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color=Dun gene|
color=Dun gene|
height=From 1.34 m to 1.42 m|
height=From 1.34 m to 1.42 m|
weight=From 318 kg to 450 kg|
weight=From 318 kg to 450 kg|
use=Cattle work}}{{Main article|Criollo horse}}
use=Cattle work}}{{Main article|Criollo horse}}


The '''Venezuelan Criollo''' (Spanish: ''criollo venezolano''), or ''{{Lang|es|Llanero}}'' / ''{{Lang|es|Llañero}}'', is a [[stock horse|stock '''horse''']] breed from the [[Llanos]] region of [[Venezuela]]. It is descended from the [[Colonial Spanish horse]], gradually introduced from the [[16th century]] onwards, and is closely related to other [[Criollo horse|Criollo]] and [[Paso Fino]] breeds. Small, sober and responsive, the Venezuelan Criollo is mainly used as a mount for [[Stock horse|stock]] [[cattle]] in its native region. They are still widely used for transporting goods and people.
The '''Venezuelan Criollo''' (Spanish: ''criollo venezolano''), or ''{{Lang|es|Llanero}}'' / ''{{Lang|es|Llañero}}'', is a [[stock horse|stock '''horse''']] breed from the [[Llanos]] region of [[Venezuela]]. It is descended from the [[Colonial Spanish horse]], gradually introduced from the 16th century onwards, and is closely related to other [[Criollo horse|Criollo]] and [[Paso Fino]] breeds. Small, sober and responsive, the Venezuelan Criollo is mainly used as a mount for [[Stock horse|stock]] cattle in its native region. They are still widely used for transporting goods and people.


The breed has excellent [[genetic diversity]], and is therefore not threatened with extinction. Its main threat lies in the presence of parasites, notably ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', which causes [[anaplasmosis]]. As its selection is still being organized, there is no [[stud book]] yet, and its numbers are unknown.
The breed has excellent [[genetic diversity]], and is therefore not threatened with extinction. Its main threat lies in the presence of parasites, notably ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', which causes [[anaplasmosis]]. As its selection is still being organized, there is no [[stud book]] yet, and its numbers are unknown.
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=== Name ===
=== Name ===
The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] name {{Lang|es|Llanero}} translates as "horse of the plains".<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Hendricks|2007|p=269}}</ref> The [[DAD-IS|DAD-IS database]] and the [[University of Oklahoma]] Encyclopedia (2007)<ref name=":0" /> refer to the breed as {{Lang|es|Llanero}} (without [[Diacritic|diacritical mark]]), while [[CAB International]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Porter|Alderson|Hall|Sponenberg|2016|p=231}}</ref> the Delachaux guide<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Rousseau|2014|p=498}}</ref> and researchers from the teams of E. G. Cothran<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Cothran|Canelon|Luis|Conant|2011|p=2394}}</ref> and J. L Canelón<ref>{{Harvtxt|Canelón|2005|p=217}}</ref> refer to it as "Venezuelan Criollo". However, the Delachaux guide also specifies the existence of the name ''{{Lang|es|Llañero}}'' (with [[Diacritic|diacritical mark]]).<ref name=":1" />
The Spanish name {{Lang|es|Llanero}} translates as "horse of the plains".<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Hendricks|2007|p=269}}</ref> The [[DAD-IS|DAD-IS database]] and the [[University of Oklahoma]] Encyclopedia (2007)<ref name=":0" /> refer to the breed as {{Lang|es|Llanero}} (without [[Diacritic|diacritical mark]]), while [[CAB International]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Porter|Alderson|Hall|Sponenberg|2016|p=231}}</ref> the Delachaux guide<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Rousseau|2014|p=498}}</ref> and researchers from the teams of E. G. Cothran<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Cothran|Canelon|Luis|Conant|2011|p=2394}}</ref> and J. L Canelón<ref>{{Harvtxt|Canelón|2005|p=217}}</ref> refer to it as "Venezuelan Criollo". However, the Delachaux guide also specifies the existence of the name ''{{Lang|es|Llañero}}'' (with [[Diacritic|diacritical mark]]).<ref name=":1" />


