Sool: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 8°23′46″N 47°41′29″E / 8.39611°N 47.69139°E / 8.39611; 47.69139
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| nickname =
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| motto =
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| settlement_type = [[Regions of Somaliland|Region of Somaliland]]
| settlement_type = [[Puntland–Somaliland dispute|Disputed Region of Somalia]]
| image_skyline = The National Archives UK - CO 1069-8-36.jpg
| image_skyline = The National Archives UK - CO 1069-8-36.jpg
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| image_map = Sool in Somaliland.svg
| image_map = Sool in Somalia.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location in Somaliland
| map_caption = Location in Somalia
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}}
| subdivision_type1 =
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'''Sool''' ({{lang-so|Sool}}, {{lang-ar|صول}}) is an administrative region (''[[Administrative divisions of Somalia|gobol]]'') in south eastern [[Somaliland]]. It borders [[Togdheer]] to the west, [[Sanaag]] to the north, [[Ethiopia]] to the south and [[Somalia]] to the east. Its capital city is [[Las Anod]]. The region is partially controlled by [[Puntland]] State.<ref>{{cite journal |title=BFA Staatendokumentation/ Andreas Tiwald, Analyse zu Somalia - Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage |journal=Austrian Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum |date=12 October 2015 |page=8 |url=https://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokument?documentSummaryId=36310 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation |journal=European Asylum Support Office |date=February 2016 |page=74 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
'''Sool''' ({{lang-so|Sool}}, {{lang-ar|صول}}) is an administrative region (''[[Administrative divisions of Somalia|gobol]]'') in northern [[Somalia]]. It borders [[Togdheer]] to the west, [[Sanaag]] to the north, [[Ethiopia]] to the south and [[Nugaal]] to the east. Its capital city is [[Las Anod]]. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of [[Somaliland]] and [[Puntland]], a Federal Member State of [[Somalia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Completed Project |url=https://www.eth.mpg.de/3588115/project_mhoehne_3 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.eth.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title=Are Somaliland, Puntland ready for war over land? |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/are-somaliland-puntland-ready-for-war-over-land--1398366 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: No elections in disputed regions, Puntland says - Somalia |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-no-elections-disputed-regions-puntland-says |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-27 |title=Averting War in Northern Somalia |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somaliland/141-averting-war-northern-somalia |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Crisis Group |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmood |first=Omar S. |date=2019-11-01 |title=Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag |url=https://www.africaportal.org/publications/overlapping-claims-somaliland-and-puntland-case-sool-and-sanaag/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Africa Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2019-12-09 |title=The various layers to the Somaliland-Puntland discord |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/the-various-layers-to-the-somaliland-puntland-discord |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> The region is partially controlled by both polities.<ref>{{cite journal |title=BFA Staatendokumentation/ Andreas Tiwald, Analyse zu Somalia - Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage |journal=Austrian Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum |date=12 October 2015 |page=8 |url=https://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokument?documentSummaryId=36310 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation |journal=European Asylum Support Office |date=February 2016 |page=74 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>


==Territorial dispute==
==Territorial dispute==
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{{Regions of Somaliland}}
{{Regions of Somaliland}}



{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sool, Somalia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sool, Somalia}}

Revision as of 20:34, 19 March 2022

Sool
Sool (Somali)
صول (Arabic)
Disputed Region of Somalia
Dervish fort in Taleh.
Dervish fort in Taleh.
Location in Somalia
Location in Somalia
Country Somalia
Administrative centreLas Anod
Government
 • GovernorAbdiqani Mohamoud Jidhe
Area
 • Total39,240 km2 (15,150 sq mi)
Population
 (2014)
 • Total327,428 [1]
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
HDI (2017)0.327[2]
low · 4th

Sool (Somali: Sool, Arabic: صول) is an administrative region (gobol) in northern Somalia. It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Nugaal to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and Puntland, a Federal Member State of Somalia.[3][4][5][6][7][8] The region is partially controlled by both polities.[9][10]

Territorial dispute

Main article: Somaliland-Puntland dispute

Sool is disputed by Somaliland and Puntland. The former basis its claim on the British Somaliland protectorate borders, and the later on the territory inhabited by the Harti clan that established the state in 1998.[11]: 36  Khatumo State and it’s predecessor SSC Movement which rejected both claims also made attempts to establish a separate administration in the region.

