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:''This article describes speculative theories about Nazism. Semi-religious developments within post-1945 Nazism are discussed under the term [[neo-völkisch movements]].''
:''This article describes speculative theories about Nazism. Semi-religious developments within post-1945 Nazism are discussed under the term [[neo-völkisch movements]].''


Revision as of 04:07, 20 March 2009

This article describes speculative theories about Nazism. Semi-religious developments within post-1945 Nazism are discussed under the term neo-völkisch movements.

Nazi occultism is any of several highly speculative theories about Nazism, also called the Nazi Mysteries. With the publication of Le Matin des Magiciens in 1960, this kind of speculation has become part of popular culture. However, it goes back to several publications in the occult milieu in France and England from the 1940s, and notably to Hermann Rauschning's Hitler Speaks. The recurring motif of this literary genre is the thesis that the Nazis were directed by occult agencies of some sort: black forces, invisible hierarchies, unknown superiors, secret societies or even Satan directly. Since such an agency "has remained concealed to previous historians of National Socialism,"[1] they have dismissed the topic as modern cryptohistory. The actual religious aspects of Nazism, including the question of its potential occult and pagan aspects, are a different topic.

Documentaries on Nazism and the Occult

More than 50 years after the end of the Third Reich, National Socialism and Adolf Hitler have become a recurring subject in history documentaries. Among these documentaries, there are several that focus especially on the potential relations between Nazism and Occultism, such as the History Channel's documentary Hitler and the Occult.[2][3] As evidence of Hitler's "occult power" this documentary offers, for example, the infamous statement by Joachim von Ribbentrop of his continued subservience to Hitler at the Nuremberg Trials.[4] After the author Dusty Sklar has pointed out that Hitler's suicide happened at the night of April 30/May 1, which is Walpurgis Night, the narrator continues: "With Hitler gone, it was as if a spell had been broken". A much more plausible reason for Hitler's suicide (that does not involve the paranormal) is that the Russians had already closed in on Hitler's bunker to about several hundred meters and he did not want to be captured alive.

Hitler speaking at a huge mass meeting, the Nuremberg Rally 1934

From the perspective of academic history, these documentaries on Nazism, if ever commented, are seen as problematic because they don't contribute to an actual understanding of the problems that arise in the study of Nazism and Neo-Nazism. Without referring to a specific documentary Mattias Gardell, a historian who studies contemporary separatist groups, writes:

"In documentaries portraying the Third Reich, Hitler is cast as a master magician; these documentaries typically include scenes in which Hitler is speaking at huge mass meetings. [...] Cuts mix Hitler screaming with regiments marching under the sign of the swastika. Instead of providing a translation of his verbal crescendos, the sequence is overlaid with a speaker talking about something different. All this combines to demonize Hitler as an evil wizard spellbinding an unwitting German people to become his zombified servants until they are liberated from the spell by the Allied victory after which, suddenly, there were no German Nazis left among the populace. How convenient it would be if this image were correct. National socialism could be defeated with garlic. Watchdog groups could be replaced with a few vampire killers, and resources being directed into antiracist community programs could be directed at something else. [...]
The truth, however, is that millions of ordinary German workers, farmers and businessmen supported the national socialist program. [...] They were people who probably considered themselves good citizens, which is far more frightening than had they merely been demons."[5]

Hitler and the Occult includes a scene in which Hitler is seen as speaking at a huge mass meeting. While Hitler's speech is not translated, the narrator talks about the German occultist and stage magician Erik Jan Hanussen: "Occultists believe, Hanussen may also have imparted occult techniques of mind control and crowd domination on Hitler." (see below) When historians have noted the existence of such "myths" as those about Erik Jan Hanussen, they have displayed nothing but academic contempt for their originators.

