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2022 Kazakh unrest

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2022 Kazakh protests
Part of the Kazakh democracy movement
Protesters in Aktobe, 4 January 2022.
Date2 January 2022 (2022-01-02) – present
Location
Kazakhstan
Caused by
Goals
Methods
StatusOngoing
Concessions
  • Resignation of Prime Minister Askar Mamin
  • Resignation of ministers in Mamin Cabinet
  • Removal of Nazarbayev as chairman of Security Council
Parties
Protesters
Lead figures

Decentralized leadership

Casualties and losses
  • "Dozens" reported dead[2]
  • 500 wounded[1]
  • 200 arrested[1]

Police and the National Guard:[3]

  • 18 dead
  • 353 wounded[4]

Protests broke out in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in gas prices which, according to the Kazakh government, was due to high demand and price fixing. The protests began in Zhanaozen, a city built on an oil field, but has quickly spread to other cities in the country,[5] including the largest city, Almaty. Growing discontent with the government and former president Nursultan Nazarbayev also influenced larger demonstrations. As there are no popular opposition groups against the Kazakh government, the unrest appeared to be assembled directly by citizens. In response, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Mangystau Region and Almaty, effective from 5 January. The Mamin Cabinet resigned the same day.[6][7][8] In response to Tokayev's request, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) – a military alliance of post-Soviet states that includes Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan itself – agreed to deploy troops in Kazakhstan with the declared peacekeeping mission. The local police reported that "dozens of attackers were liquidated", while former President Nazarbayev was removed as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan.[9]

Background

Kazakhstan has one of the strongest performing economies in Central Asia, with oil production representing a large percentage of its economic growth until oil prices decreased in the mid-2010s.[10] In 2012, the World Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country,[11] while the World Bank listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with Angola, Bolivia, Kenya, and Libya.[12] In 2013, Aftenposten quoted the human-rights activist and lawyer Denis Jivaga as saying that there is an "oil fund in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is spent".[13]

Zhanaozen, an oil-producing city in Mangystau Region, has had a history of labour strikes and demonstrations. In 2011, a riot broke out in the city amidst the 20th anniversary of Independence Day that led to 16 deaths and 100 injuries according to official numbers. Kazakh security forces opened fire on protestors who demanded better working conditions. During that time, the price for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a fuel that is mainly used to refill vehicles in Zhanaozen, was around 30–35 tenge and has repeatedly risen since then in which according to Eurasianet, the spike was caused by the Kazakh government's phased transition policy to electronic market trading of LPG that began in January 2019 to gradually end state gas subsidies and allow for the market instead to determine prices.[14] In January 2020, a protest was held in Zhanaozen where city residents demanded a reduction in the price of gas that had risen from 55 to 65 tenge.[15] Since 1 January 2022, according to Zhanaozen protesters, the price of LPG rose almost twice to 120 tenge (US$0.28) per litre or US$1.06 per gallon.[16]

Discontent with Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was Kazakhstan's first president following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and ruled the country from 1990 to 2019, also sparked protests.[8] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, international observers have not recognized any of the elections in Kazakhstan to be fair.[8] Nazarbayev ruled the nation through authoritarianism, nepotism and detaining opponents according to The Daily Telegraph, with the leader moving to become the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan for life following the crackdown on 2018 protests.[17]

Aims

Aims of the protests reported after the protests had started included calls for major political changes. According to Darkhan Sharipov of the Oyan, Qazaqstan activist group, protestors wanted "real political reforms" and "fair elections", and were angry about "corruption and nepotism".[8] According to The New York Times, protestors wanted leaders of the regions of Kazakhstan to be directly elected rather than appointed by the president.[18]

Protests

2 January

On the morning of 2 January 2022, residents in the city of Zhanaozen blocked roads in protest against an increase in gas prices.[19] From there, the demonstrators called on the akim of Mangystau, Nurlan Nogaev, and city akim Maksat Ibagarov to take measures in stabilising prices and preventing fuel shortages.[19] The residents were met with acting Zhanaozen akim Galym Baijanov who advised the crowd to write a complaint letter to the city administration in which the protestors recalled that their complaints were supposedly ignored by the city officials.[19]

