330s
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The 330s decade ran from January 1, 330, to December 31, 339.
Events
330
By place
Roman Empire
- May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates the Column of Constantine and Constantinople,[1] or Nova Roma (modern-day Istanbul). He had spent four years expanding the city of Byzantium, having chosen the site for its strategic location on the Bosporus. The city is later the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
- The Goths devastate the city of Tanais, in the Don River Delta.
Africa
- Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë.
By topic
Religion
- Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).
- Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.
- The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila.
- Pagan temples begin to be progressively abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, save those that are transformed into churches.
331
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire.[2]
- Constantine I dedicates the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.
- Constantine I promulgates a law against divorce.[3]
Asia
By topic
Art and Science
- Eusebius of Caesarea writes the Onomasticon.
Religion
- Fifty Bibles of Constantine commissioned for use in Constantinople.
- Gregory the Illuminator withdraws to a small sanctuary in the Daranali province (Armenia).
332
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Constantine I and his son Constantine II, aged 16, defeat the Goths in Moesia. The Goths become Roman allies and protect the Danube frontier.
- Constantine I continues construction of a bridge (in imitation of Trajan and his architect Apollodorus of Damascus) across the Danube, for forward-staging grounds for planned campaigns against local tribes.[5]
- May 18 – Constantine I announces a free distribution of food to the citizens in Constantinople, similar to the food given out in the city of Rome. The amount is approximately 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city.[6]
333
By place
Roman Empire
- Flavius Dalmatius and Domitius Zenofilus are appointed consuls.
- Emperor Constantine the Great pulls Roman troops out of Britain, and abandons work on Hadrian's Wall.
- Calocaerus revolts against Constantine I and proclaims himself emperor. Flavius Dalmatius, responsible for the security of the eastern frontier, is sent to Cyprus to suppress the rebellion.
- December 25 – Constantine I elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of Caesar at Constantinople.[7]
China
- Shi Hong succeeds his father Shi Le as Emperor of the Later Zhao Empire, in the Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, but Shi Hong's third cousin Shi Hu holds the real power. Empress Dowager Liu (widow of Shi Le) fails to get rid of Shi Hu, and Shi Hu has her deposed and killed.
334
By place
Roman Empire
- Flavius Dalmatius puts down a revolt in Cyprus, led by Calocaerus. Calocaerus is brought to Tarsus (Cilicia), and executed.[8]
- The Goths protect the Danube frontier against an invasion by the Vandals.[9][10]
- Emperor Constantine the Great reauthorises gladiatorial combat.
335
By place
Roman Empire
- September 14 – Emperor Constantine I consecrates the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.[11]
- September 19 – Flavius Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar, with control of Thracia, Achaia, and Macedonia.[12]
- Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine I, is made Rex Regum ("King of Kings of the Pontic people").[13]
- November 7 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented the corn fleet from sailing to Constantinople.[14]
Asia
- Samudragupta succeeds Chandragupta I as king of the Gupta Empire.
- Tuoba Hena ousts Tuoba Yihuai as chieftain of the Tuoba Clan.
- Emperor Shi Hu moves the capital of the Later Zhao state to Yecheng.
By topic
Religion
- First Synod of Tyre: Constantine I convenes a gathering of bishops at Tyre to depose and exile Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria.
- Constantine I reinstates the Alexandrian priest Arius (declared a heretic at the First Council of Nicaea in 325) in a synod at Jerusalem about a year before Arius' death.
- September 13 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is consecrated.
- December 31 – Pope Sylvester I dies at Rome after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by Mark as the 34th pope.
336
By place
Roman Empire
- The military successes of Emperor Constantine I result in most of Dacia being reconquered by the Roman Empire.
- The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra.[15]
By topic
Religion
- January 18 – Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope of the Catholic Church.
- Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco; the church is devoted to St. Mark.
- Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street in Constantinople (approximate date).
- Pope Mark dies at Rome, after an 11-month reign. No successor is immediately found.
- December 25 – The first celebration of Christmas is recorded.
337
By place
Roman Empire
- May 22 – Constantine the Great, first Christian Roman emperor of the Western Empire (312–324), and of the Roman Empire (324–337), dies in Achyron, near Nicomedia, at age 65, after he is baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia.[16]
- September – A number of descendants of Constantius Chlorus, and officials of the Roman Empire, are executed for a purge against the sons of Constantine I.
- September 9 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti (see map).
