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'''Lawrence Mark Sanger''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|ŋ|ər}};<ref>{{YouTube|zTaY3mg06sU|Western History for Kids, Part 1 - ancient and medieval - Sanger Academy}}, video taken from Sanger's official educational YouTube channel, pronunciation confirmed around 0:10, accessed May 7, 2016</ref> born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer and co-founder of the internet encyclopedia [[Wikipedia]], which he named and created much of the encyclopedia's original governing policy. He has also worked on other online educational websites such as [[Nupedia]], [[Citizendium]], and [[Everipedia]]. He currently serves as Chief Information Officer of Everipedia.
'''Lawrence Mark Sanger''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|ŋ|ər}};<ref>{{YouTube|zTaY3mg06sU|Western History for Kids, Part 1 - ancient and medieval - Sanger Academy}}, video taken from Sanger's official educational YouTube channel, pronunciation confirmed around 0:10, accessed May 7, 2016</ref> born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer and co-founder of the internet encyclopedia [[Wikipedia]], which he named and created much of the encyclopedia's original governing policy. He has also worked on other online educational websites such as [[Nupedia]], [[Citizendium]], and [[Everipedia]]. He currently serves as Chief Information Officer of Everipedia.


Developing an interest in using the internet for education during college,<!-- Described in "Early life and education" section in body --> he joined the online encyclopedia Nupedia as editor-in-chief in 2000. Disappointed in the slow progress of Nupedia he proposed a wiki to solicit and receive articles to put through Nupedia's peer-review process, which led to the development and launch of Wikipedia in 2001. He served as Wikipedia's community leader in its early stages, but became increasingly disillusioned with the project and left it in 2002.<!-- A summary of "Nupedia and Wikipedia" section of body -->
Developing an interest in using the internet for education during college, he joined the online encyclopedia Nupedia as editor-in-chief in 2000. Disappointed in the slow progress of Nupedia he proposed a wiki to solicit and receive articles to put through Nupedia's peer-review process, which led to the development and launch of Wikipedia in 2001. He served as Wikipedia's community leader in its early stages, but became increasingly disillusioned with the project and left it in 2002.


Since his departure from Wikipedia he has been [[criticism of Wikipedia|critical of the project]], arguing that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks credibility due to a lack of respect for expertise and authority. He founded Citizendium in 2006 to rival Wikipedia.
Since his departure from Wikipedia he has been [[criticism of Wikipedia|critical of the project]], arguing that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks credibility due to a lack of respect for expertise and authority. He founded Citizendium in 2006 to rival Wikipedia. His status as a co-founder of Wikipedia has been called into question by fellow co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]], but is generally accepted.


Outside of the internet Sanger's interests have been focused mainly on philosophy, in particular [[epistemology]], early modern philosophy, and ethics. He formerly taught philosophy at his ''alma mater'' [[Ohio State University]].
Outside of the internet Sanger's interests have been focused mainly on philosophy, in particular [[epistemology]], early modern philosophy, and ethics. He formerly taught philosophy at his ''alma mater'' [[Ohio State University]].

Revision as of 19:55, 17 August 2019

Larry Sanger
Sanger in July 2006
Born
Lawrence Mark Sanger

(1968-07-16) July 16, 1968 (age 55)
Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
EducationReed College (BA)
Ohio State University (MA, PhD)
OccupationInternet project developer
Known forCo-founding Wikipedia
WebsiteLarrySanger.org

Lawrence Mark Sanger (/ˈsæŋər/;[1] born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer and co-founder of the internet encyclopedia Wikipedia, which he named and created much of the encyclopedia's original governing policy. He has also worked on other online educational websites such as Nupedia, Citizendium, and Everipedia. He currently serves as Chief Information Officer of Everipedia.

Developing an interest in using the internet for education during college, he joined the online encyclopedia Nupedia as editor-in-chief in 2000. Disappointed in the slow progress of Nupedia he proposed a wiki to solicit and receive articles to put through Nupedia's peer-review process, which led to the development and launch of Wikipedia in 2001. He served as Wikipedia's community leader in its early stages, but became increasingly disillusioned with the project and left it in 2002.