Ernst Schäfer's expedition to Tibet

At least one documentary includes footage from the 1939 German expedition to Tibet. This original video material was made accessible again by Marco Dolcetta in his series Il Nazismo Esoterico in 1994.[6] An interview that Dolcetta conducted with Schäfer does not support myths of Nazi occultism, neither does Reinhard Greve's 1995 article Tibetforschung im SS Ahnenerbe (Tibet research within the SS Ahnenerbe),[7] although the later does mention the occult thesis.[6] Hakl comments that Greve should have emphasized the unreliability of authors like Berger and Pauwels or Angbert more.[6] Ernst Schäfer's expedition report explicitly remarks on the "worthless goings-ons" by "a whole army of quacksalvers" concerning Asia and especially Tibet.[6]

Nazi occultism: A modern mythology

"The Modern Mythology of Nazi Occultism" is the title of Appendix E of Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke's seminal work The Occult Roots of Nazism. On nine pages, the Oxford historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke here surveys the most influential books that have attempted to explain the rise of Nazism as the work of a "hidden power". That Goodrick-Clarke's book includes such an appendix is not without reason. One of the difficulties of the book's subject (the racist-occult movement of Ariosophy, a major strand of Esotericism in Germany and Austria, and its potential influences on Nazism) lies in that it can be regarded "as a topic for sensational authors in pursuit of strong sales."[8] He refers to the writers of this genre as "crypto-historians",[9] and as their possible motive he mentions a "post-war fascination with Nazism".[10] For Goodrick-Clarke it is clear that the claims made by this literature are "wholly spurious."[11] As the only serious works originated from this speculation he mentions Urania's children by Ellic Howe and The Occult Establishment by James Webb.[11]

In his 2002 work Black Sun, which was originally intended to trace the survival of "occult Nazi themes" in the postwar period,[12] Goodrick-Clarke considered it necessary to readdress the topic. He devotes one Chapter of the book to the Nazi mysteries,[13] as he terms the field of Nazi occultism there. Other reliable summaries of the development of the genre have been written by German historians. The German edition of The occult Roots... includes an essay Nationalsozialismus und Okkultismus (National Socialism and Occultism), which traces the origins of the speculation about Nazi occultism back to publications from the late 1930s, and which was subsequently translated by Goodrick-Clarke into English. The German historian Michael Rißmann has also included an longer "excursus" about Nationalsozialismus und Okkultismus in his acclaimed book on Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs.[14]

According to Goodricke-Clarke the speculation of Nazi occultism originated from "post-war fascination with Nazism";[15] The "horrid fascination" of Nazism upon the Western mind[16] emerges from the "uncanny interlude in modern history" that it presents to an observer a few decades later.[15] The idolization of Hitler in Nazi Germany, its short lived and brutal dominion on the European continent and Nazism's irrational and gruesome Antisemitism set it apart from other periods of modern history.[16] "Outside a purely secular frame of reference, Nazism was felt to be the embodiment of evil in a modern twentieth-century regime, a monstrous pagan relapse in the Christian community of Europe."[16]

By the early 1960s, "one could now clearly detect a mystique of Nazism."[16] A sensationalistic and fanciful presentation of its figures and symbols, shorn of all political and historical contexts" gained ground with thrillers, non-fiction books and films and permeated "the milieu of popular culture."[16]

Some of this modern mythology even touches Goodrick-Clarke's topic directly. The rumor that Adolf Hitler had encountered Lanz von Liebenfels already at the age of 8, at Heilgenkreuz abbey, goes back to Les mystiques du soleil (1971) by Michel-Jean Angbert. "This episode is wholly imaginary."[17]

Nevertheless, Michel-Jean Angbert and the other authors discussed by Goodrick-Clarke present their accounts as real, so that this modern mythology has led to several legends that resemble conspiracy theories, concerning, for example, the Vril Society or rumours about Karl Haushofer's connection to the occult. The most influential books were Trevor Ravenscroft's The Spear of Destiny and Le Matin des Magiciens by Pauwels and Bergier.

In Ravenscroft's book a specific interest of Hitler concerning the Spear of Destiny is alleged. With the annexation of Austria in 1938, the Hofburg Spear, a relic stored in Vienna, had actually come into the possession of the Third Reich and Hitler subsequently had it moved to Nuremberg in Germany. It was returned to Austria after the war.

