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William James Sidis

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William James Sidis
William James Sidis at his Harvard graduation (1914)
Born(1898-04-01)April 1, 1898
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
DiedJuly 17, 1944(1944-07-17) (aged 46)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Other names
  • John W. Shattuck
  • Frank Folupa
  • Parker Greene
  • Jacob Marmor
Alma materHarvard University
Rice University
Harvard Law School
Notable work

William James Sidis (/ˈsaɪdɪs/; April 1, 1898 – July 17, 1944) was an American child prodigy with exceptional mathematical and linguistic skills. He is notable for his 1920 book The Animate and the Inanimate, in which he speculates about the origin of life in the context of thermodynamics.

Sidis was raised in a particular manner by his father, psychiatrist Boris Sidis, who wished his son to be gifted. Sidis first became famous for his precocity and later for his eccentricity and withdrawal from public life. Eventually, he avoided mathematics altogether, writing on other subjects under a number of pseudonyms. He entered Harvard at age 11 and, as an adult, was claimed to have an extremely high IQ, and to be conversant in about 25 languages and dialects. Some of these claims have not been verified, but many of his contemporaries, including Norbert Wiener, Daniel Frost Comstock and William James, supported the assertion that he was extremely intelligent.

Biography

Parents and upbringing (1898–1908)

William James Sidis was born to Jewish emigrants from Ukraine,[1] on April 1, 1898, in New York City. His father, Boris Sidis, PhD, M.D., had emigrated in 1887 to escape political and anti-semitic persecution.[2]: 2–4  His mother, Sarah (Mandelbaum) Sidis, M.D., and her family had fled the pogroms in the late 1880s.[2]: 7  Sarah attended Boston University and graduated from its School of Medicine in 1897.[3]

William was named after his godfather, Boris' friend and colleague, the American philosopher William James. Boris was a psychiatrist and published numerous books and articles, performing pioneering work in abnormal psychology. He was a polyglot, and his son William would become one at a young age.

Sidis's parents believed in nurturing a precocious and fearless love of knowledge (but their methods of parenting were criticized in the media and retrospectively[4][2]: 281, Epilogue ). Sidis could read The New York Times at 18 months.[2]: 23  By age eight, he had reportedly taught himself eight languages (Latin, Greek, French, Russian, German, Hebrew, Turkish, and Armenian) and invented another, which he called "Vendergood".

Harvard University and college life (1909–1915)

Although the University had previously refused to let his father enroll him at age 9 because he was still a child, Sidis set a record in 1909 by becoming the youngest person to enroll at Harvard University. In early 1910, Sidis' mastery of higher mathematics was such that he lectured the Harvard Mathematical Club on four-dimensional bodies which brought him nationwide attention.[5][6] Notable child prodigy, cybernetics pioneer Norbert Wiener, who also attended Harvard at the time and knew Sidis later stated in his book Ex-Prodigy: "The talk would have done credit to a first or second-year graduate student of any age...talk represented the triumph of the unaided efforts of a very brilliant child."[7] MIT physics professor Daniel F. Comstock was full of praises: "Karl Friedrich Gauss is the only example in history, of all prodigies, whom Sidis resembles. I predict that young Sidis will be a great astronomical mathematician. He will evolve new theories and invent new ways of calculating astronomical phenomena. I believe he will be a great mathematician, the leader in that science in the future."[2] Sidis began taking a full-time course load in 1910 and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree, cum laude, on June 18, 1914, at age 16.[8]

Shortly after graduation, he told reporters that he wanted to live the perfect life, which to him meant living in seclusion. He granted an interview to a reporter from the Boston Herald. The paper reported Sidis's vows to remain celibate and never to marry, as he said women did not appeal to him. Later he developed a strong affection for Martha Foley, one year older than him. He later enrolled at Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

According to The Prodigy: a Biography of William James Sidis, he briefly served at the League of Nations before leaving because U.S. president Woodrow Wilson would not withdraw troops deployed during the Great War. He was outspoken about his pacifism.

Teaching and further education (1915–1919)

After a group of Harvard students threatened Sidis physically, his parents secured him a job at the William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters, Science, and Art (now Rice University) in Houston, Texas, as a mathematics teaching assistant. He arrived at Rice in December 1915 at the age of 17. He was a graduate fellow working toward his doctorate.

