Freedoms of the air: Difference between revisions

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</ref> It is the right to carry passengers from one's own country to a second country, and from that country to a third country (and so on). The 'unofficial' [[Freedoms of the Air#Seventh freedom|seventh freedom]]'", is a variation of the fifth freedom and allows international services wholly outside an airline's origin.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31|date=June 2009}} An example of a fifth freedom traffic right is [[Emirates (Airlines)|Emirates]] flight 2004 from Dubai to [[Brisbane, Australia]] and onward to [[Auckland, New Zealand]], where tickets can be sold on any sector.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|34|date=June 2009}} [[Fifth freedom traffic rights]] are intended to enhance the economic viability of an airline's long haul routes, but tend to be viewed by local airlines and governments as potentially unfair competition to their primary (third and fourth freedom) international traffic rights.<ref name=Wassenbergh />{{rp|33–34}} The negotiations for fifth freedom traffic rights can be lengthy because in practice the approval of at least three different nations is required.{{Ref|NoteB|Note}}<ref name=Hanlon />{{rp|131}}
</ref> It is the right to carry passengers from one's own country to a second country, and from that country to a third country (and so on). The 'unofficial' [[Freedoms of the Air#Seventh freedom|seventh freedom]]'", is a variation of the fifth freedom and allows international services wholly outside an airline's origin.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31|date=June 2009}} An example of a fifth freedom traffic right is an [[Emirates (Airlines)|Emirates]] flight in 2004 from Dubai to [[Brisbane, Australia]] and onward to [[Auckland, New Zealand]], where tickets can be sold on any sector.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|34|date=June 2009}} Fifth freedom traffic rights are intended to enhance the economic viability of an airline's long haul routes, but tend to be viewed by local airlines and governments as potentially unfair competition to their primary (third and fourth freedom) international traffic rights.<ref name=Wassenbergh />{{rp|33–34}} The negotiations for fifth freedom traffic rights can be lengthy because in practice the approval of at least three different nations is required.{{Ref|NoteB|Note}}<ref name=Hanlon />{{rp|131}}


Fifth freedom traffic rights were instrumental to the economic viability of [[long haul flights]] until the early 1980s when advances in technology and the increase in passenger volume facilitated the operation of more [[non-stop flights|non-stop]].<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} The excess capacity on multi-sector routes could be filled by picking up and dropping off passengers along the way.<ref name=Wassenbergh />{{rp|33}}It was not uncommon for carriers to schedule stops in foreign countries on the way to a flight's final destination, especially between Europe and Africa, South America and Asia's [[Far East]].<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} An example of a multi-sector flight in the mid-1980s was the [[Alitalia]] service from Rome to Tokyo via Athens, Delhi, Bangkok and Hong Kong.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} Such routings in Asia approximated the [[Silk Road]]<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} Fifth freedom flights are still highly common in Eastern Asia, particularly on routes linking [[Tokyo]] with [[Hong Kong]] and [[Bangkok]] whereby, in 2004, service was provided by at least four airlines whose home base was not in either Hong Kong or Bangkok.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|32|date=June 2009}} The [[Singapore]]-Bangkok route has also constituted an important fifth freedom market. In the late 1990s, half of the seats available between the two cities were offered by airlines holding fifth freedom traffic rights.<ref name=Yang />{{Rp|112}} Other major markets served by fifth freedom flights can be found in Europe, South America, the Caribbean and the [[Tasman Sea]].<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|32–33, 36|date=June 2009}}
Fifth freedom traffic rights were instrumental to the economic viability of [[long-haul flight]] until the early 1980s when advances in technology and increased passenger volume facilitated the operation of more [[non-stop flight]]s.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} The excess capacity on multi-sector routes could be filled by picking up and dropping off passengers along the way.<ref name=Wassenbergh />{{rp|33}}It was not uncommon for carriers to schedule stops in one or more foreign countries on the way to a flight's final destination. Fifth freedom flights were common between Europe and Africa, South America and the [[Far East]].<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} An example of a multi-sector flight in the mid-1980s was an [[Alitalia]] service from Rome to Tokyo via Athens, Delhi, Bangkok and Hong Kong.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} Such routings in Asia approximated the [[Silk Road]]<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|31–32}} Fifth freedom flights are still highly common in East Asia, particularly on routes serving [[Tokyo]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Bangkok]]. Between the latter two destinations, in 2004, service was provided by at least four airlines whose home base was not in either Hong Kong or Bangkok.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|32|date=June 2009}} The [[Singapore]]-Bangkok route has also constituted an important fifth freedom market. In the late 1990s, half of the seats available between the two cities were offered by airlines holding fifth freedom traffic rights.<ref name=Yang />{{Rp|112}} Other major markets served by fifth freedom flights can be found in Europe, South America, the Caribbean and the [[Tasman Sea]].<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|32–33, 36|date=June 2009}}