In 2003, Puntland sent troops to Las Anod under the pretext of conflict mediation and occupied it outright.[11]: 63  Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict west of Las Anod. In 2007, Somaliland took military control of Las Anod. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict near Tukaraq.[11]: 68  In 2018, the Somaliland army occupied Tukaraq.[12] In April 2019, the Somaliland army took control of Taleh.[13]

Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region do not recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as either Somaliland or Puntland.[14]

History

British Somaliland district boundaries from 1944.[15]

From 1944 to 1974, the Sool region was formerly Las Anod district. It was one of three districts of the Burao Region. The other two districts were the Burao and Erigavo districts.[16]

In 1974 Sool was part of the larger Nugaal region, with its capital at Garowe. It was established as a separate region in 1984 with its capital at Las Anod.[17]

Demographics

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The Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by Dhulbahante.[18][19][20][21] Michael Walls reports:

"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".[22]

The Habr Je'lo clan of the Isaaq clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town Aynaba,[23] as well as the wider Aynaba District.[24]

The Habr Yunis sub-division of the Garhajis Isaaq also inhabit the western parts of Hudun and Las Anod districts in northern Sool.[25]

The Dhulbahante sub-division of the Harti Darod clan primarily inhabits the Taleh, eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.[26][27][28] The Fiqishini sub-clan of the Habar Gidir Hawiye[29] integrated into Baho Nugaaled Dhulbahante,[30] inhabit the area around Adhi'adeye.[31][32]

Districts

The Sool region consists of 4 districts.[33]

District Grade Capital Comments Location
Las Anod A Las Anod Regional capital
Aynabo B Aynabo
Hudun C Hudun
Taleh B Taleh

Map

  • Map of Sool Region

See also

References

  1. ^ https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  3. ^ "Completed Project". www.eth.mpg.de. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Are Somaliland, Puntland ready for war over land?". The East African. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Somalia: No elections in disputed regions, Puntland says - Somalia". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  6. ^ "Averting War in Northern Somalia". Crisis Group. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  7. ^ Mahmood, Omar S. (1 November 2019). "Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag". Africa Portal. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  8. ^ ISSAfrica.org (9 December 2019). "The various layers to the Somaliland-Puntland discord". ISS Africa. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  9. ^ "BFA Staatendokumentation/ Andreas Tiwald, Analyse zu Somalia - Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage". Austrian Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum: 8. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  10. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Markus Virgil Hoehne (2015). "Between Somaliland and Puntland" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  12. ^ "Somalia: Puntland and Somaliland forces clash in Tukaraq". crisis24.garda.com. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  13. ^ "Somaliland Oo Xoog Kula Wareegtay Degmada Taleex Ee Gobolka Sool". mareeg.com. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  14. ^ Ahmed M. Musa (2021). "Lasanod: City at the margins" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  16. ^ "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Somalia (1988)". CIA. December 1988. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  18. ^ "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  19. ^ Hohne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (3): 405. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06001820. S2CID 54173895.
  20. ^ "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  21. ^ International Crisis Group. "Somaliland: The Strains of Success" (PDF): 4. Retrieved 20 September 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  23. ^ Renders, Marleen (2012). Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-22254-0. OCLC 775301944. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal's priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources.
  24. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  26. ^ Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  27. ^ "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  28. ^ "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  29. ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia, 2011, Markus Hoehne, p. 285, "Schlee (1994 [1989]: 223) confirmed that the Faq Shinni (Fiqishiini) in fact belong to the Ajuraan ... Together with a number of other small groups, Fiqishiini were integrated into the ‘umbrella’ segment of the Dhulbahante clan called Baho Nugaaleed. The name roughly translates as ‘children of one mother from the Nugaal valley’."
  31. ^ "Waqtiga Celeema saarka Sultaanka Beesha FIQISHINI oo la shaaciyey". halgan.net. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  32. ^ "Qaban-Qaabada Suldaanka Beesha Fiqishini Oo Laga Dareemayo Degmada Laascaanood Iyo Wufuud Kusii Qulqulaysa Adhicadeeye". laascaanood.com. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  33. ^ "Sool Region" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2013.

External links

8°23′46″N 47°41′29″E / 8.39611°N 47.69139°E / 8.39611; 47.69139

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