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=== Germanic languages ===
=== Germanic languages ===
[[File:Slavic people X century.jpg|upright=1.36|thumb|200px|Slavic peoples on the territory of modern Germany and Austria at the end of the X century]]
[[File:Slavic people X century.jpg|upright=1.36|thumb|200px|Slavic peoples on the territory of modern Germany and Austria at the end of the X century]]
The Slavic contributions to Germanic languages remains a moot question, though [[Max Vasmer]], a specialist in Slavic etymology, has claimed that there were no Slavic loans into [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]. Nevertheless, many linguists, including Andrzej Poppe, consider the Slavic contribution to the Germanic languages to be enormous. A large number of Slavic loanwords are found in the [[Gothic language]]: {{lang|got-Latn|hlaifs}} (bread, from [[Proto-Slavonic]] ''hleb''), {{lang|got-Latn|katils}} (cauldron, from [[Proto-Slavonic]] ''kotel''), {{lang|got-Latn|biuþs}} (table, from [[Proto-Slavonic]] ''bliudo''), {{lang|got-Latn|kaupjan}} (buy, from [[Proto-Slavonic]] ''kupit''), {{lang|got-Latn|skeinan}} (shine, from [[Proto-Slavonic]] ''sianye''), {{lang|got-Latn|boka}} (letter, from [[Proto-Slavonic]] ''bukva''), etc.<ref>{{Cite book|language=|author=Alexander Shilov|title=Slavonic borrowings in the Romano-Germanic languages|trans-title=|publisher=|location=Moscow|date=2015|isbn= 978-3-515-07560-2}} (It is based mainly on the English-Russian dictionary by W. Muller)</ref> On the other hand, scientists [[Rasmus Rask]] and [[August Schleicher]] argued that such a number of Slavicisms in the German language is explained by the fact that the Slavic and Germanic languages have a common origin.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Schleicher A.|title=Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes|location=|publisher=Allgemeine Zeitung für Wissenschaft und Literatur |date=1853|ref=Schleicher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Rask R. K.|title=Undersögelse om det gamle Nordiske eller Islandske Sprogs Oprindelse|location=Kjöbenhavn|publisher=Gyldendal|date=1818|ref=Rask}}&nbsp;— xii&nbsp;+ 312&nbsp;s.</ref><br/>
The Slavic contributions to Germanic languages remains a moot question, though [[Max Vasmer]], a specialist in Slavic etymology, has claimed that there were no Slavic loans into [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]. However, there are isolated Slavic loans (mostly recent) into other Germanic languages. For example, the word for "border" (in modern [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Grenze}}, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|grens}}) was borrowed from the Common Slavic ''granica''. There are, however, many cities and villages of Slavic origin in Eastern Germany, the largest of which are [[Schwerin]], [[Rostock]], [[Lubeck]], [[Berlin]], [[Leipzig]] and [[Dresden]]. English derives ''[[Quark (cheese)|quark]]'' (a kind of cheese and [[Quark|subatomic particle]]) from the German {{lang|de|Quark}}, which in turn is derived from the Slavic ''tvarog'', which means "curd". Many German surnames, particularly in Eastern Germany and Austria, are Slavic in origin. [[Swedish language|Swedish]] also has {{lang|sv|Garð}}<ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gar%C3%B0r garðr] - Wiktionary</ref> (city; this root is included in many words, including the name of the Greenlandic city of [[Garðar, Greenland|Garðar]]),<ref>Until the X–XII centuries, the form Garðar was used throughout the [[Scandinavian Peninsula]] to refer to Russia. ''Джаксон Т. Н.'' [http://norroen.info/articles/jackson/austr/index.html Austr í Görðum]: Древнерусские топонимы в древнескандинавских источниках. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2001. 208 с.</ref> {{lang|sv|torg}} (market place) from Old Russian {{lang|orv|tъrgъ}} or Polish {{lang|pl|targ}},<ref>{{cite dictionary