[[Fifth freedom traffic rights]] are sought by airlines wishing to take up unserved or underserved routes, or by airlines whose flights already make technical stops at a location as allowed by the [[#Second freedom|second freedom]].<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|32|date=June 2009}} Governments (e.g. [[Thailand]]) may sometimes encourage fifth freedom traffic as a way of promoting [[tourism]] by increasing the number of seats available although, in turn, there may be reactionary pressure to avoid liberalizing traffic rights too much in order to protect a flag carrier's commercial interests.<ref name=Yang />{{Rp|110}} By the 1990s, fifth freedom traffic rights stirred controversy in Asia because of loss-making services by airlines in the countries hosting them.<ref name="La Croix">{{cite journal|last=La Croix|first=Sumner J.|coauthors=David Johnathan Wolff|title=The Asia-Pacific Airline Industry: Economic Boom and Political Conflict|journal=East-West Center Special Reports|date=October 1995|issue=4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tU1W9TrG5CoC|accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>{{rp|16–19}} Particularly in protest over US air carriers' service patterns in Asia, some nations have become less generous with regard to granting fifth freedom traffic rights, while sixth freedom traffic has grown in importance for Asian airlines.<ref name=Yang />{{Rp|112}}
[[Fifth freedom traffic rights]] are sought by airlines wishing to take up unserved or underserved routes, or by airlines whose flights already make technical stops at a location as allowed by the second freedom.<ref name="FFFF" />{{Rp|32|date=June 2009}} Governments (e.g. [[Thailand]]) may sometimes encourage fifth freedom traffic as a way of promoting [[tourism]] by increasing the number of seats available although, in turn, there may be reactionary pressure to avoid liberalizing traffic rights too much in order to protect a flag carrier's commercial interests.<ref name=Yang />{{Rp|110}} By the 1990s, fifth freedom traffic rights stirred controversy in Asia because of loss-making services by airlines in the countries hosting them.<ref name="La Croix">{{cite journal|last=La Croix|first=Sumner J.|coauthors=David Johnathan Wolff|title=The Asia-Pacific Airline Industry: Economic Boom and Political Conflict|journal=East-West Center Special Reports|date=October 1995|issue=4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tU1W9TrG5CoC|accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>{{rp|16–19}} Particularly in protest over US air carriers' service patterns in Asia, some nations have become less generous with regard to granting fifth freedom traffic rights, while sixth freedom traffic has grown in importance for Asian airlines.<ref name=Yang />{{Rp|112}}