Claims of Nazi occultism

Demonic Possession of Hitler

For a demonic influence on Hitler, Hermann Rauschning's Hitler Speaks is brought forward as source,[18] although most modern scholars do not consider Rauschning reliable.[19] (As Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke summarises, "recent scholarship has almost certainly proved that Rauschning's conversations were mostly invented".)[20] Similarly to Rauschning, August Kubizek, one of Hitler's closest friends since childhood, claims that Hitler—17 years old at the time—once spoke to him of "returning Germany to its former glory"; of this comment August said, "It was as if another being spoke out of his body, and moved him as much as it did me."[21]

That Hitler (and also Stalin) were possessed by the devil is also believed by some members of the Catholic Church. Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist of the Vatican who has also spoken out against Harry Potter books, is "convinced that the Nazis were all possessed. All you have to do is think about what Hitler - and Stalin did. Almost certainly they were possessed by the Devil."[22] There even are documents that Pope Pius XII performed an exorcism on Hitler at a distance, but supposedly failed every time.[22]

New World Order

Conspiracy theory "cults frequently identify German National Socialism inter alia as a precursor of the New World Order."[23] With regard to Hitler's later ambition of imposing a National Socialist regime throughout Europe, Nazi propaganda used the term Neuordnung (often poorly translated as "new order", while actually referring to "re-structurization" of state borders on the European map and the resulting post-war economic hegemony of Greater Germany),[24] so one could probably say that the Nazis pursued "a" new world order. But the claim that Hitler and the Thule Society conspired to create "the" New World Order (as put forward on some webpages)[25] is completely unfounded; the Thule Society did not have this impact on Nazism and Hitler never attended any of their meetings.[26]

Aleister Crowley

Various conspiracy theory websites also claim that the infamous occultist Aleister Crowley sought to contact Hitler during World War II as well.[27][28] Despite several allegations and speculations to the contrary (e.g. Giorgio Galli) there is no evidence of an encounter between Crowley and Hitler.[29] In 1991, John Symonds, one of Crowley's literary executors published a book: The Medusa's Head or Conversions between Aleister Crowley and Adolf Hitler, which has "definitely" to be understood as a literary fiction.[29] That the edition of this book was limited to 350 also contributed to the mystery surrounding the topic.[29] Mention of a contact between Crowley and Hitler — without any sources or evidence — is also being made in a letter from René Guénon to Julius Evola dated October 29, 1949, which later reached a broader audience.[29]

Erik Jan Hanussen

When Hitler and the Occult describes how Hitler "seemed endowed with even greater authority and charisma" after he had resumed public speaking in March 1927, the documentary states that "this may have been due to the influence" of Erik Jan Hanussen. It is said that "Hanussen helped Hitler perfect a series of exaggerated poses," useful for speaking before a huge audience. The documentary then interviews Dusty Sklar about the contact between Hitler and Hanussen, and the narrator makes the statement about "occult techniques of mind control and crowd domination".

Whether Hitler had meet Hanussen at all is not certain. That he even encountered him before March 1927 is not confirmed by other sources about Hanussen. In the late 1920s early 1930s Hanussen made political predictions in his own newspaper, Hanussens Bunte Wochenschau, that gradually started to favour Hitler, but until late 1932 these predictions varied.[30] In 1929 Hanusses e.g. predicted that Wilhelm II would return to Germany in 1930 and that problem of unemployment would be solved in 1931.[30]

Crypto-historic books on Nazi occultism

Goodrick-Clarke examines several pseudo-historic "books written about Nazi occultism between 1960 and 1975", that "were typically sensational and under-researched".[31] He terms this genre "crypto-history", as its defining element and "final point of explanatory reference is an agent which has remained concealed to previous historians of National Socialism".[32] Characteristic tendencies of this literature include: (1) "a complete ignorance of primary sources" and (2) the repetition of "inaccuracies and wild claims", without the attempt being made to confirm even "wholly spurious 'facts'".[33] Books debunked in Appendix E of The Occult Roots of Nazism are:

These books are only mentioned in the Appendix. Otherwise the whole book by Goodrick-Clarke does without any reference to this kind of literature; it uses other sources. This literature is not reliable; however, books published after the emergence of The Occult Roots of Nazism continue to repeat claims that have been proven false:

  • Wulf Schwarzwaller, 1988, The Unknown Hitler[37]
  • Alan Baker, 2000, Invisible Eagle. The History of Nazi Occultism[38]

