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For other uses of Battle Cry, see Battle Cry (disambiguation).
Battle Cry logo

The Battle Cry Campaign was an organizing initiative [1] of a now-defunct parachurch organization known as Teen Mania Ministries. This initiative, started in 2005 and headed by Teen Mania founder Ron Luce, had an evangelical Christian orientation; it primarily sought to influence American and Canadian social and political culture. Major backers included prominent evangelical leaders Joyce Meyer, Chuck Colson, Pat Robertson, Josh McDowell, and Jack Hayford.

Purpose and goals

The basic purpose of the Battle Cry Campaign, as described in its promotional materials and events, was to ensure that Christianity survived in America by redefining society:[2]

  • "Christianity in America won't survive another decade... unless we do something now."[3][4]
  • "Our nation is at a crossroads. The path America is currently headed towards is a devestating [sic] future where Christianity may not survive."[5]
  • "You are invited... to join in an effort to redirect the way America is headed.[5]

The urgency of this "Wake Up Call" was based on the assertion that then-current trends among teenagers would result in an inevitable decline in the number of "Bible-based believers:"

  • "The evidence shows that if current evangelism trends prevail, only 4 percent of them [American teenagers] will stand firm for Jesus by the time they become the decision makers of our nation."[6]

The fundamental goal of the campaign was the recruitment of 100,000 churches to implement a multifaceted campaign to promote youth commitment and involvement in church programs.

  • "The goal is 100,000 churches fully engaged in reaching this generation by doubling and discipling their youth group each year for the next 5 years."[7]

Other notable aspects of the Battle Cry Campaign involved other church and political leaders as "BattleCry Partners," the then-existing arena events and other programs offered by Teen Mania Ministries, the battlecry.com website, and a "legislative strategy engaging lawmakers to protect our teens." [8]

Major tenets

The Battle Cry Campaign maintained that "for the first time ever," "sexualized culture," "point and click pornography," and young people being "saturated with media influence" spelled doom for Christianity in America.[5] It also cited gay marriage and other "culture war" issues as matters of current and future concern:

  • "Our current society with 35% baby boomers as bible-based believers: increasingly perverted TV, film, music and video games, proliferation of Internet pornography, rise of activist government officials promoting gay marriage, attempts to remove the Ten Commandments from public buildings and attempts to remove God from the Pledge of Allegiance."[9]
  • "What does a nation with 4% evangelical Christians look like? Netherlands legalized euthanasia, Nudity in newspapers in England, Scotland's consenting age is 14 years old, Pastor arrested for preaching biblical perspective on homosexuality."[10]

The campaign focused on corporations and media outlets for targeting young people with advertising and programming depicting content often labeled objectionable by evangelical leaders:

  • "A stealthy enemy has infiltrated our country and is preying upon the hearts and minds of 33 million American teens. Corporations, media conglomerates and purveyors of popular culture have spent billions to seduce and enslave our youth."[11]
  • "This generation views 16 to 17 hours of television each week and sees on average 14,000 sexual scenes and references each year. That's more than 38 references every day."[12]
  • "This generation spends three hours a day online and is the first to grow up with point-and-click pornography. Almost 90 percent of teens have viewed pornography online at one of the 300,000 adult websites, most while doing homework."[12]
  • "More than 25 percent of teen-targeted radio segments contain sexual content; 42 percent of the top selling CDs contain sexual content"[12]

When interviewed at a Battle Cry event in 2007, Ron Luce condemned "purveyors of popular culture" as "the enemy," who according to Luce are "terrorists, virtue terrorists, that are destroying our kids... they're raping virgin teenage America on the sidewalk, and everybody's walking by and acting like everything's OK. And it's just not OK."[13] Battle Cry materials contain charges that a "sexualized culture" is the product of "media people" who are the "virtue terrorists" responsible for sexual content, naming examples such as "MTV, VH1, Desperate Housewives, and movies like Broken Back Mountain [sic]."[14]

Other encouraged tenets included submission to certain kinds of authority:

  • "We will respect the authorities placed in our lives, even though some may not live as honorably as they should."[15]
  • "We refuse to be led by those who are morally bankrupt."[2][16]

