Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Coordinates: 37°25′17″N 141°01′57″E / 37.4214°N 141.0325°E / 37.4214; 141.0325
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Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant
The Fukushima 1 NPP
Map
CountryJapan
Coordinates37°25′17″N 141°01′57″E / 37.4214°N 141.0325°E / 37.4214; 141.0325
StatusDecommissioned
Construction began1966
Commission dateMarch 26, 1971 (1971-03-26)
Decommission date
  • 11 March 2011
Owner(s)
Operator(s)Tokyo Electric Power Company
Power generation
Nameplate capacity
  • 0 MW
External links
Websitewww.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/press/f1-np/index-e.html
CommonsRelated media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant (福島第一原子力発電所, Fukushima Dai-Ichi Genshiryoku Hatsudensho, Fukushima I NPP, 1F), often referred to as Fukushima Dai-ichi, is a nuclear power plant located in the town of Okuma in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The plant consists of six boiling water reactors. These light water reactors have a combined power of 4.7 GW, making Fukushima I one of the 25 largest nuclear power stations in the world. Fukushima I was the first nuclear plant to be constructed and run entirely by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).

In March 2011, in the immediate wake of the Sendai earthquake and tsunami, the Japanese government declared an "atomic power emergency" and evacuated thousands of residents living close to Fukushima I. Ryohei Shiomi of Japan's nuclear safety commission said that officials were concerned about the possibility of a partial meltdown at Unit 1.[1][2] The following day, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano said that a partial meltdown at Unit 3 is "highly possible."[3]

Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant, 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) to the south, is also run by TEPCO.

Reactors

Aerial view of the plant area (north is to the right)

The reactors for units 1, 2, and 6 were supplied by General Electric, those for units 3 and 5 by Toshiba, and unit 4 by Hitachi. Architectural design for General Electric's units was done by Ebasco. All construction was done by Kajima.[4] From September 2010, unit 3 has been fueled by mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel.[5][6] Units 1–5 had/have a Mark 1 type (light bulb torus) containment structure, unit 6 has Mark 2 type (over/under) containment structure.[7]

Unit 1 is a 439 MW boiling water reactor (BWR3) constructed in July 1967. It commenced commercial electrical production on March 26, 1971, and was scheduled for shutdown in March, 2011. It was damaged during the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami.[8] Unit 1 was designed for a peak ground acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and a response spectrum based on the 1952 Kern County earthquake.[7] All units were inspected after the 1978 Miyagi earthquake when the ground acceleration was 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, but no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was discovered.[7]

Unit Type[9] First criticality Electric power Reactor supplier Architecture Construction
Fukushima I – 1 BWR-3 October 1970[8] 460 MW General Electric Ebasco Kajima
Fukushima I – 2 BWR-4 July 18, 1974 784 MW General Electric Ebasco Kajima
Fukushima I – 3 BWR-4 March 27, 1976 784 MW Toshiba Toshiba Kajima
Fukushima I – 4 BWR-4 October 12, 1978 784 MW Hitachi Hitachi Kajima
Fukushima I – 5 BWR-4 April 18, 1978 784 MW Toshiba Toshiba Kajima
Fukushima I – 6 BWR-5 October 24, 1979 1,100 MW General Electric Ebasco Kajima
Fukushima I – 7 (planned) ABWR October 2016[10] 1,380 MW
Fukushima I – 8 (planned) ABWR October 2017[10] 1,380 MW

Operating history

The plant had reactors come online over time in mostly the order in which they are numbered. There was a brief period of time around 2003 where reactors were shut down for a sustained period due to the TEPCO data falsification scandal.[11]

2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami

Fukushima I nuclear incident
File:2011-03-12 1800 NHK Sōgō channel news program screen shot.jpg
Date11 March 2011 (2011-03-11)
Time14:46 (JST UTC+9)
LocationŌkuma Fukushima, Japan
Deaths1[13][14]
Non-fatal injuries4 (physical), 3 (radiation exposure)[15][failed verification]
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Cooling failure directly after the earthquake