Sidis taught three classes: Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, and freshman math (he wrote a textbook for the Euclidean geometry course in Greek).[2]: 112  After less than a year, frustrated with the department, his teaching requirements, and his treatment by students older than himself, Sidis left his post and returned to New England. When a friend later asked him why he had left, he replied, "I never knew why they gave me the job in the first place—I'm not much of a teacher. I didn't leave: I was asked to go." Sidis abandoned his pursuit of a graduate degree in mathematics and enrolled at the Harvard Law School in September 1916, but withdrew in good standing in his final year in March 1919.[9]

Politics and arrest (1919–1921)

In 1919, shortly after his withdrawal from law school, Sidis was arrested for participating in a socialist May Day parade in Boston that turned violent. He was sentenced to 18 months in prison under the Sedition Act of 1918 by Roxbury Municipal Court Judge Albert F Hayden. Sidis' arrest featured prominently in newspapers, as his early graduation from Harvard had garnered considerable local celebrity status. During the trial, Sidis stated that he had been a conscientious objector to the World War I draft, was a socialist, and did not believe in a god like the "big boss of the Christians," but rather in something that is in a way apart from a human being.[10][11] He later developed his own libertarian philosophy based on individual rights and "the American social continuity".[12][13] His father arranged with the district attorney to keep Sidis out of prison before his appeal came to trial; his parents, instead, held him in their sanatorium in New Hampshire for a year. They took him to California, where he spent another year.[14] While at the sanatorium, his parents set about "reforming" him and threatened him with transfer to an insane asylum.[14]

Later life (1921–1944)

After returning to the East Coast in 1921, Sidis was determined to live an independent and private life. He only took work running adding machines or other fairly menial tasks. He worked in New York City and became estranged from his parents. It took years before he was cleared legally to return to Massachusetts, and he was concerned about his risk of arrest for years. He obsessively collected streetcar transfers, wrote self-published periodicals, and taught small circles of interested friends his version of American history. In 1933, Sidis passed a Civil Service exam in New York, but scored a low ranking of 254.[15] In a private letter, Sidis wrote that this was "not so encouraging".[15] In 1935, he wrote an unpublished manuscript, The Tribes and the States, which traces Native American contributions to American democracy.[16]

In 1944, Sidis won a settlement from The New Yorker for an article published in 1937.[17] He had alleged it contained many false statements.[18] Under the title "Where Are They Now?", James Thurber pseudonymously described Sidis's life as lonely, in a "hall bedroom in Boston's shabby South End".[19] Lower courts had dismissed Sidis as a public figure with no right to challenge personal publicity. He lost an appeal of an invasion of privacy lawsuit at the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1940 over the same article. Judge Charles Edward Clark expressed sympathy for Sidis, who claimed that the publication had exposed him to "public scorn, ridicule, and contempt" and caused him "grievous mental anguish [and] humiliation," but found that the court was not disposed to "afford to all the intimate details of private life an absolute immunity from the prying of the press".[20]

Sidis died from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1944 in Boston at age 46.[21] His father had died from the same malady in 1923 at age 56.

Publications and subjects of research

From writings on cosmology, to writings on Native American history, to Notes on the Collection of Transfers, and several purported lost texts on anthropology, philology, and transportation systems, Sidis covered a broad range of subjects. Some of his ideas concerned cosmological reversibility[22] and "social continuity".[23]

In The Animate and the Inanimate (1925), Sidis predicted the existence of regions of space where the second law of thermodynamics operated in reverse to the temporal direction that we experience in our local area. Everything outside of what we would today call a galaxy would be such a region. Sidis claimed that the matter in this region would not generate light. Sidis's The Tribes and the States (c. 1935) employs the pseudonym "John W. Shattuck", purporting to give a 100,000-year history of the Settlement of the Americas, from prehistoric times to 1828.[24] In this text, he suggests that "there were red men at one time in Europe as well as in America".[25]

Sidis was also a "peridromophile", a term he coined for people fascinated with transportation research and streetcar systems. He wrote a treatise on streetcar transfers under the pseudonym of "Frank Folupa" that identified means of increasing public transport usage.[26]

In 1930, Sidis received a patent for a rotary perpetual calendar that took into account leap years.[27]

The Animate and the Inanimate

Sidis wrote The Animate and the Inanimate to detail his thoughts on the origins of life, cosmology, and the potential reversibility of the second law through Maxwell's Demon, among other things. It was published in 1925;[28] however, it has been suggested that Sidis was working on the theory as early as 1916.[29] One motivation for writing this theory appears to be to explain psychologist and philosopher William James's "reserve energy" theory which claimed that there was "reserve energy" that could be used by people when put under extreme conditions, Sidis' own "forced prodigy" upbringing being a result of testing said theory. The work is one of the few works that Sidis did not write under a pseudonym.

