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Dulo

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For other uses, see Dulo (disambiguation).
Tamgha of the Dulo clan.

The Dulo clan was a ruling dynasty of the Bulgars. The origins of the Bulgars and Dulo clan are not known precisely, and there are many theories about their origin.[1] It is generally considered that they - or at least the elite caste[2] - is intimately related to the origin and activity of the Huns and Western Turkic Khaganate.[3] Particularly, it is said that the Dulo descended from the rulers of Great Bulgaria, which was founded by Khan Asparukh's (679–701) father on the steppes of Ukraine.[4] This state was a centralized monarchy from its inception, unlike previous Hunno-Turkic political entities, which were tribal confederations.[5]

The royal family and rulers of Old Great Bulgaria (632–668) and the first half of the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), in their prince lists (Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans) claimed through Irnik, who was probably related to or was Attila's son Ernak himself, or at least of Attilid descent.[1][6] During the pagan period, the succession of clan leadership was based on traditions brought over to the Balkans from the Eurasian Steppe, which include the rulers' divine ancestry.[7] At the head of the clan was the Khan, who reigned as the head of state, military leader, and probably high priest of the Bulgar god, Tangra.[5]

Research history

Most of what is known about the clan is written in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. The Nominalia lists as the first ruler mythical Avitohol, who lived 300 years and descended from the Dulo clan.[8] Josef Marquart and many other historians identified Avitohol with Attila the Hun.[9][10] Steven Runciman considered the connection possible, but suspicious and unimportant if the link between Irnik-Ernak is confirmed.[11] Runciman considered the name Avitohol meaningless and its biblical origin more convincing.[12] He considered that the missionaries were spreading Old Testament stories around the Eurasian Steppes, as well the story of Japheth, the ancestor of Eurasian people, which easily modifies into the Latin name Avitus (ancestral; grandfather) and Turkish Awit (ancestor) it derives from.[13] Runciman considered Avitohol to be a distant mythological ancestor.[14] Ivan Biliarsky considers that both Avitohol and Irnik were only mythic figures of the historical personalities.[10] According to him the Nominalia shows that the clan memory and genealogy important to Central Asian peoples was likewise significant to the Bulgars, as well the cosmological understanding of the history, as the Avitohol and Irnik were mentioned in the category of the creator and founder, the mythological divine ancestor-creator represented in the reincarnation of the cultural hero within time cycles.[10][15] Jean W Sedlar considered the Attila connection justly doubtful, and argued the possibility of a steppe dynasty which produced Hunnic rulers like Attila may have also produced rulers for the Bulgars.[16]

The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan.[17] It is generally considered that in the Nominalia under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, Ernak.[18][10] Vasil Zlatarski thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons and families.[19] Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable;[20] if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Atilla belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them;[19] according to the Nominalia Irnik ruled from 437, i.e. several years before the death of Attila in 453, which is impossible.[21] Due to be assigned a reign of 150 years, Runciman considered the inaccuracy of the date of accession as venial mistake.[11]

Kurt (Kubrat; c. 632–665), a member of the clan, revolted against the Pannonian Avars and founded the Old Great Bulgaria on the territory of modern Ukraine.[1] During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar royal family and spread over Europe, from the Volga river to the shadow of Matese mountains: Bezmer (Ukraine), Kotrag (Volga Bulgaria), Kuber (Balkan Macedonia), Asparukh (Danube Bulgaria) and Alcek (Sepino, Bojano, Isernia).[22] In the Nominalia the Bezmer (c. 665–668) was the last Dulo ruler on the northern side of Danube river (of the Old Great Bulgaria), while the Asparukh (c. 681–701) was the first from the southern side of the river (First Bulgarian Empire). He was followed by Tervel (c. 700–721), and the last ruler of Bulgaria from the Dulo clan, Sevar (c. 721–737). According to Theophanes, in 761 or 762 the Bulgars "rose up, killed their hereditary lords and set up as their king an evil-minded man called Teletzes, who was 30 years old".[23] Historians usually interpreted the testimony as evidence of a massacre of the previous dynasty (the Dulo clan), and the rise of a new leader with no connection to the previous regime.[23][24]

Origin

The exact origin is obscure.[1] Some researchers consider that the origin of the clan probably was Turkic.[24][25][26] This proposition was suggested by Mikhail Artamonov,[27] and was prompted by Lev Gumilev (1967), implying there may be made an association of the Dulo clan with the five Duolu (or To-lu) tribes of the Western Turks.[27] The First Turkic Khaganate (552–581) was during the Göktürk civil war (581–593) divided into Western and Eastern Khaganate. The Western was led by Onoq (ten arrows), the five Duolu and five Nushibi tribes.[27] Many modern historians consider that the first historical Bulgar ruler Kubrat belonged to the Dulo clan of the Western Turks - the so-called alliance Onogurs Bulgars.[28][29][30][31]

Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan Moheduo (Külüg Sibir) with Organa, the maternal uncle of Kubrat.[24][32] Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalry between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the Khazars, led by the Ashina clan.[23][32]

Omeljan Pritsak further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old Xiongnu ruling house 屠各 Tuge (in Old Chinese d'o-klâk).[31][26] This association could further prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars).[31][33] Peter B. Golden surmises that the Xiongnu tribal surname 獨孤 Dugu (< d'uk-kuo) or 屠各 Tuge (< d'o-klâk) possibly reflects underlying Turkic *Tuğqu or *Tuğlağ "tribe of the tuğ?"[34] yet still considers the Turkic association as speculative.[27]

Mercia MacDermott claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.[35] MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this day "he kills the dog", in the meaning "he gives the orders", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity Tangra in the name of the whole community.[35]

Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the Bulgar calendar (also found in the Nominalia) show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian language (Bulgars). However, according to Raymond Detrez, this theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria, and is ideologically motivated.[36] As such the proto-Bulgar language (of the group which established the state of Bulgaria), was claimed to be of Iranian language although it is generally accepted it was Turkic of Oghuric branch and related to modern Chuvash.[36]

Aleksandar Burmov noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnic categories.[37] The cases of mixing information for Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol - Attila and Irnik - Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups.[37] According to Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory.[37] Burmov, Peter B. Golden, Gyula Németh and Panos Sophoulis concluded that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.[37][24][26][30]

Etymology

B. Zhivkov emphasized that Dulo and Nushibi were tribal confederations, and not ruling dynasties.[32] B. Simeonov derived Dulu from Turkic dul/tul (big, powerful, giant; war horse), and saw Dulo as partly Slavicized form.[27] The *Dullu Simeonov derived from Old Hunnic dul + lu (mounted, horseman).[27] According to Peter B. Golden, no such Hunnic word is attested.[27] According to G. Clauson, Old Turkic tul denotes "widow, widower".[27] Golden, citing Lajos Ligeti (1986), wondered if Dulo resulted from Slavicism of Turkic title Yula.[38] Even so, all hypotheses P. B. Golden considers for now as speculative.[27]

Legacy

Dulo Hill on Livingston Island, near Antarctica, is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.[39]

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 66, 300. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  2. ^ Pohl 1998.
  3. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. pp. 143–144. ISBN 9789732721520.
  4. ^ World and Its Peoples: Greece and the Eastern Balkans. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 1474. ISBN 9780761478836.
  5. ^ a b Hupchick, Dennis (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. ISBN 9783319562056.
  6. ^ Kim 2013, p. 59, 142.
  7. ^ Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Leiden: BRILL. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.
  8. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11.
  9. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 12.
  10. ^ a b c d Biliarsky, Ivan (2013). The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text. Brill. pp. 255–257. ISBN 9789004254381.
  11. ^ a b Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 280.
  12. ^ Runciman (Book I; Appendix III) 1930, p. 11–12; 281.
  13. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11–12, 281.
  14. ^ Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 281.
  15. ^ Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Brill. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.
  16. ^ Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.
  17. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 11–12.
  18. ^ Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 11–12, 280–281.
  19. ^ a b Zlatarski 1918, p. 79–80.
  20. ^ Runciman (Appendix III) 1930, p. 280–281.
  21. ^ Zlatarski 1918, p. 80.
  22. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 2–24.
  23. ^ a b c Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79, 85. ISBN 9780521815390.
  24. ^ a b c d Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Brill. pp. 92, 147–148, 71, 111. ISBN 9789004206960.
  25. ^ Denis Sinor (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 261. ISBN 0521243041.
  26. ^ a b c Sanping Chen (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0812206289.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Golden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, pp. footnote 37, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-19
  28. ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 13. ISBN 9781442203020.
  29. ^ Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (2008). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. p. 288. ISBN 9789004163898.
  30. ^ a b Golden, Peter B. (2003). Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 71. ISBN 9780860788850.
  31. ^ a b c Kim 2013, p. 59.
  32. ^ a b c Boris Zhivkov (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill. pp. 50, 52–53. ISBN 9789004294486.
  33. ^ Antonio Carile (1995). Teoderico e i Goti tra oriente e occidente. Longo. p. 28. ISBN 978-88-8063-057-9.
  34. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992) An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. p. 58
  35. ^ a b MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781853024856.
  36. ^ a b Raymond Detrez (2005). Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence. Peter Lang. p. 29. ISBN 9789052012971.
  37. ^ a b c d Zlatarski (Burmov) 1948, p. 83.
  38. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2005) "Khazarica: Notes on Some Khazar Terms", in Turkic Languages, ed. Lars Johanson, Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 215
  39. ^ Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Dulo Hill.

Sources

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