Adaptations and portrayals of F. Scott Fitzgerald
F. Scott Fitzgerald was an American writer known for his novels and short stories which often celebrated the decadence and excess of the Jazz Age. Many of his literary works were adapted into cinematic films, television episodes, and theatrical productions. Although a number of his works were adapted during his lifetime, the number of adaptations greatly increased following his death, and several cinematic adaptations gained considerable critical acclaim.
The earliest adaptations of Fitzgerald's work were flapper film comedies such as The Husband Hunter (1920) and The Off-Shore Pirate (1921). Notable film adaptations of his novel The Great Gatsby include a 1974 film—which featured a script by Francis Ford Coppola and starred Robert Redford and Mia Farrow—and a 2013 adaptation which featured Leonardo DiCaprio in the titular role. His later novel The Last Tycoon was adapted by Elia Kazan into a 1976 film, with an ensemble cast featuring Robert De Niro and Jack Nicholson among others.
Beyond adaptations of his novels and stories, Fitzgerald himself has been portrayed in a variety of media, including novels and theatrical productions. On film, he has been portrayed by actors such as Tom Hiddleston, Jeremy Irons, and Gregory Peck.
Adaptations
[edit]Short stories
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Fitzgerald's stories and novels have been adapted many times into a variety of media formats. His earliest short stories were cinematically adapted as flapper comedies such as The Husband Hunter (1920), The Chorus Girl's Romance (1920), and The Off-Shore Pirate (1921). The latter two both starred Viola Dana.[1] His short story "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" was adapted in 1951 as a CBS Starlight Theatre episode starring Julie Harris and in 1976 as a PBS American Short Story episode starring Shelley Duvall.[2] Additionally, his short story "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" was the basis for a 2008 film.[3]
Novels
[edit]Nearly every novel by Fitzgerald has been adapted for the screen. His second novel The Beautiful and Damned was filmed in 1922 and 2010.[4] His third novel The Great Gatsby has been adapted numerous times for both film and television over the past century, most notably in the 1926, 1949, 1958, 1974, 2000, and 2013 incarnations.[5] His fourth novel Tender Is the Night was made into a 1955 CBS television episode, an eponymous 1962 film, and a BBC television miniseries in 1985.[6] In 1976, his unfinished fifth novel The Last Tycoon was adapted into a film starring Robert de Niro,[7] and in 2016 it was adapted as an Amazon Prime TV miniseries.[8]
Portrayals
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Beyond adaptations of his novels and stories, Fitzgerald himself has been portrayed in dozens of books, plays, and films. He inspired Budd Schulberg's novel The Disenchanted (1950), which follows an apprentice screenwriter in Hollywood collaborating with a drunk and flawed novelist.[9] It was later adapted into a Broadway play starring Jason Robards.[10] A musical about the lives of Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda Sayre was composed by Frank Wildhorn in 2005 and entitled Waiting for the Moon.[11] Due to his continuing appeal and international reputation as an author, the Japanese Takarazuka Revue created a musical adaptation of Fitzgerald's life.[12]
The last years of Fitzgerald's life and his relationship with Sheilah Graham served as the basis for Beloved Infidel (1959) based on Graham's 1958 memoir of the same name.[13] The film depicts an alcoholic Fitzgerald (played by Gregory Peck) and his struggle with sobriety while romancing Graham (played by Deborah Kerr).[13] Another film, Last Call (2002) chronicles the relations between Fitzgerald (Jeremy Irons) and his private secretary Frances Kroll Ring (Neve Campbell).[14]
Other depictions include the TV movies Zelda (1993, with Timothy Hutton), F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976, with Jason Miller), and The Last of the Belles (1974, with Richard Chamberlain). Tom Hiddleston and Alison Pill appear briefly as Fitzgerald and Zelda in Woody Allen's 2011 feature film Midnight in Paris.[15] David Hoflin and Christina Ricci portray the Fitzgeralds in the 2015 television series Z: The Beginning of Everything.[16] Guy Pearce and Vanessa Kirby portray the couple in Genius (2016).[17]
List of adaptations
[edit]Films
[edit]Short films
[edit]| Year | Title | Director | Notes | Distributor | RT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | Pusher-in-the-Face | Robert Florey | Based on the short story of the same name. | Paramount Pictures | — |
| 2012 | The Dashing Mr. Lowell | Kevin Tello | Based on the short story of the same name. | Carosello Productions | — |