After the March 11, 2011 earthquake, Nuclear Engineering International reported that Units 1, 2 and 3 were automatically shut down. Units 4, 5 and 6 had already been shut down for maintenance.[16] Major electrical supply failures in the region meant that electric power on site and in particular for the cooling system was only available from the plant itself. After main generation stopped, emergency diesel generators were started to provide power for cooling. However, the generators installed to provide backup power for the cooling systems for units 1–3 were damaged by the tsunami;[17] they started up correctly but stopped abruptly about 1 hour later.[18] In Japan a nuclear emergency is declared when a plant experiences cooling problems, so a nuclear emergency was declared when the diesel generators stopped and cooling was interrupted. Cooling is needed to remove decay heat even when a plant has been shut down. Batteries, which last about eight hours, were used to power the reactor controls and valves during the electrical outage.[19][20][21] Japanese ground forces were said to be trucking generators and batteries to the site.[22]

Meltdown fears at Unit 1

On March 12, 2011, after midnight JST, it was reported that the Tokyo Electric Power Company was considering venting hot gas from the Unit 1 reactor vessel into the atmosphere, which could result in the release of radiation.[23] The Tokyo Electric Company reported that radiation levels were rising in the turbine building for Unit 1.[24] At 02:00 JST, the pressure inside the reactor containment was reported to be 600 kPa (6 bar or 87 psi), 200 kPa (2 bar or 29 psi) higher than under normal conditions.[18] At 05:30 JST the pressure inside Reactor 1 was reported to be 2.1 times the "design capacity",[25] 820 kPa (8.2 bar or 120 psi).[26] At 06:10 JST, the IAEA reported that "mobile electricity supplies have arrived at the site" to power the disabled cooling system of Unit 2.[27]

In a press conference, a speaker of the Japanese nuclear authorities was translated to English as having said that a nuclear meltdown may be a possibility and that a pipe had burst at unit 1. [citation needed]However, the Japanese prime minister soon denied that a nuclear meltdown was in progress and emphasized that the containment of unit 1 was still intact. At around 01:00 JST on March 13, Japanese authorities measured a strong increase on iodine and cesium at the unit, indicating probable loss of coolant causing the hazardous release. [28] Toshihiro Bannai, director of the international affairs office of Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety, in a telephone interview with CNN, stated that a meltdown was possible. [29][30][31] The Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun reported that cooling water had lowered so much that parts of the nuclear fuel rods were exposed.[32] Japanese authorities said that pressure inside the unit was still high, but the temperature was dropping.

Potentially radioactive steam was released from the primary circuit into the secondary containment area to reduce mounting pressure.[33] On March 12, 2011, at 06:40 JST, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano stated that the amount of potential radiation would be small and that the prevailing winds are blowing out to sea.[34] In a press release at 07:00 JST March 12, TEPCO stated, "Measurement of radioactive material (iodine, etc.) by monitoring car indicates increasing value compared to normal level. One of the monitoring posts is also indicating higher than normal level."[35] At 13:30 JST, radioactive caesium-137 was detected near reactor 1, which indicates that some of the core was exposed to air and possibly experienced a partial-meltdown.[36] Kyodo News Service later reported that partial melting may have occurred.[37][38][39][40]At 15:29 JST (06:29 GMT) TEPCO reported that radiation levels at the site boundary exceeded the regulatory limits.[41] An announcement of TEPCO indicated that the gamma ray radiation recorded on the main gate was increased from 69 nanogray/hour (nGy/h) (04:00 JST, 12 March) to 866 nGy/h 40 minutes later and reached the peak of 385.5 microgray/hour (1 μGy = 1000 nGy) at 10:30 JST.[42]

The Prime Minister of Japan, Naoto Kan, visited the plant for a briefing on March 12, 2011.[43] The Tokyo fire department sent a special nuclear rescue team to Fukushima.[44]

Explosion and collapse of secondary structure of Unit 1

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At 15:36 JST (06:36 GMT) on March 12, there was an explosion at the plant injuring four workers.[45] The explosion was officially confirmed at 18:43 JST (09:43 GMT).[15][failed verification] According to a Reuters report of 21:36 JST (7:36 ET), Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano indicated that the building housing the No. 1 reactor containment vessel had collapsed as a result of a hydrogen explosion.[46] Hydrogen had been produced due to falling water levels in the reactor and leaked from the pressure vessel into the containment building.[46] At 19:37 JST (10:37 GMT) Reuters reported that Mr Ian Hore-Lacy, communications director at the World Nuclear Association, had suggested the same cause.[47] However, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency said that the explosion could only have been caused by a meltdown of the reactor core.[48] Edano further indicated that the container of the reactor had remained intact and there had been no large leaks of radioactive material.[46][13] An increase in radiation levels was confirmed following the explosion.[49][50] According to the Fukushima prefectural government, the hourly radiation from the plant reached 1.015 mSv (0.1015 rem), a rate which would cause ordinary people to reach their allowable yearly limit in under an hour."[51][52] Two independent nuclear experts cited design differences between the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant,[53][54] one of them saying he did not believe that a Chernobyl-style disaster will occur.[53]