Documentaries about Nazism and the Occult

German
  • Schwarze Sonne documentary by Rüdiger Sünner. Sünner also produced a book to accompany this documentary.
  • Hans-Jürgen Syberberg's Hitler – Ein Film aus Deutschland (Hitler, A Film From Germany), 1977. Originally presented on German television, this is a 7-hour work in 4 parts: The Grail; A German Dream; The End Of Winter's Tale; We, Children Of Hell. The director uses documentary clips, photographic backgrounds, puppets, theatrical stages, and other elements from almost all the visual arts, with the "actors" addressing directly the audience/camera, in order to approach and expand on this most taboo subject of European history of the 20th century.
English

(Different editions have different episodes)[43][44][45][46]

Fictional accounts of Nazi occultism

The image of a connection between Nazism and the occult is a common theme in fantasy fiction. One could also ask whether Le Matin des Magiciens should not be considered as fiction, since the authors fail to clearly state that it was supposed to be fact. Aside from such considerations, there are also many accounts of Nazi occultism that are clearly fictional.

Literature

Film

Games

  • The computer game Return to Castle Wolfenstein featured a plotline involving Nazi obsession with the occult. It portrays an organization (SS Paranormal Division) based on the Ahnenerbe practicing occult rituals and magic. The game drew themes of Nazi mysticism, among other things, from its predecessors, Wolfenstein 3D and its sequel, Spear of Destiny, the latter of which also featured a storyline concerning Nazi mysticism. Wolfenstein, for example, features a number of inspirations from the real-world Nazi regimes, but departs from historical reality in a number of ways. For example, the game aggrandizes the Kreisau Circle to be “an extensive resistance network of paramilitary fighter and informants that aide and abets B.J. in his exploits,” depicts the Thule Society (that Hitler formally disavowed while in power) as a “powerful nest of Nazis who disappear the Black Sun and are deeply entangled in the Reich’s paranormal research efforts,” and goes beyond Himmler’s symbolic use of the Black Sun to make it a “limitless energy source that the Nazis are hell-bent on manipulating toward their own nefarious ends.”[51]
  • The video game BloodRayne involves a plotline concerning the Thule society and its members, and features a lot of in-game Thule society imagery (especially the character High Priest Von Blut).
  • A fictional division of the Ahnenerbe, the Karotechia, has a prominent place in the mythology of the Delta Green setting for the role playing game Call of Cthulhu, and stories based upon the setting. In it, the survivors of the Karotechia, a group founded to study occult tomes and conduct magical research, live on in South America, training sorcerers and cultists to found the Fourth Reich, all under the sway of Hitler's ghost (actually Nyarlathotep in disguise).
  • In the game Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb there is a castle in Prague, in which there are Gestapo agents searching for items of Occult value.
  • The X-Box 360 game Operation Darkness features supernatural British commandos (werewolves etc.) fighting Nazi vampires, zombies, and other monsters conjured by Hitler.[52]
  • ÜberSoldier
  • In the game Uncharted: Drake's Fortune the main character Nathan Drake comes across a long-abandoned Nazi U-Boat stranded on a waterfall. On it, he finds that the crew are dead and mutilated and a map to a tropic island where the statue of El Dorado was taken to. Near the end of the game, Nathan finds himself in an abandoned German Submarine Base built into the island in which he finds that the Germans had sought for the power of the statue of El Dorado but too late learned that it carries a curse that had mutated them into monsters.
  • Clive Barker's Jericho: An entire chapter of the game throws the Jerichos into World War II, where they are to defeat undead Nazis and their occultist leader Hanne Lichthammer.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 218
  2. ^ The History Channel online Store: The Unknown Hitler DVD Collection
  3. ^ Another critique of Hitler documentaries: Mark Schone — All Hitler, all the time
  4. ^ "Even with all I know, if in this cell Hitler should come to me and say 'Do this!', I would still do it." — Joachim von Ribbentrop, 1946
  5. ^ Gardell 2003, 331,332
  6. ^ a b c d Hakl 1997: 204
  7. ^ Reinhard Greve: Tibetforschung im SS Ahnenerbe; in: Thomas Hauschild: Lebenslust durch Fremdenfurcht, Frankfurt (Main), 1995, pp. 168-209
  8. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2004: vi.
  9. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985, 218
  10. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985, 217
