Medicago truncatula

Medicago truncatula
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Genus:	Medicago
Species:	M. truncatula
Binomial name
	Medicago truncatula; Gaertn.
Synonyms
	Medicago tribuloides Desr.; Medicago tribuloides var. breviaculeata Moris; Medicago truncatula var. breviaculeata (Moris) Urb.; Medicago truncatula var. longiaculeata Urb.; Medicago truncatula var. tribuloides (Desr.) Burnat; Medicago truncatula f. tricycla Nègre; Medicago truncatula var. tricycla (Nègre) Heyn

Medicago truncatula, the barrelclover,^[2] strong-spined medick,^[3] barrel medic, or barrel medick, is a small annual legume native to the Mediterranean region that is used in genomic research. It is a low-growing, clover-like plant 10–60 centimetres (3.9–23.6 in) tall with trifoliate leaves. Each leaflet is rounded, 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long, often with a dark spot in the center. The flowers are yellow, produced singly or in a small inflorescence of two to five together; the fruit is a small, spiny pod.

This species is studied as a model organism for legume biology because it has a small diploid genome, is self-fertile, has a rapid generation time and prolific seed production, is amenable to genetic transformation, and its genome has been sequenced.^[4]

It forms symbioses with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia (Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi including Rhizophagus irregularis (previously known as Glomus intraradices). The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana does not form either symbiosis, making M. truncatula an important tool for studying these processes.

It is also an important forage crop species in Australia.

Sequencing of the genome

The draft sequence of the genome of M. truncatula cultivar A17 was published in the journal Nature in 2011.^[4]

The sequencing was carried out by an international partnership of research laboratories involving researchers from the University of Oklahoma (US), J. Craig Venter Institute (US), Genoscope (France), and Sanger Centre (UK). Partner institutions included the University of Minnesota (US), University of California-Davis (US), the National Center for Genomic Resources (US), John Innes Centre (UK), Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (France), Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (Germany), Wageningen University (the Netherlands), and Ghent University (Belgium). The Medicago truncatula Sequencing Consortium began in 2001 with a seed grant from the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. In 2003, the National Science Foundation and the European Union 6th Framework Programme began providing most of the funding. By 2009, 84% of the genome assembly had been completed.^[5]

The assembly of the genome sequence in M. truncatula was based on bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). This is the same approach used to sequence the genomes of humans, the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. In July 2013, version 4.0 of the genome was released.^[6] This version combined sequences gained from shotgun sequencing with the BAC-based sequence assemblies, which has helped to fill in the gaps in the previously mapped sequences.

A parallel group known as the International Medicago Gene Annotation Group (IMGAG) is responsible for identifying and describing putative gene sequences within the genome sequence.

Symbioses with soil microorganisms

Researcher Toby Kiers of VU University Amsterdam and associates used M. truncatula to study symbioses between plants and fungi – and to see whether the partners in the relationship could distinguish between good and bad traders/suppliers. By using labeled carbon to track the source of nutrient flowing through the arbuscular mycorrhizal system, the researchers have proven that the plants had indeed given more carbon to the more generous fungus species. By restricting the amount of carbon the plants gave to the fungus, the researchers also demonstrated that the fungi did pass along more of their phosphorus to the more generous plants.^[7]

Proteome

Proteomic investigation by mass spectrometry has been performed by Wienkoop et al 2004 and Larrainzar et al 2007.^[8]