Extending from Biblical analogies and characters used as role models, the campaign used narratives, metaphor and scripted staged presentations including images of weapons, pervasive use of a red pennant, and terms from a war lexicon such as "God's Army", "enemy" and "battle." It used current and former members of the U.S. armed forces prominently in the Battle Cry stadium events, encouraging young people to become "the warriors in this battle." [17] In "Battle Cry for a Generation," a book released at the start of the campaign, Ron Luce wrote, "This is war. And Jesus invites us to get into the action, telling us that the violent — the 'forceful' ones — will lay hold of the kingdom." [18] At a Cleveland "Acquire the Fire" event, he said, "The devil hates us, and we gotta be ready to fight and not be these passive little lukewarm, namby-pamby, kum-ba-yah, thumb-sucking babies that call themselves Christians. Jesus? He got mad! ... I want an attacking church!"[19] Biblical passages reflecting this militarism that were often referenced in "Battle Cry" and "Acquire the Fire" events and promotional gatherings during the first year of the campaign included the following:

  • Psalms 144:1: "Praise be to the LORD my Rock, who trains my hands for war, my fingers for battle."[20]
  • 2 Timothy 2:3: "Endure hardship with us like a good soldier of Christ Jesus."[20]
  • 1 Timothy 6:12: "Fight the good fight of the faith."[20]
  • Ephesians 6:11: "Put on the full armor of God so that you can take your stand against the devil's schemes."[20]
  • Matthew 11:12 "From the days of John the Baptist until now, the kingdom of heaven has been forcefully advancing, and forceful men lay hold of it."[20]
  • Judges 19–20, the stories known as "The Levite and His Concubine" and "Israel’s War with Benjamin." [2][21][22][23][24]

Programs, activities and methods

Ron Luce speaking on the steps of San Francisco City Hall, surrounded by "Battle Cry" participants, March 24, 2006.
"Battle Cry" participants on the steps of San Francisco City Hall, March 24, 2006.
  • Battle Cry Leadership Summits. Advertised as the "Wake Up Call,"[4] these meetings, featuring Ron Luce and a guest speaker, were scheduled for 44 cities in the United States and Canada through the fall of 2006. Scheduled guest speakers in that tour included Blaine Bartel (15 cities), Ted Haggard (10 cities),[31] Tommy Barnett (7 cities), Jack Hayford, Jerry Falwell and Wellington Boone.[32] Materials distributed at these meetings presented the Battle Cry Campaign plan, recruited churches and individuals to the campaign, and promoted other Teen Mania Ministries programs.
  • Lobbying and gatherings intended to influence legislation and governmental policy. The initial legislative strategy of the Battle Cry Campaign was "to inform lawmakers of the plight of this generation and lobby them to pass legislation that protects our teens from the dangers they face while online and from advertising and other electronic media." [33]
    • "Operation Truth," a rally co-sponsored by Battle Cry and the Christian Action Alliance, was announced for August 6, 2006, at the California State Capitol.[34] One of the announced objectives of this event was "to publicly let legislators know that Christians will not stand idly by while being bombarded with legislation that attacks the core values of believers."[35] Examples of the legislation that motivated the organizers to protest, according to the flyer announcing the rally, included Senate Bill 1437 and Assembly Bill 606 of the 2005–2006 legislative session. These bills were intended to prohibit discrimination in California public schools on the basis of gender identity and sexual orientation, and to prohibit school activities and instructional content that reflects adversely on persons on the basis of their sexual orientation. Joel Johnson, who was then a frequent co-host of Teen Mania's "Acquire the Fire" arena events,[36] had been announced as an "Operation Truth" speaker. (Similar bills were eventually signed into law by Governor Schwarzenegger in October 2007.[37][38][39])
    • Letter to Presidential Candidates. In a letter to U.S. presidential candidates released to the press on February 1, 2008, Ron Luce invited candidates to participate in or to address the pre-event rally in Times Square on February 8.[40] The letter asked that candidates consider the priorities of "Teen Mania teens," that "they are looking to you to carry their priorities forward to Washington and the White House." Enclosed with the letter was a "Top 8 Teen Concerns in '08" which through the posing of eight leading questions proposes governmental action against media content, abortion and sex education.[41][42]
    • Rally in support of California Proposition 8. Ron Luce was one of the leaders of a youth rally, "The Fine Line," held in support of California Proposition 8 on October 1, 2008 at Rock Church in San Diego.[43] Proposition 8 is an initiative that would constitutionally prohibit same-sex marriage in California. Luce presented the "8 for 8" action plan at the conclusion of the event.[44]
    • Message encouraging support of California Proposition 8. On October 30, 2008, Teen Mania distributed an e-mail message to supporters reminding readers of the Battle Cry rallies in San Francisco, "when a culture war was stirred up right there on the street in front of City Hall," casting those Battle Cry and similar events as the reason why "important issues are coming to the forefront and being decided right now." The featured battle "still being fought at the highest levels of California's government" centered on the definition of marriage contained in Proposition 8. The message included this quote from San Diego pastor Jim Garlow: "The definition of marriage is one of these 'tipping points.' No single social issue has threatened to forever muzzle Bible believing Christians like this contest. One person has astutely observed that 'we cannot win the culture war merely on Prop 8, but we can lose it on Prop 8.'" Readers were asked "to continue to get involved however possible to protect the Biblical view of marriage in America" and were directed to iprotectmarriage.com, a website that is part of the youth outreach of the "Yes on 8" campaign. The e-mail was signed by Kevin Benson, "Director of the BattleCry Campaign."[45]
  • Battle Cry 33 Affiliated Partner Churches. As of December 2006, 1077 churches and ministries were listed on the battlecry.com website as partner churches of the Battle Cry Campaign.[46] "33" refers to 33 million American teens.
  • Marketing program. Battle Cry was marketed as a brand by Tocquigny, an advertising and marketing agency in Austin, Texas.[47] "Tocquigny will help the organization re-launch its Battle Cry brand with the goal of spreading its message to 31 million teens across America."[48] Teen Mania paid Tocquigny $451,397 for consulting services during the first full year of the Battle Cry Campaign.[49]
  • "Christian alternative to Myspace", battlecry.com ("Let MySpace be His space")

