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10-second barrier

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The 10-second barrier is a term used in track and field athletics which refers to the physical and psychological barrier of completing the men's 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds. The achievement was traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a world class sprinter, but its significance has become less important since the late 1990s as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark.[1]

History

Carl Lewis was the first to run under ten seconds at low altitude.
Christophe Lemaitre is the first white sprinter to run 100m in under 10 seconds.

The first sub-10 second finishes were recorded through the use of manual timing by stopwatch. However, the International Association of Athletics Federations now states that runs are only legal if achieved with the use of fully automatic timing, a wind speed below 2.0 m/s, and without the use of performance enhancing substances.[5] Wind gauge malfunctions or infractions may also cause sprinters' runs to be invalid.[6]

Under these rules, the barrier was first officially broken by American athlete Jim Hines on 14 October 1968. He ran a time of 9.95 seconds to win the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics, setting a new world record. Almost nine years passed before the barrier was broken again; Silvio Leonard ran 9.98 seconds on 11 August 1977. Both of these marks were recorded at a high altitude, which aids performance due to lower air resistance. Carl Lewis was the first sprinter to achieve the feat at a low altitude, with 9.97 seconds on 14 May 1983 at the Modesto Relays. Calvin Smith recorded a world record 9.93 seconds on 3 July 1983, and also became the first sprinter to run under ten seconds twice, repeating the feat in August that year.

A number of athletes broke the barrier during the 1980s but the 100 m final at the 1991 World Championships represented a new zenith in the event: six athletes ran under ten seconds in the same race, and winner Carl Lewis lowered the world record to 9.86 seconds.[2] Maurice Greene was the first athlete to run under 9.80 seconds in 1999 and Usain Bolt surpassed 9.70 seconds in 2008 and 9.60 in 2009. The 10-second barrier has been broken by athletes from five of the six continental athletic associations, the exception being of South America where Brazilian Robson da Silva holds the area record with ten seconds flat.[3]

The 2008 season saw a new high for sub-10 second performances: 14 runners achieved the feat a total of 53 times between them, the highest ever for either figure. Furthermore, ten men had achieved the result for the first time in that year – another record. The men's 100 metres final at the 2008 Summer Olympics saw a world record and six men clear ten seconds (equalling the number from the 1991 World Championships). Only two months into the start of the outdoor track season, 2011 became a record-breaking year as fifteen men ran under ten seconds between April and June.[4] As of 8 July 2012, 83 sprinters have broken the 10-second barrier with an official, legal time. The men's 100 metres final at the 2012 Summer Olympics saw a new Olympic record and seven men dip below ten seconds, with only one competitor failing to do so due to injury.

Ethnicity

Main article: Black athletic superiority

Nearly all the sprinters who have beaten the 10-second barrier are of West African descent. Namibian (formerly South-West Africa) Frankie Fredericks became the first man of non-West African heritage to achieve the feat in 1991 and in 2003 Australia's Patrick Johnson (who has Irish and Indigenous Australian heritage) became the first sub-10-second runner without an African background.[5][6][7][8] Frenchman Christophe Lemaitre became the first white European under ten seconds in 2010 (although Poland's Marian Woronin had unofficially surpassed the barrier with a time of 9.992 seconds in 1984).[9] In 2011, Zimbabwean Ngonidzashe Makusha became the 76th man to break the barrier, yet only the fourth man not of West African descent.[10] No sprinter of predominantly Asian or East African descent has officially achieved this feat.[11][12][13]

Colin Jackson (an athlete with mixed ethnic background and former world record holder in the 110 metre hurdles)[14] noted that both his parents were talented athletes and suggested that biological inheritance was the greatest influence, rather than any perceived racial factor. Furthermore, successful black role models in track events may reinforce the racial disparity.[12] (But, of course, this does not explain why black East-Africans are not equally motivated by black role models to excel at sprinting, or why people of West-African descent are not typically motivated to excel at distance running.)