References

^ Rhodes, L. (2016). "Medicago truncatula". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. IUCN: e.T176489A19401776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T176489A19401776.en.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Medicago truncatula". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ ^a ^b Young, Nevin D.; Debellé, Frédéric; Oldroyd, Giles E. D.; Geurts, Rene; Cannon, Steven B.; Udvardi, Michael K.; Benedito, Vagner A.; Mayer, Klaus F. X.; Gouzy, Jérôme; Schoof, Heiko; Van de Peer, Yves; Proost, Sebastian; Cook, Douglas R.; Meyers, Blake C.; Spannagl, Manuel; Cheung, Foo; De Mita, Stéphane; Krishnakumar, Vivek; Gundlach, Heidrun; Zhou, Shiguo; Mudge, Joann; Bharti, Arvind K.; Murray, Jeremy D.; Naoumkina, Marina A.; Rosen, Benjamin; Silverstein, Kevin A. T.; Tang, Haibao; Rombauts, Stephane; Zhao, Patrick X.; et al. (16 November 2011). "The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses". Nature. 480 (7378): 520–524. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..520Y. doi:10.1038/nature10625. PMC 3272368. PMID 22089132.
^ "Medicago Sequencing - genome statistics". medicago.org. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ "JCVI: Medicago / Home". Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
^ Milius, Susan (23 September 2013). "Plants and fungi recognize generous trading partners". Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
^ Schulze, Waltraud X.; Usadel, Björn (2010-06-02). "Quantitation in Mass-Spectrometry-Based Proteomics". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 61 (1). Annual Reviews: 491–516. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112132. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 20192741.

External links

The Medicago truncatula Consortium
Medicago truncatula Hapmap Project
TIGR's link to Genome Browser and Gene Index
The Medicago Gene Expression Atlas at Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation
Medicago truncatula eFP Browser Viewer for gene expression data from the Medicago Gene Expression Atlas project, at the Provart Lab's Bio-Array Resource website
INRA Medicago truncatula Stock Center – France
Choi, Hong-Kyu; Mun, Jeong-Hwan; Kim, Dong-Jin; Zhu, Hongyan; Baek, Jong-Min; Mudge, Joanne; Roe, Bruce; Ellis, Noel; Doyle, Jeff; Kiss, Gyorgy B.; Young, Nevin D.; Cook, Douglas R. (26 October 2004). "Estimating genome conservation between crop and model legume species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (43): 15289–15294. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10115289C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402251101. PMC 524433. PMID 15489274.
Young, Nevin D.; Cannon, Steven B.; Sato, Shusei; Kim, Dongjin; Cook, Douglas R.; Town, Chris D.; Roe, Bruce A.; Tabata, Satoshi (1 April 2005). "Sequencing the Genespaces of Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus". Plant Physiology. 137 (4): 1174–1181. doi:10.1104/pp.104.057034. PMC 1088310. PMID 15824279.
NCGR
European Research Programmes on the model legume Medicago truncatula
Why sequence medicago truncatula?

[iucn-1] Rhodes, L. (2016). "Medicago truncatula". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. IUCN: e.T176489A19401776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T176489A19401776.en.

[2] USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Medicago truncatula". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 28 January 2016.

[BSBI07-3] BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.

[Young-4] Young, Nevin D.; Debellé, Frédéric; Oldroyd, Giles E. D.; Geurts, Rene; Cannon, Steven B.; Udvardi, Michael K.; Benedito, Vagner A.; Mayer, Klaus F. X.; Gouzy, Jérôme; Schoof, Heiko; Van de Peer, Yves; Proost, Sebastian; Cook, Douglas R.; Meyers, Blake C.; Spannagl, Manuel; Cheung, Foo; De Mita, Stéphane; Krishnakumar, Vivek; Gundlach, Heidrun; Zhou, Shiguo; Mudge, Joann; Bharti, Arvind K.; Murray, Jeremy D.; Naoumkina, Marina A.; Rosen, Benjamin; Silverstein, Kevin A. T.; Tang, Haibao; Rombauts, Stephane; Zhao, Patrick X.; et al. (16 November 2011). "The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses". Nature. 480 (7378): 520–524. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..520Y. doi:10.1038/nature10625. PMC 3272368. PMID 22089132.

[5] "Medicago Sequencing - genome statistics". medicago.org. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

[6] "JCVI: Medicago / Home". Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2017.

[7] Milius, Susan (23 September 2013). "Plants and fungi recognize generous trading partners". Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2017.

[Schulze-Usadel-2010-8] Schulze, Waltraud X.; Usadel, Björn (2010-06-02). "Quantitation in Mass-Spectrometry-Based Proteomics". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 61 (1). Annual Reviews: 491–516. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112132. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 20192741.

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