List of communist monuments in Ukraine
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In Ukraine, monuments to Lenin and other Soviet-era monuments have been made illegal by Ukrainian decommunization laws that came into force on 21 May 2015.[1] This law mandated the monuments to be removed within a six months period that started on 15 May 2015.[2]
Since Ukrainian independence (in 1991) communist monuments were already being removed[3] and until 2014 new monuments were also erected.[4] In the aftermath of the 2013-2014 Euromaidan protests many of them were recently toppled. On 15 May 2015 President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko signed the bill into law that started a six months period for the removal of the communist monuments.[2]
Outlawing of communist monuments
Early attempts
On 6 October 2009, addressing participants of the Second Ecumenical Week held in Ukrainian Catholic University, then First Lady Kateryna Yushchenko called on all Ukrainians to pull down monuments to the Communist past. According to her, the Communist regime had been consistently active in destroying the Ukrainian church. "Having destroyed age-long belief in Christ, the Communists proposed their own idols instead; the culture and faith of Ukrainians was deformed and are in need of renovation", according to Kateryna Yushchenko.[5]
Pulling down of monuments
The removal or destruction of Lenin monuments and statues gained particular momentum during the EuroMaidan movement in the beginning of 2014. Under the motto "Ленінопад" (Leninopad, translated into English as "Leninfall"), activists pulled down a dozen monuments in the Kyiv region, Zhytomyr, Khmelnitsky, and elsewhere, or damaged them.[6] In other cities and towns, monuments were removed by organised heavy equipment and transported to scrapyards or dumps.[7]
By February 25, 2014 an estimate ran of over 90 statues and monuments being pulled down, removed or relocated.[8][9] Since February 2014 and mid-April 2015, more than 500 statues of Lenin were dismantled in Ukraine, and nearly 1,700 were still standing.[citation needed]
- Pulled down:
- Kyiv: a statue of Lenin stood in front of Bessarabsky Market. It had been erected in 1946. On June 30, 2009, the nose of the statue and part of the left hand were destroyed.[10][11][12] The statue was restored (at the expense of the Communist Party of Ukraine)[13] and re-unveiled on November 27, 2009 by Petro Symonenko, leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine. During this ceremony two representatives of Svoboda threw a bottle of red paint at the monument,[14][15] who were then attacked by attending Communists.[13] The fall of the monument to Lenin in Kyiv took place on December 8, 2013.[16][17]
- Andriyevo-Ivanove (Odessa Oblast): Lenin statue was broken in half on January 4, 2014.[18]
- Zhytomyr and Boyarka: Lenin statues were toppled by protesters on February 20, 2014.[19]
- Khmelnytsky: Lenin statue was mounted from 1970 to 1992. It was designed by E. Kuntsevych, architects — O. Ihnashchenko, Ye. Perekrest. It has been relocated to the park of Culture and Recreation. On February 21, 2014 it was destroyed.[20]
- tens of other locations
- Removed:
- Kyiv - on 26 August 1991 the executive committee of Kyiv voted to remove all the monuments of "Communist heroes" from public places, including the Lenin monument on the central October Revolution Square (now named Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square)).[21]
- Lviv, the Lenin statue was mounted from 1952 to 1990. It was designed by Sergey Merkurov, architect — I.O.Frantsuz.
- Dnipropetrovsk, 2 Lenin monuments were removed by the city in 2014; in March 2014 the city's Lenin Square was renamed "Heroes of Independence Square" in honor of the people killed during Euromaidan.[22][23] The statue of Lenin on the square was removed.[23][24] In June 2014 another Lenin monument was removed (parts of the monument were moved to a local history museum) and replaced by a monument for the Ukrainian military fighting against armed insurgents in the Donbass (region of Ukraine)[25][26]
- Zaporizhia - In March 2016, statues of Lenin, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Sergey Kirov and a Komsomol monument were removed or taken down.[27] The statue overlooking the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (formerly named Lenin Dam) was the largest remaining Lenin statue in Ukraine.[27]
- tens of other locations
- Relocated:
- Odessa, the Lenin statue was mounted in 1967 to 2006. It was designed by Matvey Manizer, О.М.Manizer, architects — I.Ye.Rozin, Yu.S.Lapin, М.М.Volkov. It was relocated to the park of Lenin's Komsomol.
- Sumy, the Lenin statue was mounted from 1982 to the early 2000s. It was designed by E.Kuntsevych, architects — O.Zavarov, I.Lanko. It has been relocated to the park at the city limits.