| 2012 | The Lost Decade | Nic Fforde | Based on the short story of the same name. | IMS Film & Media Insurance | — |
| 2013 | The Offshore Pirate | Eric Heimbold | Based on the short story "The Offshore Pirate". | — | |
| 2014 | Head and Shoulders | Travis Mills | Based on the short story "Head and Shoulders". | Running Wild Films | — |
| 2015 | Bernice Bobs Her Hair | Delilah Napier | Based on the short story of the same name. | — |
Television
[edit]| Year | Title | Notes | Distributor | Network | RT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | The Last Tycoon | Episode of Philco Television Playhouse based on the novel. | Showcase Productions | NBC | — |
| 1950 | "The Cut Glass Bowl" | Episode of Nash Airlyfte Theater based on the short story. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1950 | "Three Hours Between Planes" | Episode of Starlight Theatre based on the short story. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1951 | "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" | Episode of Starlight Theatre based on the short story. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1951 | The Last Tycoon | Episode of Robert Montgomery Presents based on the novel. | Neptune Productions | NBC | — |
| 1952 | "Rich Boy" | Episode of Philco Television Playhouse based on the short story. | Showcase Productions | NBC | — |
| 1952 | "The Party" | Episode of Curtain Call based on the short story. | Worthington Miner | NBC | — |
| 1952 | "Three Hours Between Planes" | Episode of Lux Theatre based on the short story. | J. Walter Thompson Agency | CBS | — |
| 1953 | "The Last Kiss" | Episode of Schlitz Playhouse based on the short story. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1953 | "The Dance" | Episode of Suspense based on the short story. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1954 | "Babylon Revisited" | Episode of Ponds Theater based on the short story. | J. Walter Thompson Agency | ABC | — |
| 1955 | The Great Gatsby | Episode of Robert Montgomery Presents based on the novel. | Neptune Productions | NBC | — |
| 1955 | "The Dance" | Episode of Climax! based on the short story. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1955 | Tender Is the Night | Episode of Front Row Center based on the novel. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1955 | "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz" | Episode of Kraft Theatre based on the short story. | J. Walter Thompson Agency | NBC | — |
| 1956 | "Winter Dreams" | Episode of Front Row Center based on the short story. | CBS Television Network | CBS | — |
| 1956 | "Three Hours Between Planes" | Episode of Star Tonight based on the short story. | ABC Television Network | ABC | — |
| 1956 | "The Young and the Beautiful" | Episode of Robert Montgomery Presents based on the short story. | Neptune Productions | NBC | — |
| 1957 | The Last Tycoon | Episode of Playhouse 90 based on the novel. | CBS Productions | CBS | — |
| 1957 | "Winter Dreams" | Episode of Playhouse 90 based on the short story. | CBS Productions | CBS | — |
| 1958 | The Great Gatsby | Episode of Playhouse 90 based on the novel. | CBS Productions | CBS | — |
| 1958 | "The Last of the Belles" | Episode of Kraft Theatre based on the short story. | J. Walter Thompson Agency | NBC | — |
| 1959 | The Last Tycoon | Episode of Armchair Theatre based on the novel. | ABC Weekend Television | ITV | — |
| 1962 | "Crazy Sunday" | Episode of The Dick Powell Theatre based on the short story. | Four Star Productions | NBC | — |
| 1963 | "The Camel's Back" | Episode of Teletale based on the short story. | British Broadcasting Corporation | BBC | — |
| 1958 | "Majesty" | Episode of The Jazz Age based on the short story. | British Broadcasting Corporation | BBC | — |
| 1974 | The Last of the Belles | Television film based on the short story. | Titus Productions | ABC | — |
| 1976 | "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" | Television film based on the short story. | PBS Television Network | PBS | — |
| 1984 | "Under the Biltmore Clock" | Episode of American Playhouse based on "Myra Meets His Family". | PBS Television Network | PBS | — |
| 1985 | Tender Is the Night | Television mini-series based on the novel. | 20th Century Fox Television | BBC | — |
| 2000 | The Great Gatsby | Television film based on the novel. | A&E Television Networks | A&E | — |
| 2016 | The Last Tycoon | Television mini-series based on the novel. | Amazon Studios | Prime Video | 44%[30] |
List of portrayals
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Mizener 1951, p. 330; The New York Times 1920, p. D2.
- ^ Hischak 2012, p. 23.
- ^ Scott 2008.
- ^ Tate 1998, p. 14.
- ^ Hall 1926; Coppola 2013; Kendall 2013.
- ^ Hischak 2012, p. 240.
- ^ Canby 1976.
- ^ Ryan 2017.
- ^ Gopnik 2014.
- ^ Nelson 1958.
- ^ Blank 2012.
- ^ Buckton 2013.