Since his departure from Wikipedia he has been critical of the project, arguing that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks credibility due to a lack of respect for expertise and authority. He founded Citizendium in 2006 to rival Wikipedia. His status as a co-founder of Wikipedia has been called into question by fellow co-founder Jimmy Wales, but is generally accepted.

Outside of the internet Sanger's interests have been focused mainly on philosophy, in particular epistemology, early modern philosophy, and ethics. He formerly taught philosophy at his alma mater Ohio State University.

Early life and education

Lawrence Mark Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington on July 16, 1968.[2] His father Gerry was a biologist and his mother reared the children.[3] When he was seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where he grew up.[2][4] He was interested in philosophical topics at an early age.[5][6]

He graduated from high school in 1986 and attended Reed College, majoring in philosophy.[6] In college he became interested in the Internet and its potential as a publishing outlet.[5] He set up a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."[7] He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list, the Association for Systematic Philosophy.[4] In 1994 Sanger wrote a manifesto for the discussion group:

The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears.[4]

Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Reed in 1991, a Master of Arts from Ohio State University in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000.[8] Beginning in 1998 he and a friend ran a website called "Sanger and Shannon's Review of Y2K News Reports", a resource for those concerned about the year 2000 problem such as managers of computer systems.[4][9]

Nupedia and Wikipedia

Main article: History of Wikipedia
The Bomis staff, mid-2000
The Bomis staff in mid-2000. Sanger is seated right.

Nupedia was a web-based encyclopedia whose articles, written by volunteer contributors possessing relevant subject matter expertise and reviewed by editors prior to publication, would be licensed as free content.[10] It was conceived by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by his company Bomis, with Sanger as editor-in-chief.[11] Wales, who had been inspired to make a free-content encyclopedia by DMOZ,[12] had interacted with Sanger on mailing lists he had maintained regarding objectivist philosophy.[13] Sanger had e-mailed Wales and others about a potential "blog" project he had in mind after the millennium had passed and rendered his Y2K site obsolete, and Wales replied with the idea for Nupedia and invited Sanger to join.[9] Sanger began to oversee Nupedia in February 2000,[14] developing a review process for articles and recruiting editors.[15] Articles were reviewed through Nupedia's e-mail system before being posted on the site.[16] Nupedia made very slow progress and was at a standstill at the end of 2000, much to the consternation of Sanger and Wales.[17] Sanger proposed a wiki be created to spur article development in January 2001, resulting in the launch of Wikipedia on January 15, 2001.[18] Wikipedia was initially intended as a collaborative wiki for the public to write entries that would then be fed into the Nupedia review process, but the majority of Nupedia's experts wanted little to do with this project.[4]

The idea of using a wiki came when Sanger met up with his old friend Ben Kovitz at a dinner on January 2,[19] 2001 where Sanger was first introduced to wiki software.[8] Kovitz, whom Sanger had known from philosophy mailing lists,[17] was a computer programmer who had come across Ward Cunningham's Wiki.[20] Sanger was impressed with the possibilities of wikis and called Wales about it, who agreed to try it.[21] Sanger came up with the name "Wikipedia", which he later said was "a silly name for what was at first a very silly project".[22] To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching Wikipedia had outgrown Nupedia and a small community of editors had gathered.[4]

Sanger served as Wikipedia's "chief organizer",[23] running the project and formulating much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules", "Neutral point of view", "No original research", and "Verifiability".[24] He also created "Brilliant prose", which evolved into featured articles, as a way to showcase Wikipedia's best articles.[25]

Despite his role in the nascent Wikipedia community, Sanger began to distance himself from it as it grew. He has argued that by mid-2001, the Wikipedia community was being "overrun" by what he described as "trolls" and "anarchist-types", who were "opposed to the idea that anyone should have any kind of authority that others do not".[26] While such issues were not important to Sanger when Wikipedia was merely a source of articles to run through Nupedia, as it assumed a life of its own he started to become more concerned about the community.[27] Of particular note in his increasing disillusionment and frustration was a Wikipedia user known as "The Cunctator", who would bother and troll Sanger.[27] Sanger responded to these trends by proposing a stronger emphasis for expert editors, individuals with the authority to resolve disputes and enforce the rules.[26] He also asked to be given more respect and deference by Wikipedians, which would backfire on him and increase friction between him and the community.[28]

Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia.[29] In early 2002 Bomis, who had intended to make Wikipedia profitable from the outset, announced plans to sell advertising on Wikipedia in part to pay for Sanger's employment, but the project was against any commercialization and the market for internet advertising was poor in any event.[30] Bomis discontinued funding his position in February 2002,[31] and Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.[32] Sanger gave his reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer as that he couldn't do justice to the tasks as a part-timer,[32] although he was also frustrated by sustained content battles and feeling he had a lack of support from Wales.[26]

Nupedia's server crashed in September 2003 and the site was never brought back up again.[33] Sanger attempted to revive it throughout 2002 as its activity petered out.[30] First trying to find an organization to take control of it as it appeared that Bomis would be unable to manage it and Wales seemed uninterested in it, he later attempted to himself purchase the domain and other proprietary materials of Nupedia from Bomis.[30] He has claimed that Nupedia was allowed to die a slow death and that its demise could not be said to be entirely due to the inherent inefficiencies in the review process it had initially possessed.[30]

Status as Wikipedia co-founder

Sanger's role in founding Wikipedia was the subject of edits by Wales to Wikipedia in 2005, followed by discussions within the community. Sanger accused Wales of "rewriting history" by disregarding his involvement. Wales told Wired that he only clarified details about his co-founder's contribution to the project and removed factual errors, and admitted he should not have done so.[34][35] Wales would later state that he had initially heard of the wiki concept from Bomis employee Jeremy Rosenfeld rather than Sanger.[22]

Sanger posted on his personal webpage several links which supported his role as a co-founder.[36] As early as January 17, 2001 Sanger was noted as "Instigator of Nupedia's wiki" by Nupedia moderator Rose Parks,[37] and he was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia as of September 2001.[38] Sanger claimed to have organized Wikipedia while Wales was mostly focused on Bomis.com.[39]

Wales devised the broader idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia that would accept contributions from ordinary people and invested in it, while Sanger was in charge of actually organizing such an encyclopedia.[40]

Post-Wikipedia

Relationship with Wikipedia

Since 2002, Sanger has been critical of Wikipedia's accuracy.[41] In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he stated that Wikipedia is not perceived as credible among librarians, teachers, and academics when it does not have a formal review process and it is "anti-elitist".[42][43] Shortly after the launch of Citizendium Sanger once again criticized Wikipedia, stating it was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."[44] In September 2009, Sanger mentioned one reason for distancing himself from Wikipedia: "I thought that the project would never have the amount of credibility it could have if it were not somehow more open and welcoming to experts."[31] He continued: "The other problem was the community had essentially been taken over by trolls to a great extent. That was a real problem, and Jimmy Wales absolutely refused to do anything about it."[31] Wales responded by stating, "I think very highly of Larry Sanger, and think that it is unfortunate that this silly debate has tended to overshadow his work."[31] In a 2015 interview by Zach Schwartz for Vice, Sanger said: "I think Wikipedia never solved the problem of how to organize itself in a way that didn't lead to mob rule" and that since he left the project, "People that I would say are trolls sort of took over. The inmates started running the asylum."[45]

In April 2010 Sanger sent a letter to the FBI detailing his concern that Wikimedia Commons was hosting child pornography in its pedophilia and lolicon categories later clarified as "obscene visual representations of the abuse of children".[46][47] Sanger said that he felt it was his "civic duty" to report the images.[48] In 2012 Sanger told FoxNews.com that he worked with NetSpark to get them to donate or heavily discount its pornographic image filtering technology for use by Wikipedia; NetSpark attempted to contact the Wikimedia Foundation in 2012 but received no response at that time.[49] Critics accused Sanger of having an ulterior motive for reporting the images, noting that he was still in charge of the then-failing Citizendium and asserting that publicizing the accusations was unnecessary.[50]

Citizendium

Main article: Citizendium
A screenshot of Citizendium's homepage in 2018

At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced a new encyclopedia called Citizendium, short for "citizens' compendium", as a fork of Wikipedia.[51] The objectives of the fork were to address perceived flaws in the way Wikipedia functions; anonymous editing was disallowed and all users were required to use their real names, and there was a layer of experts who had extra authority.[51] It was an attempt by Sanger to establish a credible online encyclopedia based on scholarship,[52] aiming to bring more accountability and academic rigor to articles.[53][54] Citizendium is wiki-based, but with a few differences from Wikipedia:[55] contributors on Citizendium were required to sign in using their real identities in contrast to Wikipedia editors who can remain anonymous or use a pseudonym.[56] The site attempted to implement an expert review process, and experts tried to reach a decision for disputes that could not be resolved by consensus.[55]