=== Formation ===
=== Formation ===
[[File:XIX century Llanero - Eloy Palacios.jpg|left|thumb|Venezuelan llanero and horse in the [[19th century]].]]{{See also|Colonial Spanish horse}}
[[File:XIX century Llanero - Eloy Palacios.jpg|left|thumb|Venezuelan llanero and horse in the 19th century.]]{{See also|Colonial Spanish horse}}
Horses were extinct in [[South America]] around 10,000 BC, and the species only reappeared with the arrival of the crews of [[Christopher Columbus]]'s [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|second voyage]] in 1493.<ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Cothran|Canelon|Luis|Conant|2011|p=2395}}</ref> The Venezuelan breed is descended from the [[Colonial Spanish horse]], introduced by settlers and [[conquistador]]es from the [[16th century]] onwards<ref name=":1" /> - the same origin as the neighboring Trote y galope.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Porter|Alderson|Hall|Sponenberg|2016|p=455}}</ref> In 1526, the settlement of [[Coro, Venezuela|Coro]] introduced local horse breeding.<ref name=":3" /> In 1528, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles V]] of Spain commissioned the Welser governors to import horses from [[Hispaniola]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] and [[Santiago de Cuba]] to [[Venezuela]].<ref name=":3" /> It seems that horses abandoned by [[Pedro de Mendoza|Don Pedro de Mendoza]] in 1535 near [[Buenos Aires]] also played a special role in the founding of the breed.<ref name=":0" /> The majority of these founding horses came from the [[Antilles]], but a not inconsiderable number, acquired by the Welsers or by settlers, are thought to have come directly from Spain.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ambrosius Ehinger]] brought over 80 horses from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] to [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lacas |first=M. M. |date=1953 |title=A sixteenth-century german colonizing venture in Venezuela |journal=Americas |pages=275–290|doi=10.2307/977995 |jstor=977995 |s2cid=144183481 }}</ref> Similarly, in 1545, Cristóbal Rodríguez, a settler in the Llanos, brought ten [[mare]]s and two [[foal]]s of the Andalusian breed directly from [[Jerez de la Frontera]].<ref name=":3" />
Horses were extinct in South America around 10,000 BC, and the species only reappeared with the arrival of the crews of [[Christopher Columbus]]'s [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|second voyage]] in 1493.<ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Cothran|Canelon|Luis|Conant|2011|p=2395}}</ref> The Venezuelan breed is descended from the [[Colonial Spanish horse]], introduced by settlers and [[conquistador]]es from the 16th century onwards<ref name=":1" /> – the same origin as the neighboring Trote y galope.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Porter|Alderson|Hall|Sponenberg|2016|p=455}}</ref> In 1526, the settlement of [[Coro, Venezuela|Coro]] introduced local horse breeding.<ref name=":3" /> In 1528, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles V]] of Spain commissioned the Welser governors to import horses from [[Hispaniola]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] and [[Santiago de Cuba]] to [[Venezuela]].<ref name=":3" /> It seems that horses abandoned by [[Pedro de Mendoza|Don Pedro de Mendoza]] in 1535 near [[Buenos Aires]] also played a special role in the founding of the breed.<ref name=":0" /> The majority of these founding horses came from the [[Antilles]], but a not inconsiderable number, acquired by the Welsers or by settlers, are thought to have come directly from Spain.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ambrosius Ehinger]] brought over 80 horses from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] to [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lacas |first=M. M. |date=1953 |title=A sixteenth-century german colonizing venture in Venezuela |journal=Americas |pages=275–290|doi=10.2307/977995 |jstor=977995 |s2cid=144183481 }}</ref> Similarly, in 1545, Cristóbal Rodríguez, a settler in the Llanos, brought ten [[mare]]s and two [[foal]]s of the Andalusian breed directly from [[Jerez de la Frontera]].<ref name=":3" />