Electronically timed marks

Sprinters who have broken the 10-second barrier
# Date first broken Athlete Time
000(seconds) 		Age Nationality Continent[1] Best (year)[2] Ref
1 14 October 1968 Jim Hines 9.95 (A)[3] 22 years, 34 days  United States North America 9.95 (1968)
2 11 August 1977 Silvio Leonard 9.98 (A) 21 years, 325 days  Cuba North America 9.98 (1977)
3 14 May 1983 Carl Lewis 9.97 21 years, 317 days  United States North America 9.86 (1991)
4 3 July 1983 Calvin Smith 9.93 (A) 22 years, 176 days  United States North America 9.93 (1983)
5 5 May 1984 Mel Lattany 9.96 24 years, 269 days  United States North America 9.96 (1984)
6[5] 24 September 1988 Linford Christie 9.97 28 years, 175 days  United Kingdom Europe 9.87 (1993)
7 20 May 1989 Raymond Stewart 9.97 24 years, 63 days  Jamaica North America 9.96 (1991)
8 16 June 1989 Leroy Burrell 9.94 22 years, 115 days  United States North America 9.85 (1994)
9 25 August 1991 Dennis Mitchell 9.99 25 years, 186 days  United States North America 9.91 (1991)
10 25 August 1991 Frankie Fredericks 9.95 23 years, 327 days  Namibia Africa 9.86 (1996)
11 11 September 1991 Andre Cason 9.99 22 years, 234 days  United States North America 9.92 (1993)
12 4 April 1992 Olapade Adeniken 9.97 22 years, 229 days  Nigeria Africa 9.95 (1994)
13 18 April 1992 Michael Marsh 9.93 24 years, 258 days  United States North America 9.93 (1992)
14 18 April 1992 Davidson Ezinwa 9.96 20 years, 148 days  Nigeria Africa 9.94 (1994)
15 21 May 1993 Daniel Effiong 9.99 20 years, 338 days  Nigeria Africa 9.98 (1993)
16 22 July 1994 Jon Drummond 9.99 25 years, 316 days  United States North America 9.92 (1997)
17 22 April 1995 Donovan Bailey 9.99 27 years, 127 days  Canada North America 9.84 (1996)
18 15 June 1995 Bruny Surin 9.97 27 years, 338 days  Canada North America 9.84 (1999)
19 21 April 1996 Ato Boldon 9.93 22 years, 113 days  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.86 (1998)
20 12 June 1997 Maurice Greene 9.96 22 years, 324 days  United States North America 9.79 (1999)
21 12 June 1997 Kareem Streete-Thompson 9.96 24 years, 74 days  United States North America 9.96 (1997)
22 12 June 1997 Tim Montgomery 9.96 22 years, 138 days  United States North America 9.92 (1997)
23 20 June 1997 Percival Spencer 9.98 22 years, 116 days  Jamaica North America 9.98 (1997)
24 13 July 1997 Seun Ogunkoya 9.97 19 years, 197 days  Nigeria Africa 9.92 (1998)
25 9 August 1998 Vincent Henderson 9.95 25 years, 293 days  United States North America 9.95 (1998)
26 11 September 1998 Obadele Thompson 9.87 (A) 22 years, 165 days  Barbados North America 9.87 (1998)
27 5 June 1999 Leonard Myles-Mills 9.98 26 years, 27 days  Ghana Africa 9.98 (1999)