Persia
- King Shapur II of Persia begins a war against the Roman Empire. He sends his troops across the Tigris to recover Armenia and Mesopotamia.
- Shapur II besieges the Roman fortress of Nisibis (Syria), but is repulsed by forces under Lucilianus.
China
- Murong Huang claims the title of Prince of Yan, effectively beginning the kingdom of Former Yan.
By topic
Religion
- February 6 – A 4-month papal vacancy ends; Pope Julius I succeeds Pope Mark, as the 35th pope.
- June 17 – Constantius II announces the restoration of Athanasius, as Patriarch of Alexandria.
- Paul I becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
- Christianity is declared an official religion in Caucasian Iberia, marking the rise of Christianity in Georgia.
338
By place
Roman Empire
- The Romans, allied with the Goths, arrive in the north of the Roman Empire to protect the Danube frontier.
- Emperor Constantius II intervenes against the Persians in Armenia.
Persia
- Shapur II, king of the Persian Empire, begins a widespread persecution of Christians. He orders forcible conversions to the state religion, Zoroastrianism, lest the Christians disrupt his realm while he is away fighting the Romans in Armenia and Mesopotamia.
Asia
- Tuoba Yihuai, ruler of the Tuoba Dai clan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tuoba Shiyiqian.
By topic
Art
- The Church of Santa Costanza, Rome, starts to be built (approximate date).
Religion
- Eusebius of Nicomedia becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, after Paul I is banished.
- Non-Christians are persecuted by the Roman Empire as pagans.
339
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Constantius II hastens to his territory in the East, where a revived Persia under King Shapur II is attacking Mesopotamia. For the next 11 years, the two powers engage in a war of border skirmishing, with no real victor.
By topic
Religion
- Pope Julius I[17] gives refuge in Rome to the Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius,[18] who is deposed and expelled during the First Synod of Tyre (see 335).
- Eusebius of Nicomedia is made bishop of Constantinople,[19] while another Arian succeeds Athanasius as bishop of Alexandria, under the name Gregory.
Significant people
Births
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016) |
- Flavius Claudius Julianus, better known as Julian. Born in 331 or 332, he would eventually become a Roman emperor.
- Flavius Jovianus, better known as Jovian. Born in 331, he would eventually become a Roman emperor.
- Flavius Magnus Maximus, better known as Magnus Maximus. Born c. 335, he would eventually become a Western Roman emperor.
Deaths
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016) |
- Constantine the Great, Roman emperor. Died in 337.
References
- ^ "Constantinople" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991, p. 508. ISBN 0-19-504652-8
- ^ Lenski, Noel (2016-01-15). Constantine and the Cities: Imperial Authority and Civic Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8122-9223-7.
- ^ Bardill, Jonathan (2012). Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-521-76423-0.
- ^ "List of Rulers of Korea". metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ Primary source: Themistius, Oration 10.136/206
- ^ A.H.M. Jones, The Decline of the Ancient World (London: Routledge, 2014), 49-50. ISBN 9781317873051
- ^ Jones, A. H. M. (1971–1992). The prosopography of the later Roman Empire. J. R. Martindale, John Morris. Cambridge [England]: University Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-521-20160-8. OCLC 125134.
- ^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (2004). The Emperor Constantine (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-415-31938-6.
- ^ Kraitser, Charles V. (1837). The Poles in the United States of America. Kiderlen and Stollmeyer. p. 17.
- ^ Townsend, George Henry (1862). The Manual of Dates (2nd ed.). Routledge, Warne & Routledge. p. 757.
- ^ Shalev-Hurvitz, Vered (2015). Holy Sites Encircled: The Early Byzantine Concentric Churches of Jerusalem. Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-19-965377-5.
- ^ DiMaio, Michael Jr. (1996-11-15). "Dalmatius Caesar (335-337 A.D)". roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ DiMaio, Michael Jr. (1996-11-15). "Hannibalianus Rex Regum (335-337 A.D)". roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Frend, W. H. C. (1991). The Early Church. Fortress Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4514-1951-1.
- ^ World History of the Customs and Tariffs. World Customs Organization. 2003-01-01. ISBN 9782874920219.
- ^ Fowden, Garth (1994). "The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and their Influence". Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 146–170. doi:10.2307/300874. JSTOR 300874. S2CID 161959828.
- ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8.
- ^ Clifford, Cornelius (1907). . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2.
- ^ Chapman, Henry Palmer (1909). . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5.