In The Animate and the Inanimate, Sidis states that the universe is infinite, as well as it containing sections of "negative tendencies" where[30] various laws of physics were reversed that are juxtaposed with "positive tendencies", which switch over epochs of time. Sidis states that there was not an "origin of life", but that life has always existed and that it has only changed through evolution. Sidis also adopts Eduard Pflüger's cyanogen based life theory, and Sidis cites "organic" things such as almonds (his example) that have cyanogen that doesn't kill, as cyanogen (and derivatives thereof) is normally a highly toxic substance thus making this a strange anomaly. Sidis describes his theory as a fusion of the mechanistic model of life and the vitalist model of life, as well as entertaining the notion of life coming to earth from asteroids (as advanced by Lord Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz). Sidis also states that functionally speaking, stars are "alive" and undergo an eternally repeating light-dark cycle, reversing the second law in the dark portion of the cycle.[31]

For all intents and purposes, Sidis' theory at the time of its release was ignored,[17] only to be found in an attic in 1979. Upon this discovery, Buckminster Fuller (who was a classmate of William James Sidis) said the following in regards to The Animate and the Inanimate:[32]

Imagine my excitement and joy on being handed this xerox of Sidis' 1925 book, in which he clearly predicts the black hole. In fact, I find his whole book, The Animate and the Inanimate to be a fine cosmological piece. I find him focusing on the same subjects that fascinate me, and coming to about the same conclusions as those I have published in SYNERGETICS, and will be publishing in SYNERGETICS Volume II, which has already gone to the press.
As a Harvard man of a generation later, I hope you will become as excited as I am at this discovery that Sidis did go on after college to do the most magnificent thinking and writing."

— Buckminster Fuller

Vendergood language

Sidis created a constructed language called Vendergood in his second book, the Book of Vendergood, which he wrote at the age of 8. The language was mostly based on Latin and Greek, but also drew on German and French and other Romance languages.[2] It distinguished between eight moods: indicative, potential, imperative absolute, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, optative, and Sidis's own strongeable.[2]: 41  One of its chapters is titled "Imperfect and Future Indicative Active". Other parts explain the origin of Roman numerals. It uses base 12 instead of base 10:

  • eis – one
  • duet – two
  • tre – three
  • guar – four
  • quin – five
  • sex – six
  • sep – seven
  • oo(oe?) – eight
  • non – nine
  • ecem – ten
  • elevenos – eleven
  • dec – twelve
  • eidec (eis, dec) – thirteen

Most of the examples are presented in the form of tests:

  1. Do I love the young man? = Amevo (-)ne the neania?
  2. The bowman obscures. = The toxoteis obscurit.
  3. I am learning Vendergood. = (Euni) disceuo Vendergood.
  4. What do you learn? (sing.). = Quen diseois-nar?
  5. I obscure ten farmers. = Obscureuo ecem agrieolai.[2]: 42–43 

The Tribes and the States

The Tribes and the States outlines the history of the Native Americans, focusing mostly on the Northeastern tribes and continuing up to the mid-19th century. It was written around 1935 but was never published for lack of completion at the time of Sidis' death. Sidis wrote the history under the pseudonym "John W. Shattuck". Much of the history was taken from wampum belts; Sidis explained, "The weaving of wampum belts is a sort of writing by means of belts of colored beads, in which the various designs of beads denoted different ideas according to a definitely accepted system, which could be read by anyone acquainted with wampum language, irrespective of what the spoken language is. Records and treaties are kept in this manner, and individuals could write letters to one another in this way."[33]

Much of the subject matter of the book is centered on the influence of Native Americans on migrating Europeans and the effect of Native Americans on the formation of the United States. It describes the origination of the federations that were to be an important event to the Founding Fathers.

Legacy

After his death, Helena Sidis claimed that her brother had an IQ reported in Abraham Sperling's 1946 book Psychology for the Millions as "the very highest that had ever been obtained",[34] but later authors found that some of his biographers, such as Amy Wallace, exaggerated how high his IQ actually was and exactly what Sperling had claimed.[15] Sperling actually wrote:[34]

Helena Sidis told me that a few years before his death, her brother Bill took an intelligence test with a psychologist. His score was the highest that had ever been obtained. In terms of IQ, the psychologist related that the figure would be between 250 and 300. Late in life William Sidis took general intelligence tests for Civil Service positions in New York and Boston. His phenomenal ratings are matter of record.