The [[Japan–United States relations|Japan-United States]] bilateral air transport agreement of 1952 has been viewed as being particularly contentious because unlimited fifth freedom traffic rights have been granted to designated US air carriers serving destinations in Far East Asia beyond Japan. For example, in the early 1990s, the Japanese government's refusal to permit flights on the New York City—Osaka—Sydney route led to protests by the US government and the airline that applied to serve that route. The Japanese government countered that about 10% of the traffic on the Japan - Australia sector was third and fourth freedom traffic to and from the US, while the bilateral agreement specified that primary justification for unlimited fifth freedom traffic was to fill up aircraft carrying a majority of US-originated or US-destined traffic under third and fourth freedom rights. Japan was given many unused fifth freedom traffic rights beyond the USA, but these were seen as being less valuable than the fifth freedom traffic rights enjoyed by US air carriers via Japan because of the higher operating costs of Japanese airlines and geographical circumstances. Japan serves as a useful gateway to Asia for US travelers. The US contended that Japan's favourable geographical location and its flag airline's carriage of a sizeable volume of sixth freedom traffic via gateway cities in Japan helped to level the playing field. In 1995, the air transport agreement was updated by way of liberalizing Japanese carriers' access to US destinations, while placing selected restrictions on US air carriers.<ref name="La Croix" />{{rp|19–24}}
The [[Japan–United States relations|Japan-United States]] bilateral air transport agreement of 1952 has been viewed as being particularly contentious because unlimited fifth freedom traffic rights have been granted to designated US air carriers serving destinations in Far East Asia beyond Japan. For example, in the early 1990s, the Japanese government's refusal to permit flights on the New York City—Osaka—Sydney route led to protests by the US government and the airlines that applied to serve that route. The Japanese government countered that about 10% of the traffic on the Japan - Australia sector was third and fourth freedom traffic to and from the US, while the bilateral agreement specified that primary justification for unlimited fifth freedom traffic was to fill up aircraft carrying a majority of US-originated or US-destined traffic under third and fourth freedom rights. Japan had held many unused fifth freedom traffic rights beyond the USA, but these were seen as being less valuable than the fifth freedom traffic rights enjoyed by US air carriers via Japan because of the higher operating costs of Japanese airlines and geographical circumstances. Japan serves as a useful gateway to Asia for North american travelers. The US contended that Japan's favourable geographical location and its flag airlines' carriage of a sizeable volume of sixth freedom traffic via gateway cities in Japan helped to level the playing field. In 1995, the air transport agreement was updated by way of liberalizing Japanese carriers' access to US destinations, while placing selected restrictions on US air carriers.<ref name="La Croix" />{{rp|19–24}}


====Sixth freedom====
====Sixth freedom====

Revision as of 04:33, 7 April 2014

The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country's airspace, formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944, known as the Chicago Convention. The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states, but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules. The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network. The use of the terms 'freedom' and 'right' confer entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties (air services agreements) that allow them.

The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports, the other freedoms are about carrying people, mail and cargo internationally. The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties, especially the Chicago Convention. Several other freedoms have been added, and although most are not officially recognised under international treaties they have been agreed to by a number of countries. The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial. Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms. They are relatively rare but examples include the recent single aviation markets in the European Union and between Australia and New Zealand.

Overview

Freedoms of the air apply to commercial aviation.[1][2]: 145–146  The terms 'freedom' and 'right' are a shorthand way of referring to the type of international services permitted between two or more countries.[2]: 145–146  Even when such services are allowed by countries, airlines may still face restrictions to accessing them by the terms of treaties or for other reasons.[2]: 145–146 [3]: 19 

a diagram of the nine freedoms, with blue circles indicating the operating airline's domestic market and red or yellow circles indicating foreign markets
Freedom Description Example
1st the right to fly over a foreign country without landing[4] Toronto - Mexico City by a Canadian company, overflying the USA
2nd the right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a foreign country without embarking or disembarking passengers or cargo[4] Toronto - Mexico City by a Canadian company, stopping for fuel in the USA
3rd the right to fly from one's own country to another[4] Toronto - Chicago by a Canadian company
4th the right to fly from another country to one's own[4] Toronto - Chicago by a US company
5th the right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country[4] Doha - Bangkok - Kuala Lumpur by a Qatari company
6th the right to fly from a foreign country to another while stopping in one's own country for non-technical reasons[4] Dubai - Cairo - Paris by an Egyptian company
7th the right to fly between two foreign countries while not offering flights to one's own country[4] Kuala Lumpur - Jakarta by an Italian company
8th the right to fly inside a foreign country, continuing to one's own country[4] Chicago - New York City - Toronto by a Canadian company
9th the right to fly inside a foreign country without continuing to one's own country[4] Beijing - Shanghai, as an Italian company

Transit rights

The first and second freedoms grant rights to pass through a country without carrying traffic that originates or terminates there and are known as 'transit rights'.[2]: 146  The Chicago Convention drew up a multilateral agreement in which the first two freedoms, known as the International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA) or "Two Freedoms Agreement", were open to all signatories. As of mid-2007, the treaty was accepted by 129 countries.[5]

A country granting transit rights may impose fees for the privilege. The reasonableness of such fees has caused controversy at times.