Sanger predicted a rapid increase in Citizendium's traffic at its first anniversary in 2007.[57] After a burst of initial work, however, the site went into decline and most of the experts were not retained.[58] Ars Technica reporter Timothy B. Lee said in 2011 that Citizendium was "dead in the water".[58] Lee noted that Citizendium's late start was a disadvantage, and that Citizendium's growth was also hindered by an "unwieldy editing model".[58] In 2014, the number of Citizendium contributors was under 100, and the number of edits per day was about "a dozen or so", according to Winthrop University's Dean of Library Services.[59] By August 2016, Citizendium had about 17,000 articles, 160 having undergone expert review.[60]

Sanger, who had announced he did not intend to head Citizendium indefinitely in early 2007,[52] effectively ceased to edit it in early 2009, although an announcement confirming this was not made until July 30, 2009 on the Citizendium-l mailing list.[61] He stepped down as editor-in-chief of Citizendium On September 22, 2010 but said that he would continue to support the project.[62]

Other projects

In December 2005, the Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.[63] He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.[64][65] The Digital Universe encyclopedia has recruited recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy.[66] The first step in this effort was the expert-authored and edited Encyclopedia of Earth,[66] an electronic reference about the Earth.[67] Sanger has been involved with several online encyclopedia projects.[29]

He has worked at the WatchKnowLearn project, a non-profit organization which focuses on educating young children using educational videos and other media on the web.[68] Sanger was the executive director of the system.[69][dead link] It is a non-profit funded by grants, philanthropists, and the Community Foundation of Northwest Mississippi.[70] Sanger headed the development of WatchKnowLearn from 2008 to 2010.[71] It consists of a repository of educational videos for kindergarten to the 12th grade.[72] In February 2013, it ranked as the No. 1 search result among educational videos on Google's search engine, with page views surmounting 6 million each month.[73] In 2010 and 2011, he continued working on developing a web-based reading-tutorial application for beginning readers which was launched as Reading Bear in 2012.[74][69][dead link] It uses the principles of phonics, using multimedia presentations such as videos, PowerPoint presentations, and ebooks.[74] In addition to aiming to teach children to pronounce words, it aims to teach the meaning and context of each word.[74]

In February 2013, Sanger announced a project he named Infobitt - a crowdsourced news portal. On Twitter, he wrote: "My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high-quality content—a problem I've long wanted to solve. Not a wiki".[75] The site, which sought to be a crowdsourced news aggregator, went online in December 2014.[76] In July 2015, Sanger announced that the project had run out of money,[77][self-published source] he had let the programmers go, he was himself looking for a job, and that it was impossible to do a full launch of the project as the code behind it was still only capable of working "at a small scale".[78][self-published source] The site is no longer active.[79][self-published source]

In September 2017, it was announced that Sanger became the chief information officer of Everipedia.[80][81] Sanger told Inverse in December 2017 that Everipedia is "going to change the world in a dramatic way, more than Wikipedia did."[82] Sanger said, "Everipedia is the encyclopedia of everything, where topics are unrestricted, unlike on Wikipedia."[83] It is an open encyclopedia contributed by many different editors that will use blockchain technology.[84]

On July 1, 2019, Sanger advocated for a social media strike to take place on July 4 and 5, to demand that social media platforms be decentralized to their user base from their top level management, in order to have assert control over user data and privacy.[85][86]

Philosophy

Sanger has a doctorate in Philosophy from the Ohio State University.[8] His professional interests are epistemology in particular, early modern philosophy, and ethics.[6] Most of Sanger's philosophical work has focused on epistemology;[5] in 2008 he went to the University of Oxford to debate the proposition that "the internet is the future of knowledge," where he argued that wikis and blogs are fundamentally changing the way knowledge is created and distributed.[87]

Sanger has worked as a philosophy instructor;[88] he began work as a lecturer at Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005.[5]