28 13 June 1999 Dwain Chambers 9.99 21 years, 69 days  United Kingdom Europe 9.97 (1999)
29 2 July 1999 Jason Gardener 9.98 23 years, 287 days  United Kingdom Europe 9.98 (1999)
30 5 July 1999 Tim Harden 9.92 25 years, 159 days  United States North America 9.92 (1999)
31 2 June 2000 Coby Miller 9.98 23 years, 227 days  United States North America 9.98 (2000)
32 2 June 2000 Bernard Williams 9.99 22 years, 135 days  United States North America 9.94 (2001)
33 21 June 2000 Francis Obikwelu 9.97 21 years, 212 days  Nigeria[4] Africa 9.86 (2004)
34 12 April 2002 Shawn Crawford 9.99 24 years, 88 days  United States North America 9.88 (2004)
35 21 April 2002 Joshua J. Johnson 9.95 25 years, 346 days  United States North America 9.95 (2002)
36 4 May 2002 Brian Lewis 9.99 27 years, 150 days  United States North America 9.99 (2002)
37 27 July 2002 Kim Collins 9.98 26 years, 113 days  Saint Kitts and Nevis North America 9.98 (2002)
38 5 May 2003 Patrick Johnson 9.93 30 years, 221 days  Australia Oceania 9.93 (2003)
39 19 July 2003 Deji Aliu 9.98 27 years, 239 days  Nigeria Africa 9.95 (2003)
40 15 August 2003 John Capel 9.97 24 years, 261 days  United States North America 9.95 (2004)
41 15 August 2003 Justin Gatlin 9.97 21 years, 186 days  United States North America 9.79 (2012)
42 15 August 2003 Mickey Grimes 9.99 26 years, 309 days  United States North America 9.99 (2003)
43 12 October 2003 Uchenna Emedolu 9.97 27 years, 25 days  Nigeria Africa 9.97 (2003)
44 12 June 2004 Asafa Powell 9.99 21 years, 202 days  Jamaica North America 9.72 (2008)
45 14 June 2005 Aziz Zakari 9.99 28 years, 285 days  Ghana Africa 9.99 (2005)
46 25 June 2005 Marc Burns 9.96 22 years, 169 days  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.96 (2005)
47 25 June 2005 Darrel Brown 9.99 20 years, 257 days  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.99 (2005)
48 5 July 2005 Ronald Pognon 9.99 22 years, 231 days  France Europe 9.99 (2005)
49 22 July 2005 Leonard Scott 9.94 25 years, 184 days  United States North America 9.91 (2006)
50 25 May 2006 Olusoji Fasuba 9.93 21 years, 320 days  Nigeria Africa 9.85 (2006)
51 21 July 2006 Tyson Gay 9.97 23 years, 346 days  United States North America 9.69 (2009)
52 18 August 2006 Marcus Brunson 9.99 28 years, 116 days  United States North America 9.99 (2006)
53 24 April 2007 Derrick Atkins 9.98 23 years, 109 days  Bahamas North America 9.91 (2007)
54 8 June 2007 Walter Dix 9.93 21 years, 128 days  United States North America 9.88 (2010)
55 26 July 2007 Samuel Francis 9.99 20 years, 121 days  Qatar Asia 9.99 (2007)
56 28 September 2007 Wallace Spearmon 9.96 22 years, 278 days  United States North America 9.96 (2007)
