; called Dara pronounced as Dhara. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century (Jaisimha) and continued to be used till about 14th Century. [italics in the original]

[Barbara_Anne_Brower,_Barbara_Rose_Johnston1-18] Barbara Anne Brower; Barbara Rose Johnston. Disappearing peoples?: indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia. Left Coast Press. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, ...

[Saligram_Bhatt_-_Migration_to_Bengal-19] Saligram Bhatt. Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2007. A recent article by a Kashmeeri writer has propounded that Dhar's were those who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} and retained their Dhar surname once they returned to the valley.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
 {{about|Dhar, the Kashmiri caste|the Indian city|Dhar|other uses|Dar (disambiguation){{!}}Dar}}
-'''Dhar''' ({{lang-ks|धर <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>, دھر <small>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaleeq]])</small>}}), also spelled '''Dar''' mostly in India {{lang-ks|डार <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>, ڈار <small>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaleeq]])</small>}}), is a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] surname (kram), found among individuals native to the [[Kashmir|Kashmir Valley]] of [[India]],<ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&pg=PA99&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=JdEbTaLcOsqkngfx4f2aDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref> as well as Kashmiri émigrés who have migrated to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]],<ref name="H.A. Rose - 2">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&pg=PA479&dq=malik+kashmir+caste&hl=en&ei=OPjxTISOA4GC8gb92eThDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCIQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=malik%20kashmir%20caste&f=false|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province|publisher =Nirmal Publishers and Distributors|quote= The most important Kashmiri element in the Punjab is found in the cities of Ludhiana and Amritsar, which still contain large colonies of weavers, employed in weaving carpets and finer fabrics.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune">{{cite book|url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030724/ldh1.htm|title=Kashmiris' contribution to Ludhianvi culture|publisher =[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|quote= In fact, the Ludhiana hosiery industry owes its origin to Kashmiris. According to the Ludhiana District Gazetteer, during a devastating famine in the 19th century a number of Kashmiris migrated to Ludhiana. They are known world over for their handicraft skills. They started weaving woollen fabric here. Slowly the trade got popular and Ludhiana started to be identified with hosiery only.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> a region divided between India and neighbouring [[Pakistan]].<ref name="P.D.B.J. Meerbach">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=V9WUMuSdlh4C&pg=PA1&dq=punjab+divided+india+pakistan&hl=en&ei=4bMdTei4IZXqnQfH8Kj-DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=punjab%20divided%20india%20pakistan&f=false|author=P.D.B.J. Meerbach|title=Relating Farmers' Practices to Cotton Yields in the South-Punjab, Pakistan|publisher =Department of Irrigation and Soil and Water Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University|quote= With the inception of Pakistan, the Punjab has been divided into two parts: west Punjab (Pakistan) and east Punjab (India).|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> The [[Caste system in India|caste]] name is shared among both [[Kashmiri Pandits|Hindus]] and [[Indian Muslims|Muslims]].<ref name="D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_5UW9Krt_NEC&pg=PA11&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=cKYfTZCnLMiinQf-t_TyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma|title=Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names|publisher =Mittal Publication|quote=Similar is the case of Hindus and Christians in Kerala, eg (Krisna Panikkar; George Panikkar), and Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir or Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab who have many common surnames, eg (Kashmir) : Bhat, Dar, Malik, Rana, Pandit (Saleem Pandit), etc. and (Punjab): Arora, Bedi, Kapoor, Bjaj, Sahney, Maini, Ahloowalia, etc. In such cases reference to a person by his surname, as Mr. Bhat or Mr. Arora does not indicate whether the person under reference is a Hindu, a Muslim or a Sikh.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Arjun Ray">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=cKYfTZCnLMiinQf-t_TyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg|author=Arjun Ray|title=Kashmir diary: psychology of militancy|publisher =Manas Publications|quote= This is peculiar to Kashmir only. • Hindu surnames like Dar, Rishi, Pandit, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="William M. Clements">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvrWAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=P6kfTZLWDovJnAe_xI3ZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East|publisher =[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|author=William M. Clements|quote= The Kashmiri population consists of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and others. Hindus, popularly known as Pandits and considered the purest specimens of the ancient Aryan ... A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=P6kfTZLWDovJnAe_xI3ZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCTgK|title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Volumes 62–63|publisher =Dr. A. M. Ghatage|quote= Hence Kashmiri speech community can be viewed as the population united by sharing social norms; acquire Kashmiri as their native language; and use Kashmiri language to meet ... The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Saligram Bhatt3">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=P6kfTZLWDovJnAe_xI3ZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCTgK|author1=Saligram Bhatt |author2=Jānakīnātha Kaula |title=Kashmiri Pandits, a cultural heritage|publisher =[[Lancer Book]]|quote= Incidentally it may be stated that many Kashmiri Muslims still have the surnames of the pandits, like Kaul, Bhatt, Pandit, Dar, etc. With the accession to throne of Hari Singh in 1925, the State was given a 'new look'.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> The Dhar ''kram'' originates from the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of a [[jagir]].