3 January

Hundreds of Zhanaozen residents gathered and camped in the city square overnight.[20] As other residents joined the crowd by the afternoon, an estimated 1,000 people were at the square, chanting and demanding direct elections of local leaders.[20] The police officers, while standing at the perimeter of the square during the demonstration, did not intervene.[20] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev and Zhanaozen akim Maqsat İbağarov as well as Kazakh Gas Processing Plant director Nakbergen Tulepov attempted to calm the protestors by arriving at the square and pledging for the gas prices to be reduced down to 85–90 tenge, which failed to please the demonstrators.[21] Nogaev as well as his accompanies were forced to flee the square by the angry crowd.[21]

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in his Twitter response regarding the situation had instructed the government to consider the situation in Mangystau Region by "taking into account economic feasibility in the legal field".[22] He also called on demonstrators to not disturb public order, reminding that Kazakh citizens have the right to publicly express their voice to local and central government by saying it should be so in "accordance with the law."[22] A government commission headed by Deputy Prime Minister Eraly Togjanov was formed to consider the socio-economic situation in Mangystau.[23]

Reports of arrests were received from the cities of Nur-Sultan, Aktobe and Almaty where the Republic Square and Astana Square were closed off and security officers deployed.[24] Other cities witnessed an increased police presence in public areas.[24]

In Aktau, a group of protestors showed up at the Yntymaq Square in front of the city administration building, setting up tents and yurts for the encampment.[25] By evening, an estimated 6,000 demonstrators were at the square, demanding reductions in the cost of gas as well as the resignation of the government. They were joined by other groups of supporters reportedly from neighbouring regions and cities across Kazakhstan.[25] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev visited the rally, reminding the crowd that the Kazakh government had reduced the price of gas and that the Agency for the Protection and Development of Competition had launched a probe against the gas station owners for suspected price collusion.[26] Nogaev urged the Aktau protestors to maintain public order and suggested for they hold a constructive dialogue with the authorities.[26]

Protestors setting up a yurt in Aktobe, 4 January 2022

4 January

On 4 January, around 1,000 people gathered to protest in the centre of Almaty.[27] Police used stun grenades and tear gas to disperse the protesters.[27] Tokayev signed decrees to introduce a state of emergency in Mangystau District and Almaty from 5 January 01:30 local time to 19 January 00:00 local time.[28] According to Tokayev, all legitimate demands of protesters will be considered.[27] A special commission, after meeting with protesters, agreed to lower the LPG price to 50 tenges ($0.11) per litre.[16] Internet watchdog organization NetBlocks documented significant internet disruptions with "high impact to mobile services" that were likely to limit the public's ability to express political discontent.[29][30] People also started protesting in Taldıqorğan.

5 January

On 5 January, Tokayev accepted the government's resignation. On the same day, a Reuters correspondent reported thousands of protesters pressing ahead towards Almaty city centre after security forces failed to disperse them with tear gas and stun grenades.[6][31] Later on the same day, Tokayev announced that former president Nursultan Nazarbayev has resigned as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, and Tokayev has assumed this position himself.[32] Digital rights monitor NetBlocks reported that internet disruptions had intensified by 5:00 p.m. local time, leaving Kazakhstan in the "midst of a nation-scale internet blackout" after a day of mobile internet disruptions and partial restrictions.[29][33][34][35]

In Almaty, the offices of the city mayor were stormed and set aflame.[36][8] Locations that stored small arms were captured by protesters.[37] Protests at the Almaty International Airport resulted in cancelled and rerouted flights.[8] Reports of protesters seizing five planes were reported by the government.[37] Two Kazakh army soldiers were reported killed attempting to retake the Almaty airport.[38] Russian state-run media reported that protesters also attacked President Tokayev's home with rifles and grenades, leaving it partially destroyed.[39] In addition, the offices of the ruling Nur Otan party were also set on fire.[40]

In Taldıqorğan, a statue of former leader Nazarbayev was pulled down and destroyed by demonstrators chanting "Old man, leave!".[41][39]

In the late afternoon, President Tokayev announced a nationwide state of emergency until 19 January 2022. This would include a curfew from 23:00 to 07:00, temporary restrictions on movement, and a ban on mass gatherings.[42] During a televised address, the president threatened to crackdown on protesters, stating "I plan to act as toughly as possible", and said that he had no intentions of fleeing the country.[8]

6 January

Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry issued a statement saying: "Employees of the Almaty police department have launched a mop-up operation in the streets of Karasay-batyr and Masanchi. Measures are being taken to detain the violators. In total, some 2,000 people have been taken to police stations."[43]

It was reported that at least dozens of protesters and at least 12 police officers had died. Witnesses in Almaty described scenes of chaos with government buildings stormed or set on fire and widespread looting. The interior ministry said 2,298 people had been arrested during the unrest, while the police spokesperson Saltanat Azirbek told state news channel Khabar 24 that “dozens of attackers were liquidated”.[44]