First freedom

IASTA participants (and some of their colonies)

The first freedom is the right to fly over a foreign country without landing.[6]: 31  It grants the privilege to fly over the territory of a treaty country without landing. Member states of the International Air Services Transit Agreement grant this freedom (as well as the second freedom) to other member states,[7] subject to the transiting aircraft using designated air routes.[8] As of the summer of 2007, 129 countries were parties to this treaty, including such large ones as the United States of America, India, and Australia. However, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and China never joined, and Canada left the treaty in 1988.[9] These large and strategically located non-IASTA-member states prefer to maintain tighter control over foreign airlines' overflight of their airspace, and negotiate transit agreements with other countries on a case-by-case basis.[3]: 23  Since the end of the Cold War, first freedom rights are almost completely universal.[2]: 151  Most countries require prior notification before an overflight, and may charge substantial fees for the privilege.[10]

IASTA allows each member country to charge foreign airlines "reasonable" fees for using its airports (which is applicable, presumably, only to the second freedom) and "facilities";[8] according to IATA, such fees should not be higher than those charged to domestic airlines engaged in similar international services.[8] Such fees indeed are commonly charged merely for the privilege of the overflight of a country's national territory, when no airport usage is involved.[11] For example, the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S., an IASTA signatory, as of 2009 charges the so-called enroute fees, of US$33.72 per 100 nautical miles (190 km), of great circle distance from point of entry of an aircraft into the U.S.-controlled airspace to the point of its exit from this airspace.[12] In addition, a lower fee (a so-called oceanic fee) of $15.94 per 100 nautical miles (190 km) is charged for flying over the international waters where air traffic is controlled by the U.S., which includes sections of Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans.[12] Countries that are not signatories of the IASTA charge overflight fees as well; among them, Russia, is known for charging high fees, especially on the transarctic routes between North America and Asia, which cross Siberia.[11] In 2008, Russia temporarily denied Lufthansa Cargo permission to overfly its airspace with cargo ostensibly due to "delayed payments for its flyover rights".[13] European airlines pay Russia €300 million a year for flyover permissions for its airlines.[13]

Second freedom

The second freedom allows technical stops without the embarking or disembarking of passengers or cargo.[6]: 31  It is the right to stop in one country solely for refueling or other maintenance on the way to another country.[2]: 146  Because of longer range of modern airliners, second freedom rights are comparatively rarely exercised by passenger carriers today, but they are widely used by air cargo carriers, and are more or less universal between countries.[11]

The most famous example of the second freedom is Shannon Airport, which was used as a stopping point for most North Atlantic flights until the 1960s. Anchorage was similarly used for flights between Western Europe and East Asia, bypassing Soviet airspace, until the 1980s. Anchorage is still used by some mainland Chinese and Taiwanese airlines for flights to the U.S. and Toronto until 2000s. Flights between Europe and South Africa often stopped at Ilha do Sal (Sal Island), off the coast of Senegal, due to many African nations refusing to allow South African flights to overfly their territory during the Apartheid regime. Gander, Newfoundland was also a frequent stopping point for airlines from the USSR and East Germany on the way to the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico and South America.

Traffic rights

In contrast to transit rights, 'traffic rights' allow commercial international services between, through and in some cases within the countries that are parties to air services agreements or other treaties.[2]: 146  While it was agreed that the third to fifth freedoms shall be negotiated between states, the International Air Transport Agreement (or "Five Freedoms Agreement") was also opened for signatures, encompassing the first five freedoms.[14]: 108  The remaining four freedoms are made possible by some air services agreements but are not 'officially' recognized because they are not mentioned by the Chicago Convention.[14]: 108 

Third and fourth freedom

The third and fourth freedoms allow basic international service between two countries.[2]: 146  Even when reciprocal third and fourth freedom rights are granted air services agreements (e.g. the Bermuda Agreements) may still restrict many aspects of the traffic, such as the capacity of aircraft, the frequency of flights, the airlines permitted to fly and the airports permitted to be served.[2]: 146–147  The third freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo from one's own country to another.[6]: 31  The right to carry passengers or cargo from another country to one's own is the fourth freedom.[6]: 31  Third and fourth freedom rights are almost always granted simultaneously in bilateral agreements between countries.