However, there are isolated Slavic loans (mostly recent) into other Germanic languages. For example, the word for "border" (in modern [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Grenze}}, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|grens}}) was borrowed from the Common Slavic ''granica''. There are, however, many cities and villages of Slavic origin in Eastern Germany, the largest of which are [[Schwerin]], [[Rostock]], [[Lubeck]], [[Berlin]], [[Leipzig]] and [[Dresden]]. English derives ''[[Quark (cheese)|quark]]'' (a kind of cheese and [[Quark|subatomic particle]]) from the German {{lang|de|Quark}}, which in turn is derived from the Slavic ''tvarog'', which means "curd". Many German surnames, particularly in Eastern Germany and Austria, are Slavic in origin. [[Swedish language|Swedish]] also has {{lang|sv|Garð}}<ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gar%C3%B0r garðr] - Wiktionary</ref> (city; this root is included in many words, including the name of the Greenlandic city of [[Garðar, Greenland|Garðar]]),<ref>Until the X–XII centuries, the form Garðar was used throughout the [[Scandinavian Peninsula]] to refer to Russia. ''Джаксон Т. Н.'' [http://norroen.info/articles/jackson/austr/index.html Austr í Görðum]: Древнерусские топонимы в древнескандинавских источниках. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2001. 208 с.</ref> {{lang|sv|torg}} (market place) from Old Russian {{lang|orv|tъrgъ}} or Polish {{lang|pl|targ}},<ref>{{cite dictionary
| last = Hellquist
| last = Hellquist
| first = Elof
| first = Elof

Revision as of 19:25, 23 December 2020

An example of Slavism, included in all world languages - "pistol" (Czech: píšťala, "whistle")

Slavicism or slowenism, are words and expressions (lexical, grammatical, phonetic, etc.) borrowed or derived from Slavic languages

Distribution

Southern languages

Main article: Slavic influence on Romanian

Most languages of the former Soviet Union and of some neighbouring countries (for example, Mongolian) are significantly influenced by Russian, especially in vocabulary. The Romanian, Albanian, and Hungarian languages show the influence of the neighboring Slavic nations, especially in vocabulary pertaining to urban life, agriculture, and crafts and trade—the major cultural innovations at times of limited long-range cultural contact. In each one of these languages, Slavic lexical borrowings represent at least 15% of the total vocabulary. However, Romanian has much lower influence from Slavic than Albanian or Hungarian.[citation needed] This is potentially because Slavic tribes crossed and partially settled the territories inhabited by ancient Illyrians and Vlachs on their way to the Balkans.

Germanic languages

Slavic peoples on the territory of modern Germany and Austria at the end of the X century

The Slavic contributions to Germanic languages remains a moot question, though Max Vasmer, a specialist in Slavic etymology, has claimed that there were no Slavic loans into Proto-Germanic. However, there are isolated Slavic loans (mostly recent) into other Germanic languages. For example, the word for "border" (in modern German Grenze, Dutch grens) was borrowed from the Common Slavic granica. There are, however, many cities and villages of Slavic origin in Eastern Germany, the largest of which are Schwerin, Rostock, Lubeck, Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden. English derives quark (a kind of cheese and subatomic particle) from the German Quark, which in turn is derived from the Slavic tvarog, which means "curd". Many German surnames, particularly in Eastern Germany and Austria, are Slavic in origin. Swedish also has Garð[1] (city; this root is included in many words, including the name of the Greenlandic city of Garðar),[2] torg (market place) from Old Russian tъrgъ or Polish targ,[3] tolk (interpreter) from Old Slavic tlŭkŭ,[4] and pråm (barge) from West Slavonic pramŭ.[5]

Finnish languages

Finnish and Slavic languages have many words in common, but according to Petri Kallio this indicates their kinship, but not as not about borrowing Slavic words into Finnish languages.[6] On the other hand, there are a number of borrowed Slavic words in the Finnish languages, as early as Proto-Finnic. Many loanwords have acquired a Finnicized form, making it difficult to say whether such a word is natively Finnic or Slavic.[7]

To date, a huge number of Slavicisms are found in the Hungarian language (Finno-Ugric in origin). This is due to the fact that the Hungarian language was largely formed on the basis of the Slavic substratum of the former Principality of Pannonia.

Others

The Czech word robot is now found in most languages worldwide, and the word pistol, probably also from Czech,[8] is found in many European languages, such as Greek πιστόλι.