57 10 May 2008 Travis Padgett 9.96 21 years, 149 days  United States North America 9.89 (2008)
58 17 May 2008 Usain Bolt 9.76 21 years, 270 days  Jamaica North America 9.58 (2009) World Record
59 18 May 2008 Richard Thompson 9.93 22 years, 346 days  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.85 (2011)
60 28 June 2008 Rodney Martin 9.95 25 years, 189 days  United States North America 9.95 (2008) [15]
61 28 June 2008 Mark Jelks 9.99 24 years, 79 days  United States North America 9.99 (2008) [15]
62 28 June 2008 Darvis Patton 9.89 30 years, 207 days  United States North America 9.89 (2008) [15]
63 28 June 2008 Ivory Williams 9.94 23 years, 57 days  United States North America 9.94 (2008) [15]
64 22 July 2008 Nesta Carter 9.98 22 years, 285 days  Jamaica North America 9.78 (2010)
65 15 August 2008 Churandy Martina 9.99 24 years, 43 days  Netherlands Antilles/ Netherlands North America/Europe 9.91 (2012)
66 16 August 2008 Michael Frater 9.97 25 years, 315 days  Jamaica North America 9.88 (2011)
67 24 May 2009 Daniel Bailey 9.99 22 years, 257 days  Antigua and Barbuda North America 9.88 (2012)
68 7 June 2009 Mike Rodgers 9.94 24 years, 44 days  United States North America 9.85 (2011) [16]
69 10 July 2009 Yohan Blake 9.96 19 years, 196 days  Jamaica North America 9.69 (2012) [17][18]
70 28 August 2009 Lerone Clarke 9.99 28 years, 52 days  Jamaica North America 9.99 (2009)
71 9 July 2010 Christophe Lemaitre 9.98 20 years, 28 days  France Europe 9.92 (2011) [19]
72 19 August 2010 Trell Kimmons 9.95 25 years, 37 days  United States North America 9.95 (2010) [20]
73 29 August 2010 Ryan Bailey 9.95 21 years, 138 days  United States North America 9.88 (2010) [21]
74 29 August 2010 Mario Forsythe 9.99 24 years, 303 days  Jamaica North America 9.95 (2010) [21]
75[7] 16 April 2011 Steve Mullings 9.90 28 years, 139 days  Jamaica North America 9.80 (2011) [22]
76 23 April 2011 Ngonidzashe Makusha 9.97 24 years, 43 days  Zimbabwe Africa 9.89 (2011) [23]
77 4 June 2011 Nickel Ashmeade 9.96 21 years, 58 days  Jamaica North America 9.93 (2012) [24]
78 4 June 2011 Keston Bledman 9.93 23 years, 88 days  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.86 (2012) [25]
79 10 June 2011 Mookie Salaam 9.97 21 years, 66 days  United States North America 9.97 (2011) [4]
80 30 June 2011 Jaysuma Saidy Ndure 9.99 26 years, 364 days  Norway Europe 9.99 (2011) [26]
81 6 June 2012 Harry Adams 9.96 22 years, 192 days  United States North America 9.96 (2012) [27]
82 7 July 2012 Kemar Hyman 9.95 22 years, 270 days  Cayman Islands North America 9.95 (2012) [28]
83 7 Septemer 2012 Kemar Bailey-Cole 9.97 20 years, 241 days  Jamaica North America 9.97 (2012)