The Venezuelan Criollo breed originated in the [[Llanos]] plains of north-western Venezuela. The particularly harsh climate, with very dry winters, has led to a reduction in the size of the original Iberian herd.<ref name=":0" />
The Venezuelan Criollo breed originated in the [[Llanos]] plains of north-western Venezuela. The particularly harsh climate, with very dry winters, has led to a reduction in the size of the original Iberian herd.<ref name=":0" />
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=== Temperament, care and selection ===
=== Temperament, care and selection ===
The Venezuelan Criollo is reputed to be very sober, requiring little food intake. They are well adapted to the climatic conditions of their region.<ref name=":3" /> Reputedly calm in character, they are responsive when called upon.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Thanks to its selection for stock with livestock, it has inherited great endurance.<ref name=":0" /> Hematological alterations are considered to be one of the main unfavorable factors for horse breeding on the Venezuelan plains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García |first1=F. |last2=Rivera |first2=M. |last3=Ortega |first3=M. |last4=Suárez |first4=C. |date=2000 |title=Trypanosomiasis equina causada por Trypanosoma evansi en tres hatos ganaderos del estado Apure, Venezuela |journal=Rev. Fac. De Cien.Vet. UCV. |language=ES |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=91–100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guillén |first1=A. |last2=León |first2=E. |last3=Aragot |first3=W. |last4=Silva |first4=M. |date=2001 |title=Diagnóstico de hemoparásitos en el Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias Periodo 1986-2000 |journal=Vet Trop |language=ES |volume=26 |issue=1}}</ref> A [[Parasitology|parasitological]] study carried out on two Venezuelan ranches shows that infestations with ''[[Trypanosoma evansi]]'' (7.3%), ''[[Babesia equi|Babesia equ]]''i (1.4%) and ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'' (32.9%) are possible, and are responsible for significant losses in farm horses.<ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|Castellanos|Canelón|Calzolaio|Aguinaco|2010|p=154}}</ref>
The Venezuelan Criollo is reputed to be very sober, requiring little food intake. They are well adapted to the climatic conditions of their region.<ref name=":3" /> Reputedly calm in character, they are responsive when called upon.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Thanks to its selection for stock with livestock, it has inherited great endurance.<ref name=":0" /> Hematological alterations are considered to be one of the main unfavorable factors for horse breeding on the Venezuelan plains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García |first1=F. |last2=Rivera |first2=M. |last3=Ortega |first3=M. |last4=Suárez |first4=C. |date=2000 |title=Trypanosomiasis equina causada por Trypanosoma evansi en tres hatos ganaderos del estado Apure, Venezuela |journal=Rev. Fac. De Cien.Vet. UCV. |language=ES |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=91–100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guillén |first1=A. |last2=León |first2=E. |last3=Aragot |first3=W. |last4=Silva |first4=M. |date=2001 |title=Diagnóstico de hemoparásitos en el Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias Periodo 1986–2000 |journal=Vet Trop |language=ES |volume=26 |issue=1}}</ref> A [[Parasitology|parasitological]] study carried out on two Venezuelan ranches shows that infestations with ''[[Trypanosoma evansi]]'' (7.3%), ''[[Babesia equi|Babesia equ]]''i (1.4%) and ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'' (32.9%) are possible, and are responsible for significant losses in farm horses.<ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|Castellanos|Canelón|Calzolaio|Aguinaco|2010|p=154}}</ref>


=== Genetics ===
=== Genetics ===
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== Usage ==
== Usage ==
[[File:Ganaderia en los Llanos.jpg|thumb|Venezuelan Criollos mounted for cattle work.]]
[[File:Ganaderia en los Llanos.jpg|thumb|Venezuelan Criollos mounted for cattle work.]]
The Venezuelan Criollo is an essential partner for farm and [[ranch]] work.<ref name=":10">{{Harvtxt|Castellanos|Canelón|Calzolaio|Aguinaco|2010|p=153}}</ref> There is a difference in use according to sex: the horses put to work are very generally the males, while the females are put to breeding.<ref name=":8" /> These horses are mainly used as mounts for transporting people and goods in rural Venezuela.<ref name=":8" /> In particular, they are used for work riding with livestock.<ref name=":1" /> This use is predominant on Venezuela's large cattle farms.<ref name=":3" /> These horses help the [[Llanero]]s to stimulate, fetch and capture [[cattle]] destined for meat production in the country.<ref name=":10" />
The Venezuelan Criollo is an essential partner for farm and [[ranch]] work.<ref name=":10">{{Harvtxt|Castellanos|Canelón|Calzolaio|Aguinaco|2010|p=153}}</ref> There is a difference in use according to sex: the horses put to work are very generally the males, while the females are put to breeding.<ref name=":8" /> These horses are mainly used as mounts for transporting people and goods in rural Venezuela.<ref name=":8" /> In particular, they are used for work riding with livestock.<ref name=":1" /> This use is predominant on Venezuela's large cattle farms.<ref name=":3" /> These horses help the [[Llanero]]s to stimulate, fetch and capture cattle destined for meat production in the country.<ref name=":10" />