Controversy and criticism

The "4 percent panic attack"

Some critics maintained that the statistics used by Teen Mania to support its cause were suspect and exaggerated. Rick Lawrence, who for the previous 18 years had edited Group Magazine, a publication for youth pastors, coined the label "4 percent panic attack" as the title of an editorial in his magazine in which he outright calls this statistic a "lie:"

This masquerading stat/lie goes something like this: "The percentage of young people who are Bible-believing Christians is steadily decreasing, and right now has dropped to a rock-bottom 4 percent." The 4 Percent Warning has entered unopposed into the church's vocabulary of accepted fact. But every time I hear it I cringe because it's so ridiculously over the top.[50]

Lawrence went on to point out that the "4 percent" statistic originated in a 2003 report by Christian statistician George Barna, which is based on a very narrow definition of what defines an "evangelical" or "Bible-believing Christian." A Barna press release issued in December 2003 announced a study that "showed only 4% of adults have a biblical worldview as the basis of their decision-making."[51] Lawrence took issue with Barna's attempt to measure the number of teens who apply "biblical principles" to "every decision" they make:

I teach an adult Sunday school class, and my guess is that half of the people in my class are still struggling to understand the Bible well enough to apply its wisdom to "every decision" they make. The point is that some of these "Bible-believing" standards are ridiculous when you consider how they're applied to kids.[50]

Christian Smith, a professor of sociology at the University of Notre Dame and a specialist in the study of American evangelicals, said he was skeptical of the "4 percent" statistic and that that figure was inconsistent with research he had conducted and reviewed.[31]

San Francisco demonstrations, city resolution and noise issue

Two weeks before the first Battle Cry stadium event in San Francisco, Teen Mania announced a pre-event rally to be held on the steps of City Hall on March 24, 2006. In the cover letter, signed by Ron Luce and sent to registered participants in the stadium event, the significance of City Hall as the location where gay marriages had been held two years before was explicitly pointed out:

Please prayerfully consider coming early and gathering for this pre-event Battlecry Rally at San Francisco’s City Hall and have your teens participate as we pray for the northwest region, our nation, and this generation (These are the very city hall steps where several months ago gay marriages were celebrated for the entire world to see).[52]

City Hall is significant to many San Francisco residents for a different reason: it was where the city's first openly gay supervisor, Harvey Milk, and Mayor George Moscone, were assassinated in 1978.[53] Ron Luce has said that, at the time of the rally, he was unaware of the historic and social relevance of the City Hall site.[54]

Local activists organized a counter-demonstration of about 50 people to greet the Battle Cry participants. State Assemblyman Mark Leno, D-San Francisco, addressed the counter-demonstrators, saying that while such "fundamentalists" may be small in number, "they're loud, they're obnoxious, they're disgusting, and they should get out of San Francisco."[55] Teen Mania later prominently quoted Leno as part of a postcard sent to San Francisco churches to promote the 2007 Battle Cry stadium event.[56]