  11. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 225
  12. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 6.
  13. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 107–128
  14. ^ Rißmann 2001: 137-172
  15. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 217
  16. ^ a b c d e Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 107.
  17. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224.
  18. ^ Demonic Possession of World Leaders
  19. ^ Theodor Schieder (1972), Hermann Rauschnings "Gespräche mit Hitler" als Geschichtsquelle (Oppladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag) and Wolfgang Hänel (1984), Hermann Rauschnings "Gespräche mit Hitler": Eine Geschichtsfälschung (Ingolstadt, Germany: Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle), cit. in Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2003), Black Sun, p. 321.
  20. ^ Goodrick-Clarke (2003: 110). The best that can be said for Rauschning's claims may be Goodrick-Clarke's judgment that they "record ... the authentic voice of Hitler by inspired guesswork and imagination" (ibid.).
  21. ^ “Hitler and the Holy Roman Empire”
  22. ^ a b The Daily Mail newspaper. Hitler and Stalin were possessed by the Devil, says Vatican exorcist.
  23. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 288.
  24. ^ Safire, William. The New York Times. Retrieved on November,2007
  25. ^ Historic Results of Hitler's Thule Societies pursuit of the NWO
  26. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 201; Johannes Hering, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Thule-Gesellschaft, typescript dated June 21, 1939, Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, NS26/865.
  27. ^ Illiminati-News: Aleister Crowley
  28. ^ Occult Symbolism: As American as Baseball at Alex Jones' prisonplanet.com
  29. ^ a b c d Hakl 1997:205
  30. ^ a b Frei 1980: 85
  31. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224, 225.
  32. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 218.
  33. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 225.
  34. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 219–220.
  35. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 221.
  36. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 221–223.
  37. ^ If The Unknown Hitler is quoted correctly in The Vril Society, the Luminous Lodge and the Realization of the Great Work, then this book makes false allegations about Karl Haushofer and G. I. Gurdjieff.
  38. ^ Chapter 5 of the Free online version of Invisible Eagle is mainly based on Ravenscroft.
  39. ^ DECODING THE PAST: Nazi Prophecies
  40. ^ Decoding The Past: Nazi Prophecies DVD
  41. ^ Hitler and the Occult DVD
  42. ^ Robin Cross, "The Nazi Expedition"
  43. ^ Unsolved Mysteries: V1-5 World War Ii (1998)
  44. ^ Unsolved Mysteries of World War II: Decision at Dunkirk/Stalin's Secret Armies DVD
  45. ^ Unsolved Mysteries of World War II: The Eagle & The Swastika/The Last Days of Hitler (1998)
  46. ^ [1] [dead link]
  47. ^ http://www.denniswheatley.info/firsteditions08.htm
  48. ^ [2]
  49. ^ Rebecca A. Umland and Samuel J. Umland, "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)," The Use of Arthurian Legend in Hollywood Film: From Connecticut Yankees to Fisher Kings (Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture) (Greenwood Press, 1996.), 167–171.
  50. ^ UnholyMovie.com
  51. ^ “Real-life Insanity: Wolfenstein’s events are fictional, but are inspired by the reality of the Nazi regime,” Game Informer 184 (August 2008): 36.
  52. ^ Gerald Villoria, "Operation: Darkness Preview," GameSpy (September 23, 2007).

References

  • Bruno Frei. 1980. Der Hellseher: Leben und Sterben des Erik Jan Hanussen. ed.: Antonia Gruneberg. Cologne: Prometh Template:De icon
  • Mattias Gardell. 2003. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4
  • Michael Rißmann. 2001.Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators. Template:De icon Zürich, Munich. Pendo
  • Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. 1985. The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-402-4. (Several reprints.) Expanded with a new Preface, 2004, I.B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-86064-973-4
  • Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. 2002. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3124-4. (Paperback, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4)
  • H. T. Hakl. 1997: Nationalsozialismus und Okkultismus. Template:De icon In: Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Die okkulten Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus. Graz, Austria: Stocker (German edition of The Occult Roots of Nazism)

External links

Pages on the Nazis and the occult that may not be reliable

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