At 21:00 JST (12:00 GMT) TEPCO announced that they planned to cool the leaking reactor with seawater (which started at 20:20 JST), then using boric acid to act as a neutron absorber to prevent a criticality accident.[55][56] The seawater would take five to ten hours to fill the reactor core, after which it would require seawater cooling for around ten days.[46] At 23:00 JST (14:00 GMT) TEPCO announced that due to the quake at 22:15[57] the filling of the reactor with seawater and boric acid had been temporarily stopped but has been resumed after a short while.[58][59] Filling the reactor with seawater will contaminate the reactor, meaning the reactor will likely be decommissioned, since it is not cost effective to decontaminate.[60][61]

At 01:17 JST on Sunday March 13 (16:17 GMT), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the Fukushima accident at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 0–7 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), below the Three Mile Island accident in seriousness[62] which was at 5, a rating that would make the severity of the Fukushima event comparable to Sellafield accidents between 1955 and 1979 that were also at 4.

Cooling problems at Unit 3

Early on March 13, an official of the Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency told a news conference that the emergency cooling system of Unit 3 had failed, spurring an urgent search for a means to supply cooling water to the reactor vessel in order to prevent a meltdown of its reactor core.[63]

At 07:30 JST, TEPCO prepared to release radioactive steam, indicating that "the amount of radiation to be released would be small and not of a level that would affect human health".[64]

At 12:33 JST on March 13, it was reported that Secretary Edano said "it was 'highly possible' a partial meltdown was underway" in Unit 3. The six other active Fukushima 1 and 2 reactors would be venting radioactive gas to reduce pressure.[65] The Washington Post blamed the hydrogen explosion in Unit 1 on the lack of electrical power to the plant, which disabled a safety device that ignites hydrogen gas before it builds to a dangerous level.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). Later the evacuation was expanded to a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) radius, and then to 20 kilometres (12 mi).[66][67][35][68][69] BBC correspondent Nick Ravenscroft was stopped 60 kilometres (37 mi) from the plant by police.[70]

Over 50,000 people were evacuated during March 12.[71] The figure increased to 170,000–200,000 people on March 13, after officials voiced the possibility of a meltdown.[72][65]

Effect on employees and residents

The Guardian reported at 17:35 JST (08:35 GMT) on March 12 that NHK advised residents of the Fukushima area "to stay inside, close doors and windows and turn off air conditioning. They were also advised to cover their mouths with masks, towels or handkerchiefs" as well as not to drink tap water.[73] Air traffic has been restricted in a 20 kilometres (12 mi) radius around the plant, according to a NOTAM.[74] The BBC has reported as of 22:49 JST (13:49 GMT) "A team from the National Institute of Radiological Sciences has been dispatched to Fukushima as a precaution, reports NHK. It was reportedly made up of doctors, nurses and other individuals with expertise in dealing with radiation exposure, and had been taken by helicopter to a base 5 km from the nuclear plant."[15][failed verification]

At 23:43 JST (14:43 GMT) BBC News stated that the four workers that were injured in the blast at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant were conscious and their injuries were not life-threatening.[15][failed verification] This was followed at 23:59 JST (14:59 GMT) with BBC advising both Kyodo and NHK reporting at least three residents evacuated from a town near quake-hit Fukushima No. 1 plant have been exposed to radiation.[15][failed verification] According to TEPCO a crane worker on the exhaust stack died at Fukushima Daini.[14] However, a conflicting account from the World Nuclear Association, puts the death at Fukushima Daiichi.[13]

At 22:53 JST (13:53 GMT) Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), quoting Fukushima representatives, has reported that there was an evacuation of 30 staff members and 60 patients due to the explosion. From those evacuees three patients received a checkup for radiation exposure by the hospital staff at Futaba, a town 3.5 miles from the power plant. One of the three people who received the checkup showed an exposure of "100,000 counts per minute" while the other two people showed exposure of 40,000 and 30,000 counts per minute. According to experts[who?], this is a level of radiation from which an individual needs to be decontaminated. While all three patients have been decontaminated, about 90 other evacuees may also require decontamination.[75]

See also

References

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External links

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