A well-known Slavic word in almost all European languages is vodka, a borrowing from Russian водка (vodka) – which itself was borrowed from Polish wódka (lit. "little water"), from common Slavic voda ("water", cognate to the English word) with the diminutive ending "-ka".[9][10] Owing to the medieval fur trade with Northern Russia, Pan-European loans from Russian include such familiar words as sable.[11] The English word "vampire" was borrowed (perhaps via French vampire) from German Vampir, in turn derived from Serbian vampir, continuing Proto-Slavic *ǫpyrь,[12][13] although Polish scholar K. Stachowski has argued that the origin of the word is early Slavic *vąpěrь, going back to Turkic oobyr.[14] Several European languages, including English, have borrowed the word polje (meaning "large, flat plain") directly from the former Yugoslav languages (i.e. Slovene, Croatian, and Serbian). During the heyday of the USSR in the 20th century, many more Russian words became known worldwide: da, Soviet, sputnik, perestroika, glasnost, kolkhoz, etc. Also in the English language borrowed from Russian is samovar (lit. "self-boiling") to refer to the specific Russian tea urn.

Inside the Slavic area

Borrowings from one Slavic language to another are also noted within Slavic languages, for example, medieval polonisms and rusisms in the literary Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. Czech "wakers" (Czech: buditelé, "evocative") and Slovenian linguists of the late 19th century also turned to the Russian language in order to reslavicize their resurgent languages and clear them of foreign language borrowings. This was mainly due to the imposition of the German language on Slavic States, and gave significant results (for example, the word vozduh ("air"), translated into Czech and Slovenian).

See also

  • Russianism — borrowing from the Russian language.
  • Church Slavicism — a word or phrase borrowed from the Church Slavonic language.
  • Bohemism — from the Czech language.
  • Polonism — from the Polish language.
  • Ukrainianism — from the Ukrainian language (mainly ukrainianism meet in the South of Russia).

References

  1. ^ garðr - Wiktionary
  2. ^ Until the X–XII centuries, the form Garðar was used throughout the Scandinavian Peninsula to refer to Russia. Джаксон Т. Н. Austr í Görðum: Древнерусские топонимы в древнескандинавских источниках. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2001. 208 с.
  3. ^ Hellquist, Elof (1922). "torg". Svensk etymologisk ordbok (in Swedish) – via Project Runeberg.
  4. ^ Hellquist, Elof (1922). "tolk". Svensk etymologisk ordbok (in Swedish) – via Project Runeberg.
  5. ^ Hellquist, Elof (1922). "pråm". Svensk etymologisk ordbok (in Swedish) – via Project Runeberg.
  6. ^ On the Earliest Slavonic Loanwords in Finnic. Ed. by Juhani Nuorluoto, Helsinki 2006, ISBN 9521028521
  7. ^ THE FINNISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONSHIPS: THE INTERPLAY OF ECONOMICS, HISTORY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE Mustajoki Arto, Protassova Ekaterina, 2014
  8. ^ Titz, Karel (1922). "Naše řeč – Ohlasy husitského válečnictví v Evropě". Československý Vědecký ústav Vojenský (in Czech): 88. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  9. ^ Harper, Douglas. "vodka". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  10. ^ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved 28 April 2008
  11. ^ Harper, Douglas. "sable". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  12. ^ cf.: Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. [in 32 Teilbänden. Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854–1960.], s.v. Vampir; Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé; Dauzat, Albert, 1938. Dictionnaire étymologique. Librairie Larousse; Wolfgang Pfeifer, Етymologisches Woerterbuch, 2006, p. 1494; Petar Skok, Etimologijski rjecnk hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, 1971–1974, s.v. Vampir; Tokarev, S.A. et al. 1982. Mify narodov mira. ("Myths of the peoples of the world". A Russian encyclopedia of mythology); Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer.
  13. ^ Harper, Douglas. "vampire". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  14. ^ Stachowski, Kamil. 2005. Wampir na rozdrożach. Etymologia wyrazu upiór – wampir w językach słowiańskich. W: Rocznik Slawistyczny, t. LV, str. 73–92

External links

Bibliography

  • L. I. Timofeev, S. V. Turaev (1974). Slavicism // Dictionary of literary terms (in Russian). Moscow: «Просвещение».
  • A. P. Kvyatkovsky (1966). Slavicisms. Soviet encyclopedia (in Russian). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Ulyanov I. S. (2004). Slavicisms in the Russian language (verbs with non-consonantal prefixes) (in Russian). Moscow: Управление технологиями. ISBN 5-902785-01-4.
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