Beyond rights

Beyond rights allow the carriage of traffic between (and sometimes within) countries that are foreign to the airlines that operate them.[2]: 146  Today, the most controversial of these are fifth freedom rights.[2]: 146 [14]: 108–109 [14]: 112  Less controversial but still restricted at times, though relatively more common are sixth freedom rights.[2]: 146 [15]: 94–95 

Beyond rights also encompass international flights with a foreign intermediate stop where passengers may only embark and disembark at the intermediate point on the leg of the flight that serves the origin of an airline operating it.[2]: 146  It also includes 'stopover' traffic where passengers may embark or disembark at an intermediate stop as part of an itinerary between the endpoints of a multi-leg flight or connecting flights.Note[2]: 146  Some international flights stop at multiple points in a foreign country and passengers may sometimes make stopovers in a similar manner, but because the traffic being carried does not originate in the country where the flight takes place it is not cabotage but another form of beyond rights.[16]: 110 

Fifth freedom

The fifth freedom allows an airline to carry revenue traffic between foreign countries as a part of services connecting the airline's own country.[17] It is the right to carry passengers from one's own country to a second country, and from that country to a third country (and so on). The 'unofficial' seventh freedom'", is a variation of the fifth freedom and allows international services wholly outside an airline's origin.[6]: 31  An example of a fifth freedom traffic right is an Emirates flight in 2004 from Dubai to Brisbane, Australia and onward to Auckland, New Zealand, where tickets can be sold on any sector.[6]: 34  Fifth freedom traffic rights are intended to enhance the economic viability of an airline's long haul routes, but tend to be viewed by local airlines and governments as potentially unfair competition to their primary (third and fourth freedom) international traffic rights.[18]: 33–34  The negotiations for fifth freedom traffic rights can be lengthy because in practice the approval of at least three different nations is required.Note[19]: 131 

Fifth freedom traffic rights were instrumental to the economic viability of long-haul flight until the early 1980s when advances in technology and increased passenger volume facilitated the operation of more non-stop flights.[6]: 31–32  The excess capacity on multi-sector routes could be filled by picking up and dropping off passengers along the way.[18]: 33 It was not uncommon for carriers to schedule stops in one or more foreign countries on the way to a flight's final destination. Fifth freedom flights were common between Europe and Africa, South America and the Far East.[6]: 31–32  An example of a multi-sector flight in the mid-1980s was an Alitalia service from Rome to Tokyo via Athens, Delhi, Bangkok and Hong Kong.[6]: 31–32  Such routings in Asia approximated the Silk Road[6]: 31–32  Fifth freedom flights are still highly common in East Asia, particularly on routes serving Tokyo, Hong Kong and Bangkok. Between the latter two destinations, in 2004, service was provided by at least four airlines whose home base was not in either Hong Kong or Bangkok.[6]: 32  The Singapore-Bangkok route has also constituted an important fifth freedom market. In the late 1990s, half of the seats available between the two cities were offered by airlines holding fifth freedom traffic rights.[14]: 112  Other major markets served by fifth freedom flights can be found in Europe, South America, the Caribbean and the Tasman Sea.[6]: 32–33, 36 

Fifth freedom traffic rights are sought by airlines wishing to take up unserved or underserved routes, or by airlines whose flights already make technical stops at a location as allowed by the second freedom.[6]: 32  Governments (e.g. Thailand) may sometimes encourage fifth freedom traffic as a way of promoting tourism by increasing the number of seats available although, in turn, there may be reactionary pressure to avoid liberalizing traffic rights too much in order to protect a flag carrier's commercial interests.[14]: 110  By the 1990s, fifth freedom traffic rights stirred controversy in Asia because of loss-making services by airlines in the countries hosting them.[20]: 16–19  Particularly in protest over US air carriers' service patterns in Asia, some nations have become less generous with regard to granting fifth freedom traffic rights, while sixth freedom traffic has grown in importance for Asian airlines.[14]: 112 