Earlier that week, the city's Board of Supervisors had passed a resolution "condemning upcoming rally to be held by anti-abortion groups in front of City Hall." The resolution called the rally an "act of provocation when a right-wing Christian fundamentalist group brings their anti-gay and anti-choice agenda of intolerance to the steps of San Francisco's City Hall" and that the presence of Battle Cry participants at City Hall "should be taken by no one as an official or semi-official sanctioning of their rally nor of their message by the elected officials of San Francisco."[57]

This resolution was then cited by various commentators, including Fox News Channel's Bill O'Reilly[58] and the city's leading newspaper,[59] as evidence that the city itself was being intolerant of Christians or was attempting to silence the Battle Cry participants. Elizabeth Creely, a San Francisco activist with the Bay Area Coalition for Our Reproductive Rights, explained the purpose of the resolution this way:

...no one in city government made any attempt to silence anyone. The resolution was simply the progressive community's proverbial two cents thrown into a debate Battle Cry started when the group assembled on City Hall's steps.[60]

Noise complaints from nearby residents received by the city due to the early Saturday morning start time became an issue during the preparations for the return of the Battle Cry event to AT&T Park in March 2007.[61] According to the minutes of the city Entertainment Commission hearing regarding Teen Mania's application for a required loudspeaker permit, the director of event production for AT&T Park had advised Teen Mania in advance that noise had been an issue and "advised them to start any musical component after 10:00 A.M. due to complaints last year."[62] The Commission approved the permit with the stipulation that amplified music not be used before 10:00 A.M. on Saturday. In a notice sent to Battle Cry participants, Teen Mania described this action as a "last minute noise ordinance" imposed by the city's Board of Supervisors, and while the notice began by saying "we want to respect and honor our lawmakers" it offered a sample letter to be sent to the Board that included the following:

The spiteful action of the Board [of Supervisors] is in reality a subtle jab at one of the core values of our nation... the action of the Board will be remembered as an ineffective act of intimidation one step removed from prohibiting our Constitutional right to free speech.[63]

The event began Saturday morning as originally scheduled, without amplified music, through the use of radios throughout the crowd tuned to a broadcast of the event on a local Christian radio station.[61]

Other criticism

The Hamilton, Ontario "Acquire the Fire" event in October 2006 prompted some commentary on Teen Mania's methods and message in the region's media. Toronto Star writer Jen Gerson began her account of the event this way:

They enter oblivious, hands outstretched, fat cheeks and watery eyes staring skyward to the Lord.

They are to leave warriors. Convinced by arguments crafted from statistics and fear, these children of God are told they are to be the salvation of a generation in decline, one beset by the perils of pop culture, advertising and corporate greed.

They absorb those lessons, squealing in delight whenever a speaker mentions the righteousness of Jesus.

Then they head to McDonald's.[64]

In an interview with a CBC Television reporter, Bob Shantz, former University of Toronto chaplain, commented on the militarism inherent in Teen Mania's programs:

To feed them military language makes it into a campaign, makes life into an aggressive campaign where evil must be overcome by good... I don't think there's enough trust placed in teenagers to be discerning and let them find their own authority without having an authority thrust upon them.[65]

In an interview with Bob Garfield on On the Media, Jeff Sharlet described a Battle Cry commercial in which replicated teens march off to war:

It is – and I use this word very advisedly – it is the aesthetic of fascism. Ron Luce isn't a fascist, but it is the aesthetic of fascism. And one of the strange things about Ron Luce is it's also the aesthetic of Stalinism, that these red flags that they wave - and you're not a member of this movement – you're a trench mate. It is designed to draw very stark lines and to dehumanize those who are on the other side.[66]

Mark Cox, a pastor at Bethel Christian Church in the Mission District of San Francisco, told a San Francisco Chronicle reporter that he attended one "Acquire the Fire" event and would never return, commenting:

BattleCry has a lot of hype with not much substance to it... It [the Acquire the Fire event] left a bad taste in my mouth. My main concern is the effect it has on teenagers. They mistake adrenaline for the Holy Spirit... They're looking for an emotional high rather than a faith that will endure through hard times, not just on the mountaintop.[67]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Faith-Filled Teens Take Radical Counter-Culture Message to Tens of Thousands of Peers Across United States". DeMoss News Pond. 2006-08-25.
  2. ^ a b c Acquire the Fire Anaheim (Television Program). GOD TV. December 9, 2006. (The recitation of the "Teenage Bill of Rights" during this program included the lines "It is necessary for us as teens to redefine our society" and "We refuse to be led by those who are morally bankrupt.")
  3. ^ Luce, Ron (2006). Battle Cry Leadership Summit: "Wake Up Call" Invitation Letter. Teen Mania Ministries.
  4. ^ a b Teen Mania Ministries advertisement for "Wake Up Call: BattleCry Leadership Summit" in Group Magazine, September/October 2006 issue, inserted between pages 50 and 51.
  5. ^ a b c Battle Cry Leadership Summit: "Wake Up Call" Event Journal. Teen Mania Ministries. 2006. p. 16.
  6. ^ The BattlePlan: BattleCry Campaign Classified Document. Teen Mania Ministries. 2006. p. 5.
  7. ^ Battle Cry Leadership Summit: "Wake Up Call" Event Journal. Teen Mania Ministries. 2006. p. 19.
  8. ^ Battle Cry Leadership Summit: "Wake Up Call" Event Journal. Teen Mania Ministries. 2006. p. 20.
  9. ^ Battle Cry Leadership Summit: "Wake Up Call" Event Journal. Teen Mania Ministries. 2006. p. 6.
  10. ^ Battle Cry Leadership Summit: "Wake Up Call" Event Journal. Teen Mania Ministries. 2006. p. 7.
  11. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: The Crisis". Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
  12. ^ a b c Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: Magnitude of the Crisis". Archived from the original on 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
  13. ^ Amanpour, Christiane; Julie O'Neill; Taylor Gandossy (2007-08-23). "Teen Christians campaign against pop culture". CNN. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  14. ^ "The State of the American Teen" (PDF). Teen Mania Ministries. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  15. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: Teen Bill of Rights". Archived from the original on 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
  16. ^ Acquire the Fire "Run to the Battle" 2005–2006 Event Manual. Teen Mania Ministries. 2005. front cover.
  17. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: Teen". Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
  18. ^ Luce, Ron (2005). Battle Cry for a Generation: The Fight To Save America's Youth. Cook Communications Ministries. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7814-4267-1.
  19. ^ Sharlet, Jeff (April 2007). "Teenage Holy War". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  20. ^ a b c d e Ron Luce (2005). Keep It Real Live (Acquire the Fire 2004–2005 Event) Disk 4 Chapter 5 (DVD). Teen Mania Ministries.
  21. ^ Ron Luce (April 1, 2006). "BattleCry" San Francisco (TV program). JCTV. Event recorded 2006-03-25.
  22. ^ Ron Luce (September 4, 2006). Vision America's "War on Christians" Conference (TV program). Washington, DC: Sky Angel Angel Two channel. Conference session recorded 2006-03-27.
  23. ^ Ron Luce (April 8, 2006). "Battle Cry" Detroit (TV program (live)). Detroit, Michigan: NRB Network.
  24. ^ Ron Luce (September 28, 2006). Values and the Midterm Elections (TV program / DVD). Washington, DC: C-SPAN - National Cable Satellite Corporation. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Conference session recorded 2006-09-23.
  25. ^ itickets.com Christian Event Tickets and Information. "Acquire the Fire BattleCry Tickets Ron Luce - Baltimore, MD". Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  26. ^ "Youth Rally That Drew Fiery Protests and City Condemnation Last Year is Back: BATTLECRY 2007". DeMoss News Pond. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  27. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: BattleCry Recreate 2008". Archived from the original on 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  28. ^ Phan, Katherine T. (2008-02-09). "Christian Teens Seek 'Space' at Packed BattleCry Event". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2018-06-01.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ^ Kuruvila, Matthai Chakko (2007-03-09). "Evangelical teens descend on SF: Event protesters say group 'indoctrinates' children". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  30. ^ "Everything Sacred: Teens for Jesus want more wholesome pop culture". Register Citizen. 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
  31. ^ a b Goodstein, Laurie (2006-10-06). "Evangelicals Fear the Loss of Their Teenagers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  32. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: Summit Schedule". Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
  33. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: Awareness and Education". Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
  34. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Operation: Truth Set to Kick Off at the California State Capitol". Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