Notes

  • 1 The continental athletic association that governs the country which the athlete competes for internationally.
  • 2 The personal career best time achieved by the sprinter.
  • 3 Denotes a run achieved at a high altitude.
  • 4 Francis Obikwelu now competes for Portugal but he first broke the 10-second barrier while competing for Nigeria.
  • 5 Canadian Ben Johnson was the sixth runner to achieve the feat (having recorded multiple finishes under ten seconds), but these runs were rescinded after Johnson admitted to using steroids between 1981 and 1988.
  • 6 British sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis recorded a time of 9.97 seconds on 4 August 2001 (aged 18 years, 334 days) but the wind gauge malfunctioned, invalidating the run.
  • 7 At the Jamaican national trials in June 2011, Steve Mullings had tested positive for the drug Furosemide, a masking agent. On 22 November the Jamaican Anti-Doping Disciplinary Panel handed him a lifetime ban from athletics.

Totals

Hand timed marks

The following sprinters all received a hand-timed mark of 9.9 seconds. All the runners held the world record simultaneously. However, the timing may not have been entirely accurate.

Sprinters who have broken the 10-second barrier with manual timing
Date first broken Athlete Nationality No. of times broken
20 June 1968 Jim Hines[29]  United States 2
20 June 1968 Ronnie Ray Smith  United States 1
20 June 1968 Charles Greene  United States 1
21 June 1972 Steve Williams  United States 4
1 July 1972 Eddie Hart  United States 1
1 July 1972 Rey Robinson  United States 1
5 June 1975 Silvio Leonard  Cuba 1
3 April 1976 Harvey Glance  United States 2
22 May 1976 Don Quarrie  Jamaica 1

References

General
Specific
  1. ^ Gardener, Jason. (2008-08-09). Jason Gardener: I'm backing Tyson Gay to win one of the greatest 100 metres finals. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2009-06-03.
  2. ^ World Championships: A History. Sporting Life. Retrieved on 2009-08-06. Archived 2009-08-10.
  3. ^ 100 metres records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-18. Archived 2009-06-20.
  4. ^ a b Tchechankov, Ivan (2011-06-10). 2011 already a record-breaking year for the men’s 100 metres - Updated. IAAF. Retrieved on 2011-06-11.
  5. ^ Will Swanton and David Sygall, (2007-07-15). Holy Grails. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 2009-06-18. Archived 2009-06-20.
  6. ^ The above source fails to mention that Namibian Frankie Fredericks was the first runner of non-West African descent to break the barrier.
  7. ^ Athlete Profiles - Patrick Johnson. Athletics Australia. Retrieved 2009-06-19. Archived 2009-06-20.
  8. ^ Jad Adrian (July 2011). Christophe Lemaitre 100m 9.92s +2.0 (Video) - Officially the Fastest White Man in History. www.adriansprints.com. Retrieved 2011-07-31)
  9. ^ "Błąd w odczycie wyniku Justina Gatlina" (in Polish). www.sport.wp.pl. 2006-05-18. Retrieved 2006-05-18.
  10. ^ "9"98 pour Lemaitre", Le Figaro, 07-09-2010
  11. ^ Syed, Matthew (2007-08-03).So black runners are naturally faster? Wrong. The Times. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  12. ^ a b Barling, Kurt (2000-09-04). Runaway success in the sports arena is never simply a question of race. The Independent. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  13. ^ Powell, David (2005-07-23). British sprint success as easy as 1-2-3. The Times. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  14. ^ Who Do You Think You Are - Colin Jackson. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  15. ^ a b c d US Olympic Trials Men 100 Meter Dash Quarter Finals. USATF (2008-06-28). Retrieved on 2009-06-03.
  16. ^ Lee, Kirby (2009-06-08). Phillips sails 8.74m in Eugene for best Long Jump in world since 1991 – IAAF World Athletics Tour. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-10.
  17. ^ Ramsak, Bob (2009-07-10). Gay powers back with 9.77 in Rome – REPORT - ÅF Golden League. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-07-11. Archived 2009-07-20.
  18. ^ http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/blog/eye-on-olympics/19449272/fairly-shocking-usain-bolt-loses-100meter-race
  19. ^ Pierre Jean Vazel (2010-07-09). "Lemaitre - 9.98sec". IAAF. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
  20. ^ "100 Metres 2nd Race Results". www.diamondleague-zurich.com. 2010-08-19. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  21. ^ a b "Results - 100m Men - Heat 2". www.rietimeeting.com. 2010-08-29. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  22. ^ "100 Metres Dash Results". www.directathletics.com. 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  23. ^ "100 Metres Dash Results". www.flashresults.com. 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  24. ^ "Tyson Gay runs world's fastest 100 this year in Central Florida meet". www.southflorida.sun-sentinel.com. 2011-06-04. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  25. ^ "Keston Bledman blazes to 9.93". www.trackalerts.com. 2011-06-04. Archived from the original on 05 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  26. ^ "100m Men: Results" (PDF). Samsung Diamond League. Omega Timing. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  27. ^ "100m Dash Results". www.flashresults.com. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  28. ^ Emeterio Valiente (8 July 2012). "Hyman joins sub-10 club in Madrid - IAAF World Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  29. ^ "A History of World Records - Interactive Graphic". NYTimes.com. August 16, 2008. Archived from the original on 02 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
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