<ref name="Saligram Bhatt1">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA134&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=wLIdTdHDL9CSnweG__W4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Saligram Bhatt|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|publisher =A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|quote= The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller ''jagir''/estate; called ''Dara'' pronounced as ''Dhara''. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh, Tapash Kumar Ghosh, Surendra Nath">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0BFuAAAAMAAJ&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=KKQfTZmKE8r_nAfutITpDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgU|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh |author2=Tapash Kumar Ghosh |author3=Surendra Nath |title=People of India: Delhi|publisher =[[Anthropological Survey of India]]|quote= Some of their surnames are derived from location, occupation, tide, status, family history and so. These are Kaul, Dhar, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Barbara Anne Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcXYAAAAMAAJ&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=0qQfTZ-1NqDtnQffzMSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwADge|title=Disappearing peoples?: indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia|author1=Barbara Anne Brower |author2=Barbara Rose Johnston |publisher =Left Coast Press|quote= Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (eg, Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, ... |accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> This honorific was prevalent during the 12th Century A.D. and remained in vogue up until the 14th Century A.D.<ref name="Saligram Bhatt">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA134&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=wLIdTdHDL9CSnweG__W4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Saligram Bhatt|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|publisher =A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|quote= The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller ''jagir''/estate; called ''Dara'' pronounced as ''Dhara''. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> In antiquity, many Dhars migrated to the region of [[Gauḍa region|Gauda]] (present day [[Bengal]]), and much later returned to the [[Kashmir|Kashmir Valley]].<ref name="Saligram Bhatt2">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA134&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=wLIdTdHDL9CSnweG__W4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Saligram Bhatt|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|publisher =A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|quote= Dhar's were those who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} and retained their Dhar surname once they returned to the valley. |accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> Nevertheless, to this day, there are many [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Kayastha]]s of the Dhar clan who are found in that region of Bengal.<ref name="Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA575&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=-LIdTZvcL5KjnQez8LnyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBjge#v=onepage&q&f=false
+'''Dhar''' ({{lang-ks|धर <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>, دھر <small>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaleeq]])</small>}}), also spelled '''Dar''' {{lang-ks|डार <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>, ڈار <small>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaleeq]])</small>}}), is a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] surname (kram), found among individuals native to the [[Kashmir|Kashmir Valley]] of [[India]],<ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&pg=PA99&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&hl=en&ei=JdEbTaLcOsqkngfx4f2aDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref> as well as Kashmiri émigrés who have migrated to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]],<ref name="H.A. Rose - 2">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&pg=PA479&dq=malik+kashmir+caste&hl=en&ei=OPjxTISOA4GC8gb92eThDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCIQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=malik%20kashmir%20caste&f=false|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province|publisher =Nirmal Publishers and Distributors|quote= The most important Kashmiri element in the Punjab is found in the cities of Ludhiana and Amritsar, which still contain large colonies of weavers, employed in weaving carpets and finer fabrics.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune">{{cite book|url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030724/ldh1.htm|title=Kashmiris' contribution to Ludhianvi culture|publisher =[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|quote= In fact, the Ludhiana hosiery industry owes its origin to Kashmiris. According to the Ludhiana District Gazetteer, during a devastating famine in the 19th century a number of Kashmiris migrated to Ludhiana. They are known world over for their handicraft skills. They started weaving woollen fabric here. Slowly the trade got popular and Ludhiana started to be identified with hosiery only.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> a region divided between India and neighbouring [[Pakistan]].<ref name="P.D.B.J. Meerbach">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=V9WUMuSdlh4C&pg=PA1&dq=punjab+divided+india+pakistan&hl=en&ei=4bMdTei4IZXqnQfH8Kj-DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=punjab%20divided%20india%20pakistan&f=false|author=P.D.B.J. Meerbach|title=Relating Farmers' Practices to Cotton Yields in the South-Punjab, Pakistan|publisher =Department of Irrigation and Soil and Water Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University|quote= With the inception of Pakistan, the Punjab has been divided into two parts: west Punjab (Pakistan) and east Punjab (India).|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> The [[Caste system in India|caste]] name is shared among both [[Kashmiri Pandits|Hindus]] and [[Indian Muslims|Muslims]].<ref name="D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_5UW9Krt_NEC&pg=PA11&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=cKYfTZCnLMiinQf-t_TyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma|title=Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names|publisher =Mittal Publication|quote=Similar is the case of Hindus and Christians in Kerala, eg (Krisna Panikkar; George Panikkar), and Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir or Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab who have many common surnames, eg (Kashmir) : Bhat, Dar, Malik, Rana, Pandit (Saleem Pandit), etc. and (Punjab): Arora, Bedi, Kapoor, Bjaj, Sahney, Maini, Ahloowalia, etc. In such cases reference to a person by his surname, as Mr. Bhat or Mr. Arora does not indicate whether the person under reference is a Hindu, a Muslim or a Sikh.