These horses also make good touring horses.<ref name=":1" /> Cross-breeding with other breeds is rare, as the horses resulting from such cross-breeding are generally less adaptable to the climatic conditions of the Llanos.<ref name=":3" />
These horses also make good touring horses.<ref name=":1" /> Cross-breeding with other breeds is rare, as the horses resulting from such cross-breeding are generally less adaptable to the climatic conditions of the Llanos.<ref name=":3" />
Line 70: Line 70:
* {{Cite book |last=Aparicio |first=G. |title=Exterior de los grandes animales domésticos |publisher=Imprenta Moderna |language=es}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aparicio |first=G. |title=Exterior de los grandes animales domésticos |publisher=Imprenta Moderna |language=es}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cabrera |first=A. |title=Caballos de América |publisher=Editorial Suramericana |year=1945 |language=es}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cabrera |first=A. |title=Caballos de América |publisher=Editorial Suramericana |year=1945 |language=es}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Canelón |first1=J. L. |title=Morfometría del caballo Criollo en el Llano Apureño, zona alta del Edo. Lara y Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada |last2=Páez |first2=J. |last3=Rojas |first3=C. |publisher=II Jornada Nacional para el Estudio y la Conservación del Caballo Criollo Venezolano “Dr. José A. Giacopini Zárraga” |year=2002 |location=Barquisimeto |pages= |language=es}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Canelón |first1=J. L. |title=Morfometría del caballo Criollo en el Llano Apureño, zona alta del Edo. Lara y Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada |last2=Páez |first2=J. |last3=Rojas |first3=C. |publisher=II Jornada Nacional para el Estudio y la Conservación del Caballo Criollo Venezolano "Dr. José A. Giacopini Zárraga" |year=2002 |location=Barquisimeto |pages= |language=es}}
* {{Cite book |last=Canelón |first=J. |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/495/49520716.pdf |title=Caracteristicas fenotipicas del caballo criollo. Observaciones en el Estado Apure |publisher=Archivos de Zootecnia |year=2005 |language=ES}}
* {{Cite book |last=Canelón |first=J. |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/495/49520716.pdf |title=Caracteristicas fenotipicas del caballo criollo. Observaciones en el Estado Apure |publisher=Archivos de Zootecnia |year=2005 |language=ES}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Canelón |first1=J. |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/22537325/2011/00000001/00000001/art00090 |title=Evaluación de los Aplomos en caballos criollos venezolanos de un hato del Estado Apure |last2=Ortiz |first2=A. |last3=Vasquez |first3=R. |last4=Mosquera |first4=O. |journal=Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal |year=2011 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=401–404 |language=ES}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Canelón |first1=J. |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/22537325/2011/00000001/00000001/art00090 |title=Evaluación de los Aplomos en caballos criollos venezolanos de un hato del Estado Apure |last2=Ortiz |first2=A. |last3=Vasquez |first3=R. |last4=Mosquera |first4=O. |journal=Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal |year=2011 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=401–404 |language=ES}}

Latest revision as of 03:44, 29 April 2024

Venezuelan Criollo
Chestnut Venezuelan Criollo
Country of originVenezuela
UseCattle work
Traits
Weight
  • From 318 kg to 450 kg
Height
  • From 1.34 m to 1.42 m
ColorDun gene
Main article: Criollo horse

The Venezuelan Criollo (Spanish: criollo venezolano), or Llanero / Llañero, is a stock horse breed from the Llanos region of Venezuela. It is descended from the Colonial Spanish horse, gradually introduced from the 16th century onwards, and is closely related to other Criollo and Paso Fino breeds. Small, sober and responsive, the Venezuelan Criollo is mainly used as a mount for stock cattle in its native region. They are still widely used for transporting goods and people.

The breed has excellent genetic diversity, and is therefore not threatened with extinction. Its main threat lies in the presence of parasites, notably Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which causes anaplasmosis. As its selection is still being organized, there is no stud book yet, and its numbers are unknown.