- tens of other locations
Law that outlawed the monuments
On 9 April 2015 the Ukrainian parliament passed legislation, submitted by the Second Yatsenyuk Government, banning the promotion of symbols of “Communist and National Socialist totalitarian regimes” this means that be mid-2015 all communist monuments in Ukraine have to be removed.[28][29] One of the main provisions of the bill was the recognition of the Soviet Union was "criminal" and one that it "pursued a state terror policy".[29][30] On 15 May 2015 President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko signed the bill into law; starting a six months period for the removal of the communist monuments.[2]
In 1991 Ukraine had 5,500 Lenin monuments.[31] By December 2015, 1,300 Lenin monuments were still standing.[31] On 16 January 2017 the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance announced that 1,320 Lenin monuments were dismantled during decommunization.[32]
In February 2019 "The Guardian" reported that the two Lenin statues in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone were the only two remaining statues of Lenin in Ukraine, if not taking to account occupied territories of Ukraine.[33] In January 2021 "Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty" located three remaining Lenin statues in three (Ukrainian controlled) small villages.[34]
See also
References
- ^ "Laws discommunization and status OUN and UPA published in "Holos Ukrayiny"". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 20 May 2015.
- ^ a b c Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization. Ukrayinska Pravda. 15 May 2015
Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes, Interfax-Ukraine. 15 May 20
Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols, BBC News (14 April 2015) - ^ Ukraine to remove 10 Soviet-era monuments, UNIAN (28-11-2008)
- ^ Two Lenin monuments opened in Luhansk Oblast, UNIAN (April 22, 2008)
- ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/western-information-agency-first-lady-calls-to-pul-50208.html , Kyiv Post (October 7, 2009)
- ^ "Ленінопад триває: вождя скинули в Каневі, Миколаєві, Херсоні". 22 February 2014.
- ^ "В Україні – Ленінопад: пам'ятники вождю падають один за одним".
- ^ "Good Bye, Lenin! Protesters Topple Soviet Statues Across Ukraine". HuffPost. 24 February 2014.
- ^ "Ленінопад: від комуністичного вождя звільнено вже 90 міст України | Експрес - онлайн". expres.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-02-24.
- ^ Vandals damage monument to Lenin in downtown Kyiv, Interfax-Ukraine (June 30, 2009)
- ^ Photos; Events by themes: In Kyiv injured a monument to Lenin, UNIAN (June 30, 2009)
- ^ Monument to Lenin is damaged in Kyiv, UNIAN (July 1, 2009)
- ^ a b (in Ukrainian) Події за темами: У Києві облили фарбою пам’ятник Леніну під час його відкриття після реставрації, UNIAN (November 27, 2009)
- ^ Monument to Lenin was opened with scandal, UNIAN (November 27, 2009
- ^ Police detain two persons who threw bottle of paint at Lenin monument in Kyiv, Kyiv Post (November 27, 2009)
- ^ "Ukrainian protesters topple Lenin statue in Kiev". Reuters. 8 December 2013.
- ^ "Ławrow: Zachód nadal wywiera nacisk na Ukrainę" (in Polish). Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
- ^ "Police: One more Lenin statue broken in Odesa region". 4 January 2014.
- ^ This night in Ukraine 'Leninopad', Ukrayinska Pravda (February 20, 2014)
- ^ Паламарчук В. У парку повалили пам’ятник Леніну (ВІДЕО + ОНОВЛЮЄТЬСЯ) // Є!. - February 21, 2014
- ^ Historic vote for independence, The Ukrainian Weekly (1 September 1991)
- ^ Ukraine: the Day After
- ^ a b In East Ukraine, fear of Putin, anger at Kiev
- ^ Пам'ятник Леніну у Дніпропетровську остаточно перетворили в купу каміння "Monument to Lenin in Dnipropetrovsk finally turned into a pile of stones"
- ^ "Lenin Statue Toppled in Ukrainian City of Dnipropetrovsk".
- ^ "У Дніпропетровську демонтували черговий пам'ятник Леніну".
- ^ a b Vitaly Shevchenko (1 Jun 2016), In pictures: Ukraine removes communist-era symbols, BBC News
- ^ Ukraine Purges Symbols of Its Communist Past, Newsweek, (10 April 2015)
- ^ a b Rada bans Communist, Nazi propaganda in Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (9 April 2015)
- ^ Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols, BBC News (14 April 2015)
- ^ a b Out of Sight, The Ukrainian Week (28 December 2015)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Dekomunizuvaly monuments to Lenin in 1320, Bandera set 4, Ukrayinska Pravda (16 January 2017)
(in Ukrainian) WITH 50 THOUSAND RENAMED OBJECTS PLACE NAMES, ONLY 34 ARE NAMED AFTER BANDERA, Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance (16 January 2017) - ^ Revisiting Chernobyl: 'It is a huge cemetery of dreams', The Guardian (28 February 2019)
- ^ Goodbye Lenin? Not In These Ukrainian Villages, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (19 January 2021)
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