The Japan-United States bilateral air transport agreement of 1952 has been viewed as being particularly contentious because unlimited fifth freedom traffic rights have been granted to designated US air carriers serving destinations in Far East Asia beyond Japan. For example, in the early 1990s, the Japanese government's refusal to permit flights on the New York City—Osaka—Sydney route led to protests by the US government and the airlines that applied to serve that route. The Japanese government countered that about 10% of the traffic on the Japan - Australia sector was third and fourth freedom traffic to and from the US, while the bilateral agreement specified that primary justification for unlimited fifth freedom traffic was to fill up aircraft carrying a majority of US-originated or US-destined traffic under third and fourth freedom rights. Japan had held many unused fifth freedom traffic rights beyond the USA, but these were seen as being less valuable than the fifth freedom traffic rights enjoyed by US air carriers via Japan because of the higher operating costs of Japanese airlines and geographical circumstances. Japan serves as a useful gateway to Asia for North american travelers. The US contended that Japan's favourable geographical location and its flag airlines' carriage of a sizeable volume of sixth freedom traffic via gateway cities in Japan helped to level the playing field. In 1995, the air transport agreement was updated by way of liberalizing Japanese carriers' access to US destinations, while placing selected restrictions on US air carriers.[20]: 19–24 

Sixth freedom

The unofficial sixth freedom combines the third and fourth freedoms and is the right to carry passengers or cargo from a second country to a third country by stopping in one's own country.[6]: 31  It can also be characterized as a form of the fifth freedom with an intermediate stop in the operating airline's home market. This characterization is often invoked as protectionist policy as the traffic, like fifth freedom traffic, is secondary in nature to third and fourth freedom traffic.[18]: 33–34  Consequently some nations seek to regulate sixth freedom traffic as though it were fifth freedom traffic.[19]: 130  China is an example of a country that restricts sixth freedom traffic from third party countries. Specifically, it is difficult for airlines to obtain permission from China to serve the country via codeshare flights from intermediate countries.[21]

Because the nature of air services agreements is essentially a mercantilist negotiation that strives for an equitable exchange of traffic rights the outcome of a bilateral agreement may not be fully reciprocal but rather a reflection of the relative size and geographic position of two markets, especially in the case of a large country negotiating with a much smaller one.[19]: 129  In exchange for a smaller state granting fifth freedom rights to a larger country, the smaller country may be able to intermediate sixth freedom traffic to onward destinations from the larger country.[19]: 129–130 

Cathay Pacific, Thai Airways International, Malaysia Airlines, Singapore Airlines and other airlines in Asia use sixth-freedom rights extensively to fly passengers between Europe and Australasia (also known as the Kangaroo Route). American Airlines connects passengers from Europe and Asia to other countries in the Americas via U.S. ports. British Airways commonly tickets passengers from America to Asia via London. Icelandair sells tickets between Europe and North America via Iceland, Finnair sells tickets from North America to Asia via Helsinki.

Seventh freedom

The unofficial seventh freedom is a variation of the fifth freedom. It is the right to carry passengers or cargo between two foreign countries without any continuing service to one's own country.[6]: 31 

The seventh freedom is rare because it is usually not in the commercial interest of airlines, except in Europe where an EU open skies has seen many carriers, particularly low cost carriers, operate flights between two points, with neither of them being in their home country. Ryanair has a wide variety of such routes. On 2 October 2007, the United Kingdom and Singapore signed an agreement that allowed unlimited seventh freedom rights from 30 March 2008 (along with a full exchange of other freedoms of the air).

Cabotage

Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country by a vessel or an aircraft registered in another country. Originally a shipping term, cabotage now covers aviation, railways, and road transport. It is "trade or navigation in coastal waters, or, the exclusive right of a country to operate the air traffic within its territory".[22]

Eighth freedom (consecutive cabotage)