3,000 Russian paratroopers arrived in Kazakhstan on the morning of the 6th of January, after president Tokayev made a formal request for assistance to the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have also sent troops to the country.[45][46]

Violence

Authorities in Almaty reported that over 400 businesses were damaged from the protests and that 200 people had been arrested.[41] Police in Atyrau fired into protesters which resulted in the death of at least one individual.[41] The government reported on 5 January that 8 law enforcement personnel were killed and 317 wounded.[3] A report carried by the French AFP news agency stated that dozens of protestors had been killed,[2] while the Russian TASS news agency aired footage of a heavy gunfight near Almaty's Republic Square.[47] On January 6, dozens of protestors were killed during an operation, while the number of security forces killed rose to 18.[48][4]

Analysis

Dosym Satpayev, a Kazakh political analyst, said that the Kazakh government would mainly use force to respond to protests, stating: "The authorities are trying everything to calm things down, with a mix of promises and threats, but so far it’s not working. ... There will be imitations of dialogue but essentially the regime will respond with force because they have no other tools."[8] Political scientist Arkady Dubnov of the Carnegie Moscow Center observed that such protests were unsettling for the Russian government, with Dubnov saying: "There is no doubt that the Kremlin would not want to see an example of such a regime beginning to talk to the opposition and conceding to their demands."[41]

Reactions

International

Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

Unrest in Kazakhstan caught international observers by surprise.[8] President Tokayev began communications with President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, who had quashed the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, and was in discussions with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, calling for the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) to intervene against protesters that he described as "international terrorists".[8][41] Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan, who had just been made chairman of the CSTO on 3 January 2022, responded to Tokayev's request, stating "As the Chairman of the CPC Assembly Security Council, I am starting immediate consultations with the leaders of the CSTO countries".[39]

On 6 January 2022, the CSTO agreed to intervene in Kazakhstan with a collective group of peacekeeping forces, with the organization citing the Collective Security Treaty's Article 4, which states "In the case of aggression (an armed attack threatening safety, stability, territorial integrity and sovereignty) against any Member States, all other Member States at the request of this Member State shall immediately provide the latter with the necessary aid, including military".[49][50] In a statement, Armenian Prime Minister Pashinyan said that the CSTO was to be deployed due to "the threats to national security and sovereignty to the Republic of Kazakhstan, including from external interference".[50] A Russian Air Force regiment in Orenburg was reported to be readying itself for deployment to Kazakhstan.[50] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan issued a statement saying the country was ready to participate in CSTO peacekeeping activities in Kazakhstan.[51]

On 6 January, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman, Maria Zakharova, confirmed Russia had sent troops into Kazakhstan as part of the wider CSTO effort. In the statement, she said: “Peacekeeping forces of the Collective Security Treaty Organization were sent to the Republic of Kazakhstan for a limited time to stabilize and normalize the situation." The statement also confirmed the deployment included units of the armed forces of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.[52]

Others

Both the United States and Russia appealed for calm.[53] The American government was reported by The Independent to be monitoring the unrest.[54] On 5 January 2022, the European Union issued a statement saying: "We call on all concerned to act with responsibility and restraint and to refrain from actions that could lead to further escalation of violence. While recognising the right to peaceful demonstration, the European Union expects that they remain non-violent and avoid any incitement to violence".[55] The Communist Party of Greece expressed solidarity with the protesters.[56]

The Organization of Turkic States stated "their confidence in the capacity of the Kazakh authorities to peacefully defuse tensions and reestablish calm and order."[57] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan told Tokayev in a phone call that Turkey stands in solidarity with Kazakhstan.[58]

The Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin expressed that China and Kazakhstan shared friendly relations and are strategic partners and "hopes for early restoration of public order" in Kazakhstan and also reiterated that the matter is an "interior affair of Kazakhstan" and believes in the ability of the "Kazakh authorities to resolve the issue properly".[59]

On 6 January 2022, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet called on all sides in Kazakhstan to refrain from violence and to seek a peaceful resolution to their grievances following mass unrest after days of demonstrations. In a statement, Bachelet said: "People have the right to peaceful protest and freedom of expression. At the same time, protesters, no matter how angry or aggrieved they may be, should not resort to violence against others".[60][61] Additionally, the Turkish Airlines suspended all passenger service between Turkey and Kazakhstan through Sunday.[48]

See also

References

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