- ^ a b Graham & Frank 1958, pp. vii–ix, 172–173
- ^ Genzlinger 2002; Ring 1985.
- ^ Berger 2011.
- ^ Wollaston 2017.
- ^ Scott 2016.
- ^ "The Beautiful and Damned (1922)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Great Gatsby (1926)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Great Gatsby (1949)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Great Gatsby (1974)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Great Gatsby (1974)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Last Tycoon (1976)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Last Tycoon (1976)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Great Gatsby (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Great Gatsby (2013)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Last Tycoon (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ "Midnight in Paris (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ^ "Midnight in Paris (2011)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ^ "Z: The Beginning of Everything (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ^ "Z: The Beginning of Everything (2016)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ^ "Genius (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ^ "Genius (2016)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
Works cited
[edit]- Berger, Joseph (May 27, 2011), "Decoding Woody Allen's 'Midnight in Paris'", The New York Times, New York City, archived from the original on July 11, 2020, retrieved April 30, 2020
- Blank, Matthew (October 16, 2012), "Photo Exclusive: Enter the 'Roaring Twenties' World of Frank Wildhorn's Zelda With Lauren Kennedy", Playbill, New York City, archived from the original on April 29, 2021, retrieved June 28, 2021
- Buckton, Mark (April 14, 2013), "Takarazuka: Japan's Newest 'Traditional' Theater Turns 100", The Japan Times, Tokyo, Japan, archived from the original on August 16, 2021, retrieved June 28, 2021
- Canby, Vincent (November 18, 1976), "'Tycoon' Echoes 30's Hollywood", The New York Times, New York City, archived from the original on August 19, 2019
- Coppola, Francis Ford (April 16, 2013), "Gatsby and Me", Town & Country, New York City, archived from the original on February 2, 2017, retrieved June 27, 2021
- Genzlinger, Neil (May 24, 2002), "The Downside of Paradise: Fitzgerald's Final Days", The New York Times, New York City, archived from the original on September 28, 2021, retrieved September 27, 2021
- Gopnik, Adam (September 22, 2014), "As Big as the Ritz: The Mythology of the Fitzgeralds", The New Yorker, New York City, archived from the original on December 30, 2018, retrieved October 1, 2018
- Graham, Sheilah; Frank, Gerold (1958), Beloved Infidel: The Education of a Woman, New York: Henry Holt and Company, LCCN 58-14130 – via Internet Archive
- Hall, Mordaunt (November 22, 1926), "Gold and Cocktails", The New York Times, New York City, archived from the original on April 13, 2021, retrieved April 30, 2020
- Hischak, Thomas S. (June 18, 2012), American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations, London: McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0-7864-6842-3, archived from the original on September 28, 2021, retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Google Books
- Kendall, Mary Claire (May 10, 2013), "Loving 'Gatsby' All About 'Living Fitzgerald'", Forbes, Jersey City, New Jersey, archived from the original on December 6, 2019, retrieved May 26, 2014
- Mizener, Arthur (1951), The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin – via Internet Archive
- "Metro's New Pictures", The New York Times, p. D2, August 29, 1920, archived from the original on September 16, 2021, retrieved September 15, 2021
- Nelson, Bryce E. (November 5, 1958), "The Disenchanted: At the Colonial through Nov. 15", The Harvard Crimson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, archived from the original on August 18, 2021, retrieved June 28, 2021
- Ring, Frances Kroll (1985), Against the Current: As I Remember F. Scott Fitzgerald, Berkeley, California: Creative Arts Book Company, ISBN 0-88739-001-3 – via Internet Archive
- Ryan, Maureen (July 26, 2017), "Review: 'The Last Tycoon' on Amazon", Variety, Los Angeles, California, archived from the original on August 15, 2020, retrieved September 27, 2020
- Scott, A. O. (June 9, 2016), "Review: 'Genius' Puts Max Perkins and Thomas Wolfe in a Literary Bromance", The New York Times, New York City, archived from the original on May 19, 2020, retrieved April 30, 2020
- Scott, A. O. (December 25, 2008), "It's the Age of a Child Who Grows From a Man", The New York Times, New York City, archived from the original on March 5, 2013, retrieved June 28, 2021
- Tate, Mary Jo (1998), F. Scott Fitzgerald A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work, New York: Facts On File, ISBN 0-8160-3150-9
- Wollaston, Sam (January 28, 2017), "Z: The Beginning of Everything review – Come on Zelda, Scott, where's the passion?", The Guardian, London, United Kingdom, ISSN 0261-3077, archived from the original on April 11, 2020, retrieved April 30, 2020