The unofficial eighth freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo between two or more points in one foreign country and is also known as cabotage.[6]: 31  It is extremely rare outside Europe. The main example is the European Union, which has granted such rights to all its member states. Other examples include the Single Aviation Market (SAM) established between Australia and New Zealand in 1996; the 2001 Protocol to the Multilateral Agreement on the Liberalization of International Air Transportation (MALIAT) between Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore; United Airlines "island hopper" route, from Guam to Honolulu, able to transport passengers within the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands, although the countries involved are closely associated with the United States, the flag of United. Such rights have usually granted only where the domestic air network is very underdeveloped. A notable instance was Pan Am's authority to fly between Frankfurt and West Berlin from the 1950s to 1980s, although political circumstances, not the state of the domestic air network, dictated this - only airlines of the Allied Powers of France, the United Kingdom and the United States had the right to land aircraft in West Berlin.[citation needed][23] In 2005, the United Kingdom and New Zealand concluded an agreement granting unlimited cabotage rights.[24] Given the distance between the two countries, the agreement can be seen as reflecting a political principle rather than an expectation that these rights will be taken up in the near future. New Zealand had exchanged eighth-freedom rights with Ireland in 1999.[25]

Ninth freedom (stand alone cabotage)

The right to carry passengers or cargo within a foreign country without continuing service to or from one's own country,[26] sometimes known as "stand alone cabotage." It differs from the aviation definition of "true cabotage," in that it does not directly relate to one's own country.

The EU agreements mentioned above also fall under this category.

Ryanair, an Irish low cost airline maintains an extensive network inside Italy and has routes in France, Spain and the United Kingdom.
Volotea, a Spanish low cost airline maintains networks in Italy and France.
easyJet, a British low cost airline maintains networks in Italy and France.
Norwegian Air Shuttle ASA, a Norwegian low cost airline maintains networks in Sweden, Finland and Denmark.

See also

External links

Notes

^A Even when fifth freedom rights are in place further restrictions on capacity and frequency may result in an airline only using the rights for stopover traffic or not being able to carry any traffic at all.[19]: 131 

^B Because of this three types of fifth freedom traffic can be distinguished: 'intermediate point', where the right is granted from a third country to a second one between the third and the grantee; 'beyond-point', where the country giving the right allows traffic to continue to third countries; and 'behind-point' or 'anterior-point' where the grantor allows service between other destinations outside of the grantee's country of origin.[14]: 108 [19]: 131 

References

  1. ^ Follesdal, Andreas; Wessel, Ramses; Wouters, Jan (2008). Multilevel Regulation and the EU: The Interplay Between Global, European and National Normative Processes. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 187. ISBN 978-90-04-16438-3. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Erlinda M. Medalla, ed. (2005). "7: The airline industry". Competition Policy In East Asia. New York: Routledge. pp. 145–169. ISBN 0415350751. Retrieved 19 February 2013. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  3. ^ a b P.P.C. Haanappel (1998). "2,The transformation of sovereignty in the air". In Chia-Jui Cheng, Jiarui Cheng (ed.). The Use of Air & Outer Space Cooperation & Competition:. London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9041105972. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "4.1". Manual on the Regulation of International Air Transport (in English) (2nd ed.). International Civil Aviation Organisation. 2004. ISBN 92-9194-404-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ International Air Services Transit Agreement - list of signatory states. The document is not dated, but includes Kazakhstan, which notified the U.S. Secretary of State of its acceptance of the treaty in July 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Vallero, Luigi (August 2004). "The Freedom of Fifth Freedom Flights". Airways. 11 (102). Airways International Inc: 31–36. ISSN 1074-4320.
  7. ^ International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA), Article 1, Section 1
  8. ^ a b c IASTA, Article I, Section 4
  9. ^ International Air Services Transit Agreement - list of signatory states. The document is not signed, but includes Kazakhstan, which notified the US Secretary of States of its acceptance of the treaty in July 2007.
  10. ^ Mulrine, Anna (June 9, 2008). Targeting the Enemy. US News and World Report.
  11. ^ a b c Bijan Vasigh, Tom Tacker, Ken Fleming. Introduction to Air Transport Economics: From Theory to Applications. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008. ISBN 0-7546-7081-3. On Google Books. Page 156
  12. ^ a b Overflight Fees (FAA)
  13. ^ a b Russia 'Blackmails' Lufthansa over Cargo Hubs retrieved June 5, 2008
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h David J.J Yang (1998). "9, The New Dimension of Fifth Freedom: the conflict of interest between Asian and American airlines". In Chia-Jui Cheng, Jiarui Cheng (ed.). [Partial text The Use of Air & Outer Space Cooperation & Competition:]. London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9041105972. Retrieved 20 February 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
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