Personal life

Sanger moved to San Diego in February 2000 when he was first hired by Wales to develop Nupedia.[89] He was married in Las Vegas in December 2001.[90] In January 2002 he returned to Columbus, Ohio to teach philosophy at the Ohio State University.[91] In 2005 he and his wife moved to Santa Cruz, California to work for Digital Universe.[92]

Sanger supports the concept of baby reading.[93] He has recalled starting to teach his son to read before his second birthday, and has posted videos online as a demonstration.[93] He is also known for his love of Irish traditional music.[91] In December 2010 Sanger said he considered WikiLeaks "enemies of the U.S. — not just the government, but the people."[94]

See also

Selected writings

Academic work
  • Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification – doctoral thesis.
  • Descartes' methods and their theoretical background – bachelor thesis.
Essays
Presentations

References

  1. ^ Western History for Kids, Part 1 - ancient and medieval - Sanger Academy on YouTube, video taken from Sanger's official educational YouTube channel, pronunciation confirmed around 0:10, accessed May 7, 2016
  2. ^ a b Anderson, p. 20
  3. ^ Lydgate, Chris (June 2010). "Deconstructing Wikipedia". Reed Magazine. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d Roush, Wade (January 1, 2005). "Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All". Technology Review. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c Boraas, Alan (September 2, 2006). "Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  7. ^ Sanger, Larry (August 30, 1995). "Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities". scout.wisc.edu. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  8. ^ a b c Moody, Glyn (July 13, 2006). "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  9. ^ a b Lih, p. 33
  10. ^ Lih, p. 35
  11. ^ Anderson, pp. 8–9
  12. ^ Lih, p. 31
  13. ^ Anderson, p. 31
  14. ^ Anderson, p. 32
  15. ^ Lih, pp. 37–38
  16. ^ Lih, p. 38
  17. ^ a b Lih, p. 43
  18. ^ Lih, p. 64
  19. ^ Anderson, p. 9
  20. ^ Lih, p. 44
  21. ^ Lih, pp. 44–45
  22. ^ a b Lih, p. 45
  23. ^ Lih, p. 138
  24. ^ Lih, p. 112
  25. ^ Sanger, Larry (January 22, 2001). "Wikipedia rocks!". Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c Waters, Richard (November 10, 2006). "Wikipedia stand-off in search for online truth". Financial Times. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
  27. ^ a b Lih, p. 171
  28. ^ Lih, p. 172
  29. ^ a b Sidener, Jonathan (September 23, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ a b c d Sanger, Larry (April 19, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  31. ^ a b c d Ferraro, Nicole (October 9, 2009). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Speaks Out Against Jimmy Wales". Internet Evolution. UBM LLC. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  32. ^ a b Sanger, Larry (March 1, 2002). "My resignation—Larry Sanger". Meta-Wiki. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  33. ^ Reagle, p. 6
  34. ^ Mitchell, Dan (December 24, 2005). "Insider Editing at Wikipedia". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  35. ^ Hansen, Evan (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  36. ^ Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia". NBCNews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  37. ^ dhcp058.246.lvcm.com (signed as RoseParks) (January 17, 2001). "LarrySanger". Wikipedia 10K Redux. Joseph Reagle. Retrieved August 7, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ NewsAssignment.net (May 3, 2007). "Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness". Wired. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
  39. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  40. ^ "Wikipedia founder sets up rival". Australian IT. October 19, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  41. ^ Pink, Daniel H. (March 2005). "The Book Stops Here". Wired. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  42. ^ Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin. Archived from the original on January 5, 2005. Retrieved March 25, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Thomson, Iain (April 13, 2007). "Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder". iTnews. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  44. ^ Schwartz, Zach (November 11, 2015). "Wikipedia's Co-Founder Is Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic". Vice. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  45. ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights". BBC News. May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  46. ^ Metz, Cade (May 9, 2010). "Jimbo Wales exiles 'porn' from Wikiland". The Register. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  47. ^ Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI". The Inquirer. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  48. ^ Chiaramonte, Perry (September 10, 2012). "Exclusive: Wikipedia ignores solution to rampant porn problem". FoxNews.com. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  49. ^ Masnick, Mike. "Disgruntled Ex-Wikipedia Guy, Larry Sanger, Accuses Wikipedia Of Distributing Child Porn". TechDirt. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  50. ^ a b Lih, p. 211