History[edit]

Name[edit]

The Spanish name Llanero translates as "horse of the plains".[1] The DAD-IS database and the University of Oklahoma Encyclopedia (2007)[1] refer to the breed as Llanero (without diacritical mark), while CAB International,[2] the Delachaux guide[3] and researchers from the teams of E. G. Cothran[4] and J. L Canelón[5] refer to it as "Venezuelan Criollo". However, the Delachaux guide also specifies the existence of the name Llañero (with diacritical mark).[3]

Formation[edit]

Venezuelan llanero and horse in the 19th century.
See also: Colonial Spanish horse

Horses were extinct in South America around 10,000 BC, and the species only reappeared with the arrival of the crews of Christopher Columbus's second voyage in 1493.[6] The Venezuelan breed is descended from the Colonial Spanish horse, introduced by settlers and conquistadores from the 16th century onwards[3] – the same origin as the neighboring Trote y galope.[7] In 1526, the settlement of Coro introduced local horse breeding.[6] In 1528, King Charles V of Spain commissioned the Welser governors to import horses from Hispaniola, San Juan and Santiago de Cuba to Venezuela.[6] It seems that horses abandoned by Don Pedro de Mendoza in 1535 near Buenos Aires also played a special role in the founding of the breed.[1] The majority of these founding horses came from the Antilles, but a not inconsiderable number, acquired by the Welsers or by settlers, are thought to have come directly from Spain.[6] Ambrosius Ehinger brought over 80 horses from Sanlúcar de Barrameda to Venezuela.[8] Similarly, in 1545, Cristóbal Rodríguez, a settler in the Llanos, brought ten mares and two foals of the Andalusian breed directly from Jerez de la Frontera.[6]

The Venezuelan Criollo breed originated in the Llanos plains of north-western Venezuela. The particularly harsh climate, with very dry winters, has led to a reduction in the size of the original Iberian herd.[1]

Since the 20th century[edit]

The Venezuelan Criollo was described and characterized by Ángel Cabrera in his work published in Buenos Aires (1945),[9] then by R. De Armas in his veterinary thesis published in 1946,[6] which is the most complete description published of the breed.[10] The structuring of Venezuelan Criollo breeding is more recent, and stems from the observation by local llaneros that their traditional horses are better adapted to the climate of their region than the American Quarter Horse.[11] A group of researchers from the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, in Barquisimeto, has conducted several studies on these horses. In 2011, when a genetic characterization study was published on 214 subjects of the breed in comparison with other South American horse breeds,[12] there was still no stud book (or herd book).[6]

Description[edit]

Venezuelan Criollo with chestnut dun coat in the state of Apure.
See also: Paso Fino

DAD-IS refers to it as a pony, but it is actually a small horse, typical of South American Criollos.[13] Hendricks' book (University of Oklahoma, 2007)[1] and the Delachaux guide (2014,[3] which probably uses the latter's data) cite an average height of 1.42 m. The breed is close to the Argentine Criollo, but lighter in pattern, the result of the influence of the climate in its native region.[1][3] The Venezuelan Criollo is also close to the Colombian Criollo.[11] There are few phenotypic differences between horses from the states of Apure, Aragua and Mérida.[6]

See also: Equine conformation

The head is rectilinear,[14] sometimes slightly convex,[10] and generally triangular in shape, with a broad base. Cheeks are prominent, eyes triangular and expressive. Medium-sized ears point upwards. The neck is of medium length, rather thick, with little definition at the throat. The chest is relatively narrow. The back is generally straight and strong, the rump rather swollen and short.[15] The limbs are slender, ending in small, sturdy paws.[3] Mane, tuft and tail are thick and abundant, but dewlap is rare.[3][16]

Venezuelan Criollo horses of various colors in Mucubají, Mérida state.

Coat[edit]

Main article: Equine coat color

The coat is generally characterized by the expression of the Dun gene (which includes the bay dun and grullo coats), with black manes and markings,[3] but a wide variety of other coats are possible, including chestnut, bay in all shades, black, gray, roan, strawberry roan, palomino[3] and piebald.[1][16]

Temperament, care and selection[edit]

The Venezuelan Criollo is reputed to be very sober, requiring little food intake. They are well adapted to the climatic conditions of their region.[6] Reputedly calm in character, they are responsive when called upon.[3][16] Thanks to its selection for stock with livestock, it has inherited great endurance.[1] Hematological alterations are considered to be one of the main unfavorable factors for horse breeding on the Venezuelan plains.[17][18] A parasitological study carried out on two Venezuelan ranches shows that infestations with Trypanosoma evansi (7.3%), Babesia equi (1.4%) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (32.9%) are possible, and are responsible for significant losses in farm horses.[19]

Genetics[edit]

