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Gela

Coordinates: 37°04′N 14°15′E / 37.067°N 14.250°E / 37.067; 14.250
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Gela
Comune
Comune di Gela
Gela town by the pier
Gela town by the pier
Location of Gela
Map
Gela is located in Italy
Gela
Gela
Location of Gela in Italy
Gela is located in Sicily
Gela
Gela
Gela (Sicily)
Coordinates: 37°04′N 14°15′E / 37.067°N 14.250°E / 37.067; 14.250
CountryItaly
RegionSicily
ProvinceCaltanissetta (CL)
FrazioniManfria
Government
 • MayorLucio Greco (Un'Altra Gela)
Area
[1]
 • Total
276 km2 (107 sq mi)
Elevation
46 m (151 ft)
Population
 (31 August 2017)[2]
 • Total
75,001
 • Density270/km2 (700/sq mi)
DemonymGelesi
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
93012
Dialing code0933
Patron saintSt. Maria dell'Alemanna
Saint day8 September
WebsiteOfficial website

Gela (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒɛːla]; Template:Lang-grc[3]), is a city and comune in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, the largest for area and population on Sicily's southern coast. It is part of the Caltanissetta province, being the only comune in Italy with a population and area that exceeds those of the province's capital. Founded by Greek colonists from Rhodes and Crete in 689 BC, Gela was an influential polis in Sicily between the 7th and 6th centuries and the place where Aeschylus lived and died in 456 BC. In 1943 Gela was the first Italian beach reached by allies during the Invasion of Sicily from the allies.

History

Ancient era

The city was founded around 688 BC by colonists from Rhodes and Crete, 45 years after the founding of Syracuse. The city was named after the river Gela, which in turn was so called from its winter frost ("gela" in the Sicilian dialect).[4] The Greeks established many colonies in the south of what is now Italy, and for many centuries had a major influence on the area. Gela flourished and after only a century, a group of Geloi founded the colony of Agrigento. The expansion, however, led to economic and social strain, causing the plebs to leave the city and settle in nearby Maktorion. However, the revolt was opposed by the high priest of Diana and the exiled plebs returned to Gela.

For over a century no further mention is made about the internal politics of the city by the ancient historians, until they note that a tyrant, Cleander, ruled Gela between 505 BC and 498 BC. After his death, power transferred to his brother Hippocrates, who conquered Callipoli, Leontini, Naxos, Hergetios and Zancles (present-day Messina). Only Syracuse, with the help of her former colonizing city, Corinth and Corcyra, managed to escape the Gelese expansion. When Camarina, a Syracusan colony, rebelled in 492 BC, Hippocrates intervened to wage war against Syracuse. After having defeated the Syracusan army at the Heloros river, he besieged the city but was convinced to retreat in exchange for possession of Camarina. The tyrant lost his life in 491 in a battle against the Siculi, the native Sicilian people.

A Sileno head from Gela Archeological Museum

Hippocrates was succeeded by Gelon, who, in 484, conquered Syracuse and moved his seat of government there. His brother Hiero was given control over Gela.[4] When Theron of Agrigento conquered Himera and a Carthaginian army disembarked in Sicily to counter him, he asked for help from Gela and Syracuse. Gelo and Hiero were victorious in the subsequent battle of Himera, in which the Carthaginian leader Hamilcar lost his life.

After the death of Gelon (478 BC), Hiero moved to Syracuse, leaving Gela to Polyzelos. Thenceforth the history of the city becomes uncertain: it has been suggested that the citizens freed themselves from the rule of tyrants and established a democratic government.

Many of the Geloi returned from Syracuse in this period, and the city regained part of its power: Aischylos died in this city in 456 BC. Gela was at the head of the Sicilian league that pushed back the Athenian attempt to conquer the island in 415 BC (see Sicilian Expedition).

In 406 the Carthaginians conquered Agrigento and destroyed it. Gela asked for the help of Dionysius I of Syracuse. However, for unknown reasons, the latter did not arrive in time and, after heroic deeds, Gela was ruined and its treasures sacked (405). The survivors took refuge in Syracuse. In 397 they returned home and joined Dionysius II in his struggle for freedom from the invaders, and in 383 BC they saw their independence acknowledged.

Under Agathocles (317-289 BC) the city suffered again for internal strife between the general population and the aristocrats. When the Carthaginians arrived in 311 BC, they met little resistance and captured the city with the help of the aristoi. In 282 BC Phintias of Agrigento, who had founded a city next to present-day Licata, ruthlessly destroyed Gela to crush its power forever.[5] However, this assertion seems to be refuted by a careful reading of the sources that make the Mamertines as the real destroyers of the city, five years earlier, in 287 BC.[6]

Roman, Byzantine and mediaeval ages

The city subsequently disappeared from the chronicles. Under Roman rule, a small settlement still existed, which is mentioned by Virgil, Pliny the Elder, Cicero, and Strabo. Later it was a minor Byzantine center. Under the Arabs, it was known as the "City of Columns".

The later city was founded in AD 1233 by Frederick II by the name Terranova, by which it remained known until 1928. The new settlement was west of the ancient Gela, and was provided with a castle and a line of walls. Terranova, also known as Heracles, was a royal possession until 1369, when King Frederick III of Aragon gave it to Manfredi III Chiaramonte. In 1401, however, it was confiscated after the treason of Andrea Chiaramonte, and assigned to several Aragonese feudataries. In 1530 the title of Marquis of Terranova was created for Giovanni Tagliavia Aragona, and in 1561 his son Carlo obtained the title of Duke. The Terranova Aragona held the city until 1640, when the marriage of Giovanna Tagliavia Aragona and Ettore Pignatelli give the possession to the latter's family. The Pignatelli held the fief until 1812.