It has been acknowledged that Helena and William's mother Sarah had developed a reputation of exaggerated claims about the Sidis family.[15] Helena had also falsely claimed that the Civil Service exam William took in 1933 was an IQ test and that his ranking of 254 was instead an IQ score of 254.[15] It is speculated that the number "254" was actually William's placement on the list after he passed the Civil Service exam, as he stated in a letter sent to his family.[35] Helena also claimed that "Billy knew all the languages in the world, while my father only knew 27. I wonder if there were any Billy didn't know."[15] This claim was not backed by any other source outside the Sidis family, and Sarah Sidis also made an improbable claim in her 1950 book The Sidis Story that William could learn a language in just one day.[15] Boris Sidis had once dismissed tests of intelligence as "silly, pedantic, absurd, and grossly misleading".[36] Regardless of the exaggerations, Sidis was judged by contemporaries such as MIT Physics professor Daniel Frost Comstock and American mathematician Norbert Wiener (who wrote about Sidis in his autobiography) to have had real ability.[37][2]: 54 [38]

Sidis' life and work, particularly his ideas about Native Americans, are extensively discussed in Robert M. Pirsig's book Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991).[39] Sidis is also discussed in Ex-Prodigy, an autobiography by mathematician Norbert Wiener (1894–1964), who was a prodigy himself.[40]

The Danish author Morten Brask [da] wrote a novel as a fictional account based on Sidis' life; The Perfect Life of William Sidis was published in Denmark in 2011. Another novel based on his biography was published by the German author Klaus Cäsar Zehrer [de] in 2017.[41]

In education discussions

The debate about Sidis' manner of upbringing occurred within a larger discourse about the best way to educate children. Newspapers criticized Boris Sidis' child-rearing methods. Most educators of the day believed that schools should expose children to common experiences to create good citizens. Most psychologists thought intelligence was hereditary, a position that precluded early childhood education at home.[42]

The difficulties Sidis encountered in dealing with the social structure of a collegiate setting may have shaped opinion against allowing such children to rapidly advance through higher education in his day. Research indicates that a challenging curriculum can relieve social and emotional difficulties commonly experienced by gifted children.[43] Embracing these findings, several colleges now have procedures for early entrance. The Davidson Institute for Talent Development has developed a guidebook on the topic.[44]

Sidis was portrayed derisively in the press of the day. The New York Times, for example, described him as "a wonderfully successful result of a scientific forcing experiment".[4] His mother later maintained that newspaper accounts of her son bore little resemblance to him.