  51. ^ a b Anderson, Nate (February 25, 2007). "Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  52. ^ LeClaire, Jennifer (March 27, 2007). "Wikipedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium". NewsFactor Network. Retrieved March 27, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ Tiwari, Neha (April 5, 2007). "Wikipedia today, Citizendium tomorrow". CNET. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ a b Cohen, Jason Z (March 3, 2008). "Citizendium's Larry Sanger: Experts Make It Better". LinuxInsider. ECT News Network. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  55. ^ Lih, p. 190
  56. ^ Anderson, Nate (November 21, 2007). "Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki". Ars Technica. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  57. ^ a b c Lee, Timothy B. (October 27, 2011). "Citizendium turns five, but the Wikipedia fork is dead in the water". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  58. ^ Mark Y. Herring (2014). Are Libraries Obsolete?: An Argument for Relevance in the Digital Age (1 ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 52. ISBN 0786473568.
  59. ^ Citizendium front page, accessed August 4, 2016
  60. ^ Sanger, Larry (July 30, 2009). "[Citizendium-l] My recent absence". Citizendium. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ Sanger, Larry (September 22, 2010). "Citizendium Charter Ratified". Citizendium blog. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
  62. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (January 6, 2006). "Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe". CNET. Archived from the original on August 17, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  63. ^ "Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'". PR Newswire. Digital Universe. January 17, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  64. ^ "Contributor: Lawrence Sanger". Encyclopedia of Earth. Digital Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  65. ^ a b Terdiman, Daniel (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'". CNET. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  66. ^ "About the EoE". Encyclopedia of Earth. Digital Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  67. ^ Sawers, Paul (November 19, 2011). "Larry Sanger on co-founding Wikipedia and how online education could change the world". The Next Web. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  68. ^ a b Kelley, Michael. "Web-based reading program targets young learners". Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group.
  69. ^ Lei, Owen (October 28, 2011). "CEO hits road to spread word about non-profit 'YouTube for teachers'". King Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  70. ^ "WatchKnowLearn". EPIC 2020. November 2, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  71. ^ Tomaszewski, Jason (2013). "Site Review: Watch-Know-Learn". Education World. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  72. ^ Lee Long, Robert (February 16, 2013). "WatchKnowLearn.org No. 1". Desoto Times Tribune. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  73. ^ a b c Sawers, Paul (November 2, 2011). "Wikipedia co-founder launches Reading Bear, an online phonics tutorial for kids". The Next Web, Inc. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  74. ^ Morris, Kevin (February 13, 2013). "Wikipedia cofounder Larry Sanger on his next revolution". The Daily Dot. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  75. ^ Walker, Lauren (December 16, 2014). "'Wikipedia for News' Becomes Open to the Public". Newsweek. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  76. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Some thoughts, 15 years after Wikipedia's launch". LarrySanger.org. We ran out of runway, as most startups do.
  77. ^ "Infobitt's Future, and Mine". July 8, 2015.
  78. ^ Larry Sanger (July 8, 2015). "Infobitt's Future, and Mine". LinkedIn.
  79. ^ Patterson, Dan (December 8, 2017). "Why Wikipedia's cofounder wants to replace the online encyclopedia with the blockchain". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 25, 2018 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ Brown, Leah (December 11, 2017). "Why Wikipedia's cofounder wants to replace the online encyclopedia with the blockchain". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; December 12, 2017 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  81. ^ Mike Brown (December 6, 2017). "Wikipedia Cofounder Tells Us His Plan to Build Encyclopedia on Bitcoin Tech". Inverse.
  82. ^ Leah Brown (December 11, 2017). "Why Wikipedia's cofounder wants to replace the online encyclopedia with the blockchain". TechRepublic.
  83. ^ Larry Sanger (December 12, 2017). "Wikipedia's cofounder on how he's creating a bigger, better rival—on the blockchain". Quartz.
  84. ^ "Wikipedia founder calls for social media strike". July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  85. ^ Sachdeva, Anmol (July 1, 2019). "Unhappy With Social Media? Join Wikipedia Co-Founder In Social Media Strike". Fossbytes. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
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Bibliography

  • Anderson, Jennifer Joline (2011). Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders (1 ed.). Abdo Group. ISBN 1617148121.
  • Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia REVOLUTION: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. New York, New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6.
  • Reagle, Joseph Michael (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2.

External links

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