The Venezuelan Criollo has excellent genetic diversity.[4] All South American horse breeds seem to belong to the same gene cluster, noted "h",[20] which is notably the case in this breed, this cluster also being common to Iberian horses and Sorraia.[21] Several particularly rare alleles, although not very frequent, were detected in the 214 Venezuelan Criollo horses analyzed for the purposes of the study by E. G. Cothran and his team in 2011.[22] The Venezuelan Criollo is genetically very close to the Chilote and the Colombian Paso Fino,[23] and is also genetically close to the Puerto Rican Paso Fino.[24] The greater closeness to these three breeds compared to other South American Criollo is consistent with the breed's history, with the main ancestors of the Venezuelan Criollo coming from the Caribbean.[21]

The Venezuelan Criollo was the subject of a study to determine the presence of the DMRT3 gene mutation responsible for extra gaits: the study of 21 subjects failed to detect the presence of this mutation in 16.7% of the horses tested, and the existence of horses with extra gaits was confirmed among the breed.[25]

Usage[edit]

Venezuelan Criollos mounted for cattle work.

The Venezuelan Criollo is an essential partner for farm and ranch work.[26] There is a difference in use according to sex: the horses put to work are very generally the males, while the females are put to breeding.[19] These horses are mainly used as mounts for transporting people and goods in rural Venezuela.[19] In particular, they are used for work riding with livestock.[3] This use is predominant on Venezuela's large cattle farms.[6] These horses help the Llaneros to stimulate, fetch and capture cattle destined for meat production in the country.[26]

These horses also make good touring horses.[3] Cross-breeding with other breeds is rare, as the horses resulting from such cross-breeding are generally less adaptable to the climatic conditions of the Llanos.[6]

Breeding spread[edit]

The breed is unique to Venezuela, and is divided into three sub-populations in the states of Apure, Aragua and Mérida.[21] The teams of E. G. Cothran[6] and Raymi Castellanos[26] also list it as a "local breed". However, there is no record of numbers,[6] particularly on DAD-IS (2018).

According to the Delachaux guide (2014), awareness is growing of the large number of crosses made in the breed[3] (which contradicts information from Venezuelan studies). According to Cothran et al. the excellent genetic diversity and large numbers make the threat of extinction very low, and should ensure the future of the Venezuelan Criollo, unless a genetic bottleneck occurs.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Hendricks (2007, p. 269)
  2. ^ Porter et al. (2016, p. 231)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rousseau (2014, p. 498)
  4. ^ a b Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2394)
  5. ^ Canelón (2005, p. 217)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2395)
  7. ^ Porter et al. (2016, p. 455)
  8. ^ Lacas, M. M. (1953). "A sixteenth-century german colonizing venture in Venezuela". Americas: 275–290. doi:10.2307/977995. JSTOR 977995. S2CID 144183481.
  9. ^ Cabrera (1945, p. 274)
  10. ^ a b Canelón (2005, p. 218)
  11. ^ a b Porter et al. (2016, p. 456)
  12. ^ Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2396)
  13. ^ a b Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2401)
  14. ^ Aparicio, pp. 23–24)
  15. ^ Rousseau (2014, p. 499)
  16. ^ a b c Canelón (2005, p. 219)
  17. ^ García, F.; Rivera, M.; Ortega, M.; Suárez, C. (2000). "Trypanosomiasis equina causada por Trypanosoma evansi en tres hatos ganaderos del estado Apure, Venezuela". Rev. Fac. De Cien.Vet. UCV. (in Spanish). 41 (4): 91–100.
  18. ^ Guillén, A.; León, E.; Aragot, W.; Silva, M. (2001). "Diagnóstico de hemoparásitos en el Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias Periodo 1986–2000". Vet Trop (in Spanish). 26 (1).
  19. ^ a b c Castellanos et al. (2010, p. 154)
  20. ^ Luís, C.; Juras, R.; Oom, M. M.; Cothran, E. G. (2007). "Genetic diversity and relationships of Portuguese and other horse breeds based on protein and microsatellite loci variation". Animal Genetics. 38 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01545.x. PMID 17257184.
  21. ^ a b c Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2400)
  22. ^ Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2397)
  23. ^ Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2398)
  24. ^ Cothran et al. (2011, p. 2399)
  25. ^ Promerová, M.; Andersson, L. S.; Juras, R.; Penedo, M. C. T. (2014). "Worldwide frequency distribution of the 'Gait keeper' mutation in the DMRT3 gene". Animal Genetics. 45 (2): 274–282. doi:10.1111/age.12120. PMID 24444049.
  26. ^ a b c Castellanos et al. (2010, p. 153)

Bibliography[edit]

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