Modern era

Renamed Terranova di Sicilia, in 1927 the city was renamed Gela.

In World War II, during the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, the U.S. 1st Infantry Division, with the 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, landed on the beaches strongly defended by the Livorno Division[7] during the initial assault on 9 July 1943. The Allied forces repelled an Italian and German armored counterattack at Gela.[8] Several advanced landing airfields were built by the U.S. Army Engineers in the area around the city which was used by the Twelfth Air Force during the Italian Campaign.

After the war, a large oil refinery was built in Gela's territory, as a part of Eni's industrial expansion plan in South Italy. This was to help the economy of the region, but instead it caused significant damage to the area's visual appearance and touristic appeal. In 2014, the refinery closed down.

Geography

Gela promenade coastline

Gela is situated on the Mediterranean coast at the estuary of Gela river, in the south-western side of Sicily. The bounding municipalities are Acate, Butera, Caltagirone, Mazzarino and Niscemi. Its frazione (municipal parish) is the coastal village of Manfria.

In geology, Gela gives its name to the Gelasian Age of the Pleistocene Epoch.

Climate

Gela has a borderline semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) and a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) and receives just enough precipitation to avoid it being classified as semi-arid. Winters are mild and rainy while summers are dry and warm though cooler than inland locations owing to the proximity of the sea, which moderates temperatures.

Climate data for Gela (1971–2000, extremes 1965–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		41.4
(106.5) 		40.0
(104.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		41.4
(106.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.7
(69.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.8
(67.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.6
(63.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.5
(58.1)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.4
(36.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.4
(1.87) 		39.0
(1.54) 		27.5
(1.08) 		25.6
(1.01) 		10.8
(0.43) 		4.1
(0.16) 		1.0
(0.04) 		6.5
(0.26) 		27.0
(1.06) 		52.5
(2.07) 		59.0
(2.32) 		67.3
(2.65) 		367.7
(14.49)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.0 6.0 4.7 4.3 2.1 0.4 0.3 0.8 2.6 5.0 6.4 6.9 45.5
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 74 73 72 73 74 76 76 78 78 79 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 145.7 155.4 204.6 219.0 266.6 285.0 325.5 297.6 249.0 217.0 171.0 139.5 2,675.9
Source: Servizio Meteorologico (humidity and sun, 1961–1990)[9][10][11]

Main sights

The Torre di Manfria.
  • The Greek Acropolis.
  • The Regional Archeological Museum.
  • The archeological site of Capo Soprano (with the Greek fortification and Hellenistic quarters). It was probably an anciemt necropolis. Its many fine Attic vases are now in various museums.[12]
  • Zona sacra including the basements of three Greek temples; of one, the most ancient one, an 8-meters Doric column is also visible. Remains of an archaic (7th-6th centuries BC) emporium have also been excavated.[12]
  • The Cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Virgin Assunta, was rebuilt in 1766-1794 over a pre-existing small church of Madonna della Platea. It has two orders façade with Doric and Ionic semi-columns. The interior, with a nave and two aisles, houses a wood with the Transit of the Virgin by Deodato Guidaccia and other 18th centuries canvasses.
  • The Castelluccio ("Small Castle"), built in the early 13th century. It is located 10 km (6 mi) from the city.
  • Natural Reserve of Biviere di Gela, including a coastal lake surrounded by dunes.
  • Manfria, with a typical beach with Mediterranean dune landscape, and the Torre di Manfria ("Manfria Tower").

Economy

Until the 1950s Gela's core economic activities were agriculture and sea-related. In 1960 the Italian oil company Eni chose Gela as the site of a large oil-based industrial plant that began operation in 1963 and closed down in 2014.

Archaeology

In 2019, a sarcophagus containing an intact skeleton was discovered. Some weeks later, in a short distance, a ceramic water jug containing the bones of a newborn baby, and parts of a large animal skeleton was discovered. Archaeologists said that the place was certainly a Greek necropolis.[13][14]

Twin towns

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Gela is twinned with:

People

See also

References

  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Gela". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  4. ^ a b Ashby, Thomas (1911). "Gela" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 554.
  5. ^ Diodorus Siculus, XXII, 2,4.
  6. ^ Emanuele Zuppardo-Salvatore Piccolo, Terra Mater. Sulle Sponde del Gela Greco, Betania Editrice, Caltanissetta 2005, pgg. 162-163.
  7. ^ Division Livorno counterattack at 1943 Gela landing
  8. ^ La Monte, John L. & Lewis, Winston B. The Sicilian Campaign, 10 July – 17 August 1943 (1993) United States Government Printing Office ISBN 0-945274-17-3 pp.56-96
  9. ^ "Gela (CL)" (PDF). Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  10. ^ "Tabella CLINO 1961-1990: Stazione 453 Gela" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  11. ^ "Gela: Record mensili dal 1965" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  12. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Terranova" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 650.
  13. ^ Ancient necropolis discovered during roadworks in Sicily
  14. ^ A GELA NUOVI REPERTI ARCHEOLOGICI, SCOPERTA NECROPOLI DI ETÀ ARCAICA
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