  35. ^ Christian Action Alliance. "Operation Truth web page". Archived from the original on October 30, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
  36. ^ Lockwood, Frank E. (2006-10-16). "Entertainment Industry Described As 'Terrorists'". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  37. ^ Davis, Aaron C. (2007-10-13). "Governor acts on flurry of bills". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  38. ^ "SB 777 Senate Bill - History". Legislative Counsel of California. 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  39. ^ "AB 394 Assembly Bill - History". Legislative Counsel of California. 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  40. ^ Luce, Ron. "RECREATE '08: Letter to Presidential Candidates". DeMoss News Pond / Teen Mania Ministries. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  41. ^ "Top 8 Teen Concerns in '08" (PDF). Teen Mania Ministries. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  42. ^ Vu, Michelle A. (2008-02-09). "New York Hit by Christian Anti-Media Teen Rally". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2018-06-01.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  43. ^ Chan, Kenneth (2008-10-02). "Thousands of California Christian Youth Empowered to Defend Marriage". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2018-06-01.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  44. ^ Miles McPherson, Lou Engle, Sean McDowell, Yvette Schneider, Greg Koukl, Ron Luce (October 1, 2008). The Fine Line (Live television). San Diego, California: Christian Communication Network.
  45. ^ Benson, Kevin. "The tipping point for marriage in California and the US." Teen Mania Ministries mailing list, October 30, 2008.
  46. ^ Teen Mania Ministries. "Battle Cry: Battle Cry 33 Churches". Archived from the original on 2006-12-07. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  47. ^ Bosman, Julie (2006-04-26). "Christian Message, Secular Messengers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  48. ^ Tocquigny. "Tocquigny named agency-of-record for Teen Mania". Archived from the original on 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
  49. ^ Teen Mania Ministries tax return (Internal Revenue Service form 990) for the year ending August 31, 2006, via guidestar.org.
  50. ^ a b Lawrence, Rick (September–October 2006). "The 4 Percent Panic-Attack". Group Magazine. p. 13. Retrieved 2007-04-21. [dead link‍]
  51. ^ "A Biblical Worldview Has a Radical Effect on a Person's Life" (Press release). Barna Research Group. 2003-12-01. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  52. ^ Ron Luce (2006-03-07). Registration Kit Manual 2006 (SBC Park). Teen Mania Ministries.
  53. ^ Nolte, Carl (2003-11-26). "CITY HALL SLAYINGS, 25 Years Later: Revisiting the horror of that day of death; for those who are old enough, the memory is searing". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  54. ^ Greiner, Marley (Summer 2006). "Teen Mania: Lift the Banner". The Free Press (Columbus, Ohio). Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  55. ^ Garofoli, Joe (2006-03-25). "Evangelical teens rally in S.F." San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  56. ^ Teen Mania Ministries (2006). "We're coming back! BattleCry San Francisco, March 23–24, 2007!" (Promotional postcard).
  57. ^ City and County of San Francisco (2006-03-21). "San Francisco Board of Supervisors Resolution 180-06" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-02. Retrieved 2006-12-10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  58. ^ Bill O'Reilly (March 27, 2006). The O'Reilly Factor (TV-Series). Fox News Channel.
  59. ^ "EDITORIAL: Intolerant City". San Francisco Chronicle. 2006-03-28. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  60. ^ Creely, Elizabeth (2006-04-04). "Real tolerance". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  61. ^ a b Tomlin, Gregory (2007-03-08). "Noise restriction in San Fran. sparks youth ministry protest". Baptist Press. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
  62. ^ "Minutes Of The February 20, 2007 Meeting". Entertainment Commission, City and County of San Francisco. 2007-02-20. Archived from the original on 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
  63. ^ "WE WILL NOT BE SILENT!" (PDF). Teen Mania Ministries. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  64. ^ Gerson, Jen (2006-10-31). "Pop culture versus God: Branded by the light". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  65. ^ Bob Shantz (October 28, 2006). CBC News Saturday Report: Hamilton, Ontario: U.S. evangelical movement that asks teens to protest against popular culture is holding a rally here (Television series). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: CBC-TV.
  66. ^ Jeff Sharlet (2007-04-06). "On The Media: "Hear Their Roar" (April 6, 2007)". On the Media. Archived from the original (National Public Radio Show) on May 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  67. ^ Kuruvila, Matthai Chakko (2007-03-08). "Faith's Battlefield: S.F. event designed to get teens energized about evangelical Christianity divides believers with its combative language and emphasis on culture war". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A–1. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
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