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Arjun Ray">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=cKYfTZCnLMiinQf-t_TyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg|author=Arjun Ray|title=Kashmir diary: psychology of militancy|publisher =Manas Publications|quote= This is peculiar to Kashmir only. • Hindu surnames like Dar, Rishi, Pandit, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="William M. Clements">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvrWAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=P6kfTZLWDovJnAe_xI3ZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East|publisher =[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|author=William M. Clements|quote= The Kashmiri population consists of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and others. Hindus, popularly known as Pandits and considered the purest specimens of the ancient Aryan ... A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=P6kfTZLWDovJnAe_xI3ZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCTgK|title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Volumes 62–63|publisher =Dr. A. M. Ghatage|quote= Hence Kashmiri speech community can be viewed as the population united by sharing social norms; acquire Kashmiri as their native language; and use Kashmiri language to meet ... The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Saligram Bhatt3">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&dq=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&hl=en&ei=P6kfTZLWDovJnAe_xI3ZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCTgK|author1=Saligram Bhatt |author2=Jānakīnātha Kaula |title=Kashmiri Pandits, a cultural heritage|publisher =[[Lancer Book]]|quote= Incidentally it may be stated that many Kashmiri Muslims still have the surnames of the pandits, like Kaul, Bhatt, Pandit, Dar, etc. With the accession to throne of Hari Singh in 1925, the State was given a 'new look'.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> The Dhar ''kram'' originates from the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of a [[jagir]].<ref name="Saligram Bhatt1">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA134&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=wLIdTdHDL9CSnweG__W4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Saligram Bhatt|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|publisher =A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|quote= The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller ''jagir''/estate; called ''Dara'' pronounced as ''Dhara''. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh, Tapash Kumar Ghosh, Surendra Nath">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0BFuAAAAMAAJ&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=KKQfTZmKE8r_nAfutITpDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgU|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh |author2=Tapash Kumar Ghosh |author3=Surendra Nath |title=People of India: Delhi|publisher =[[Anthropological Survey of India]]|quote= Some of their surnames are derived from location, occupation, tide, status, family history and so. These are Kaul, Dhar, ...|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Barbara Anne Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcXYAAAAMAAJ&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=0qQfTZ-1NqDtnQffzMSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwADge|title=Disappearing peoples?: indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia|author1=Barbara Anne Brower |author2=Barbara Rose Johnston |publisher =Left Coast Press|quote= Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (eg, Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, ... |accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> This honorific was prevalent during the 12th Century A.D. and remained in vogue up until the 14th Century A.D.<ref name="Saligram Bhatt">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA134&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=wLIdTdHDL9CSnweG__W4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Saligram Bhatt|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|publisher =A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|quote= The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller ''jagir''/estate; called ''Dara'' pronounced as ''Dhara''. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.|accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> In antiquity, many Dhars migrated to the region of [[Gauḍa region|Gauda]] (present day [[Bengal]]), and much later returned to the [[Kashmir|Kashmir Valley]].<ref name="Saligram Bhatt2">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA134&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=wLIdTdHDL9CSnweG__W4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Saligram Bhatt|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|publisher =A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|quote= Dhar's were those who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} and retained their Dhar surname once they returned to the valley. |accessdate = 25 March 2007}}</ref> Nevertheless, to this day, there are many [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Kayastha]]s of the Dhar clan who are found in that region of Bengal.<ref name="Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA575&dq=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&hl=en&ei=-LIdTZvcL5KjnQez8LnyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBjge#v=onepage&q&f=false
-|author=Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya|title=Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems|publisher =Nabu Press|quote=Dhar–A Surname–1. (1) Of the Dakshin Rarhi Kayasthas of Bengal–179. (2) Of the Bangaja Kayasthas of East Bengal–184. (3) Of the Barendra Kayasthas of North bengal–184.}}</ref>
+|author=Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya|title=Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems|publisher =Nabu Press|quote=Dhar–A Surname–1. (1) Of the Dakshin Rarhi Kayasthas of Bengal–179. (2) Of the Bangaja Kayasthas of East Bengal–184. (3) Of the Barendra Kayasthas of North bengal–184.}}</ref> Many Dar's are also found in Ajk districts like [[Muzaffarabad district|Muzaffarabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad_district|title=Muzaffarabad district - Wikipedia|website=en.m.wikipedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>.
 ==History and origins==