Yamnaya culture: Difference between revisions
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The '''Yamna''' (from [[Russian language|Russian]]/[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] яма, "pit"; also known as ''Pit Grave'' or ''Ochre Grave culture'') is a [[chalcolithic|late copper age]]/early [[Bronze Age]] culture of the [[Bug (river)|Bug]]/[[Dniester]]/[[Ural (river)|Ural]] region (the [[Pontic steppe]]), dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC. The culture was predominantly [[nomad]]ic, with some [[agriculture]] practiced near rivers and a few [[hillfort]]s. |
The '''Yamna''' (from [[Russian language|Russian]]/[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] яма, "pit"; also known as ''Pit Grave'' or ''Ochre Grave culture'') is a [[chalcolithic|late copper age]]/early [[Bronze Age]] culture of the [[Bug (river)|Bug]]/[[Dniester]]/[[Ural (river)|Ural]] region (the [[Pontic steppe]]), dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC. The culture was predominantly [[nomad]]ic, with some [[agriculture]] practiced near rivers and a few [[hillfort]]s. |
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Characteristic for the culture are the [[inhumation]]s in kurgans ([[tumuli]]) in pit graves with the dead body placed in a [[supine position]] with bent knees. The bodies were covered in [[ochre]]. Multiple graves have been found in these kurgans, often as later insertions. Significantly, animal grave offerings were made (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horse), a feature associated with both [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] and [[Proto-Indo-Iranians]]. |
Characteristic for the culture are the [[inhumation]]s in kurgans ([[tumuli]]) in pit graves with the dead body placed in a [[supine position]] with bent knees. The bodies were covered in [[ochre]]. Multiple graves have been found in these kurgans, often as later insertions. Significantly, animal grave offerings were made (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horse), a feature associated with [[Turkic]] culture, and tentaively probably with conjectural elements of both [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] and [[Proto-Indo-Iranians]]. |
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It is said to have originated in the middle Volga based [[Khvalynsk culture]] and the middle Dnieper based [[Sredny Stog culture]]. In its western range, it is succeeded by the [[Catacomb culture]]; in the east, by the [[Poltavka culture]] and the [[Srubna culture]]. |
It is said to have originated in the middle Volga based [[Khvalynsk culture]] and the middle Dnieper based [[Sredny Stog culture]]. In its western range, it is succeeded by the [[Catacomb culture]]; in the east, by the [[Poltavka culture]] and the [[Srubna culture]]. |
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In the 19th century radical European nationalism, and in its later derivatives, the Yamna culture is identified with the late [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] (PIE) in the [[Kurgan hypothesis]] of [[Marija Gimbutas]]. In that hypothesis, it was one of three candidates for the [[Urheimat]] (homeland) of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]], along with the preceding [[Sredny Stog culture]]. |
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The earliest remains in Eastern [[Europe]] of a [[wheel]]ed cart were found in the "Storozhova mohyla" [[kurgan]] ([[Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Ukraine]], excavated by Trenozhkin A.I.) associated with the Yamna culture. The recently discovered [[Luhansk sacrificial site]] has been described as a hill sanctuary where [[human sacrifice]] was practised. |
The earliest remains in Eastern [[Europe]] of a [[wheel]]ed cart were found in the "Storozhova mohyla" [[kurgan]] ([[Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Ukraine]], excavated by Trenozhkin A.I.) associated with the Yamna culture. The recently discovered [[Luhansk sacrificial site]] has been described as a hill sanctuary where [[human sacrifice]] was practised. |
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Revision as of 15:16, 7 July 2008
The Yamna (from Russian/Ukrainian яма, "pit"; also known as Pit Grave or Ochre Grave culture) is a late copper age/early Bronze Age culture of the Bug/Dniester/Ural region (the Pontic steppe), dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC. The culture was predominantly nomadic, with some agriculture practiced near rivers and a few hillforts.
Characteristic for the culture are the inhumations in kurgans (tumuli) in pit graves with the dead body placed in a supine position with bent knees. The bodies were covered in ochre. Multiple graves have been found in these kurgans, often as later insertions. Significantly, animal grave offerings were made (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horse), a feature associated with Turkic culture, and tentaively probably with conjectural elements of both Proto-Indo-Europeans and Proto-Indo-Iranians.
It is said to have originated in the middle Volga based Khvalynsk culture and the middle Dnieper based Sredny Stog culture. In its western range, it is succeeded by the Catacomb culture; in the east, by the Poltavka culture and the Srubna culture.
In the 19th century radical European nationalism, and in its later derivatives, the Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) in the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas. In that hypothesis, it was one of three candidates for the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language, along with the preceding Sredny Stog culture.
The earliest remains in Eastern Europe of a wheeled cart were found in the "Storozhova mohyla" kurgan (Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, excavated by Trenozhkin A.I.) associated with the Yamna culture. The recently discovered Luhansk sacrificial site has been described as a hill sanctuary where human sacrifice was practised.
Artifacts
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References
J. P. Mallory, "Yamna Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
See also