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ "A Genius Among Us: The Sad Story of William J. Sidis". Today I Found Out. December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wallace, Amy (1986). The prodigy: a biography of William James Sidis, the world's greatest child prodigy. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333432235.
  3. ^ "History of Homeopathy and Its Institutions in America By William Harvey King, M.D., LL.D. Presented by Sylvain Cazalet". Homeoint.org. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Sidis Could Read at Two Years Old; Youngest Harvard Undergraduate Under Father's Scientific Forcing Process Almost from Birth. Good Typewriter at Four; At 5 Composed Text Book on Anatomy, in Grammar School at 6, Then Studied German, French, Latin, and Russian". The New York Times. October 18, 1909. p. 7.
  5. ^ Montour, Kathleen (April 1977). "William James Sidis, the broken twig". American Psychologist. 32 (4): 265–279. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.32.4.265.
  6. ^ "Wonderful Boys of History Compared With Sidis. All Except Macaulay Showed Special Ability in Mathematics. Instances of Boys Having 'Universal Genius'". The New York Times. January 16, 1910. p. SM11. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  7. ^ Renselle, Doug. "A Review of Kathleen Montour's William James Sidis, The Broken Twig". Quantonics.com. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  8. ^ "Harvard College, 1952". Retrieved November 26, 2014 – via Sidis.net.
  9. ^ "Harvard Transcripts". Retrieved May 25, 2011 – via Sidis.net.
  10. ^ "Sidis Gets Year and Half in Jail". Boston Herald. May 14, 1919. Retrieved January 12, 2018. 'Do you believe in a god?' 'No.' Atty. Connolly then asked the court what God he meant, whereupon Judge Hayden replied, God Almighty. Here Sidis said that the kind of a God that he did not believe in was the 'big boss of the Christians,' adding that he believed in something that is in a way apart from a human being.
  11. ^ Mahony, Dan. "Frequently Asked Questions About W. J. Sidis". Retrieved January 12, 2018. Was he religious? 'He espoused no religion, but said that... the kind of a God he did not believe in was the "big boss of the Christians", adding that he believed in something that is in a way apart from a human being (Boston Herald, May 14, 1919).'
  12. ^ Sidis, William James (June 1938). "Libertarian". Continuity News (2). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4.
  13. ^ Sidis, William James. "The Concept of Rights". American Independence Society. Retrieved November 26, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ a b "Railroading in the Past". Retrieved May 25, 2011 – via Sidis.net.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "The Logics – Was William James Sidis the Smartest Man on Earth". Thelogics.org. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  16. ^ Johansen, Bruce E. (Fall 1989). "William James Sidis' 'Tribes and States': An Unpublished Exploration of Native American Contributions to Democracy". Northeast Indian Quarterly. 6 (3): 24–29 – via eric.ed.gov.
  17. ^ a b Bates, Stephen (2011). "The Prodigy and the Press: William James Sidis, Anti-Intellectualism, and Standards of Success". J&MC Quarterly. 88 (2): 374–397. doi:10.1177/107769901108800209. ISSN 1077-6990. S2CID 145637498.
  18. ^ "Sidis vs New Yorker". Sidis.net. February 29, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  19. ^ LaMay, Craig L. (2003). Journalism and the Debate Over Privacy. LEA's Communication Series. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8058-4626-3.
  20. ^ Seitz, Robert N. (2002). "Review of Amy Wallace, The Prodigy (1986)". High IQ News. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  21. ^ Smith, Shirley (July 19, 1944). "Letter to the Editor". Boston Traveler. Retrieved May 25, 2011 – via Sidis.net.
  22. ^ Sidis, William James (1925). "The Animate and the Inanimate". Boston: The Gorham Press. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ Sidis, William James. "Continuity News" – via Sidis.net.
  24. ^ "The Tribes and the States, Table of Contents". Sidis.net. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  25. ^ "The Tribes and the States, Native American history". Sidis.net. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  26. ^ "Notes on the Collection of Transfers". June 20, 1926. Retrieved May 25, 2011 – via Sidis.net.
  27. ^ "Perpetual Calendar". United States Patent Office. December 9, 1930. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  28. ^ "The Animate and the Inanimate". Sidis.net. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  29. ^ "Letter to Huxley". Sidis.net. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  30. ^ "The Animate and the Inanimate : William James Sidis". Archived from the original on December 10, 2000. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  31. ^ "ANIM11". October 24, 2000. Archived from the original on October 24, 2000. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  32. ^ "Bucky Ltr". March 3, 2001. Archived from the original on March 3, 2001. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  33. ^ William James Sidis, 'The Tribes And The States: 100,000-Year History of North America' (via sidis.net)
  34. ^ a b Sperling, Abraham Paul (1947). Psychology for the Millions. New York: Frederick Fell. pp. 332–339. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  35. ^ Gowdy, Larry Neal (October 20, 2013). "Myths, Facts, Lies, and Humor About William James Sidis – Part One". thelogics.org. Retrieved March 4, 2016. A letter written by William Sidis stated that he had taken a civil service exam, that he passed the state clerical exam, and that he was number 254 on the list; "not so encouraging". It may never be known if Sidis actually did take an IQ test, and it may never be known if the 250–300 number arrived from Sidis' placement in the job pool.
  36. ^ "Foundations of Normal and Abnormal psychology". Sidis.net. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  37. ^ Manley, Jared L.; (James Thurber) (August 14, 1937). "Where Are They Now? April Fool!". The New Yorker. pp. 22–26. Retrieved February 13, 2020 – via sidis.net.
  38. ^ Pirsig, Robert M. (1991). Lila. p. 55. Retrieved February 13, 2020 – via sidis.net.
  39. ^ "Lila: An Inquiry into Morals". barnesandnoble.com. Barnes & Noble. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  40. ^ "Ex-Prodigy". The MIT Press. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  41. ^ Zehrer, Klaus Cäsar (2017). Das Genie (in German). Zürich: Diogenes Verlag. ISBN 978-3-257-06998-3.
  42. ^ Kett, Joseph F. (1978). "Curing the Disease of Precocity". The American Journal of Sociology. 84 (suppl): S183–S211. doi:10.1086/649240. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 3083227. S2CID 144509596.
  43. ^ Neihart, Maureen; Reis, Sally M.; Robinson, Nancy M.; Moon, Sidney M., eds. (2002). The Social and Emotional Development of Gifted Children: What Do We Know. National Association for Gifted Children (Prufrock Press, Inc.). pp. 286–287.
  44. ^ Considering the Options: A Guidebook for Investigating Early College Entrance (PDF). Print.ditd.org. Retrieved November 26, 2014.

Sources

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