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Thick disk

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Edge on view of the Milky Way with several structures indicated (not to scale). The thick disk is shown in light yellow.

The thick disk is one of the structural components of about 2/3 of all disk galaxies, including the Milky Way. It was discovered first in external edge-on galaxies.[1] Soon after, it was proposed as a distinct galactic structure in the Milky Way, different from the thin disk and the halo in the 1983 article by Gilmore & Reid.[2] It is supposed to dominate the stellar number density between 1 and 5 kiloparsecs (3.3 and 16.3 kly) above the galactic plane[2] and, in the solar neighborhood, is composed almost exclusively of older stars. Its stellar chemistry and stellar kinematics (composition and motion of it stars) are also said to set it apart from the thin disk.[3][4] Compared to the thin disk, thick disk stars typically have significantly lower levels of metals—that is, the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium.[5]

The thick disk is a source of early kinematic and chemical evidence for a galaxy's composition and thus is regarded as a very significant component for understanding galaxy formation.

With the availability of observations at larger distances away from the Sun, more recently it has become apparent that the Milky Way thick disk does not have the same chemical and age composition at all galactic radii. It was found instead that it is metal poor inside the solar radius, but becomes more metal rich outside it.[6] Additionally, recent observations have revealed that the average stellar age of thick disk stars quickly decreases as one moves from the inner to the outer disk.[7]

Origin

It was shown that there is a diversity of thick disc formation scenarios.[8] In general, various scenarios for the formation of this structure have been proposed, including:

  • Thick disks come from the heating of the thin disk[9][10]
  • It is a result of a merger event between the Milky Way and a massive dwarf galaxy[3]
  • More energetic stars migrate outwards from the inner galaxy to form a thick disk at larger radii[11][12]
  • The disk forms thick at high redshift with the thin disk forming later[13][14]
  • Disk flaring combined with inside-out disk formation[15][16]
  • Scattering by massive clumps: stars born in massive gas clumps tend to be scattered to a thick disc and to be enriched in alpha-elements, while those formed out of these clumps form a thin disc and are alpha-poor[17][18][19]

Dispute

Although the thick disk is mentioned as a bona fide galactic structure in numerous scientific studies and it's even thought to be a common component of disk galaxies in general,[20] its nature is still under dispute.

The view of the thick disk as a single separate component has been questioned by a series of papers that describe the galactic disk with a continuous spectrum of components with different thicknesses.[21][22]

See also

Galaxy parts

References

  1. ^ Burstein, D. (1979-12-01). "Structure and origin of S0 galaxies. III - The luminosity distribution perpendicular to the plane of the disks in S0's". The Astrophysical Journal. 234: 829–836. Bibcode:1979ApJ...234..829B. doi:10.1086/157563. ISSN 0004-637X.
  2. ^ a b Gilmore, G.; Reid, N. (1983). "New light on faint stars. III - Galactic structure towards the South Pole and the Galactic thick disc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 202 (4): 1025. Bibcode:1983MNRAS.202.1025G. doi:10.1093/mnras/202.4.1025.
  3. ^ a b Bensby, T.; Feltzing, F. (2009). "The Galactic thin and thick discs in the context of galaxy formation". Proceedings of the IAU Symposium. 265: 300–303. arXiv:0908.3807. Bibcode:2010IAUS..265..300B. doi:10.1017/S1743921310000773. S2CID 18562648.
  4. ^ Kordopatis, G.; et al. (2011). "A spectroscopic survey of thick disc stars outside the solar neighbourhood". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: A107. arXiv:1110.5221. Bibcode:2011A&A...535A.107K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117373. S2CID 118616147.
  5. ^ Freeman, K. C. (2010). "The HERMES Project: Reconstructing Galaxy Formation". In Block, D. L.; Freeman, K. C.; Puerari, I. (eds.). Galaxies and their Masks: A Conference in Honour of K.C. Freeman, FRS. Springer. p. 319. Bibcode:2010gama.conf..319F. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7317-7_27. ISBN 978-1-4419-7316-0. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Bensby, T.; Alves-Brito, A.; Oey, M. S.; Yong, D.; Meléndez, J. (2011-07-01). "A First Constraint on the Thick Disk Scale Length: Differential Radial Abundances in K Giants at Galactocentric Radii 4, 8, and 12 kpc". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 735 (2): L46. arXiv:1106.1914. Bibcode:2011ApJ...735L..46B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/L46. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119266731.
  7. ^ Martig, Marie; Minchev, Ivan; Ness, Melissa; Fouesneau, Morgan; Rix, Hans-Walter (2016-11-01). "A Radial Age Gradient in the Geometrically Thick Disk of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 139. arXiv:1609.01168. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..139M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/139. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 54652169.
  8. ^ Kasparova, A. (2016). "The Diversity of Thick Galactic Discs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 460 (1): 89–93. arXiv:1604.07624. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.460L..89K. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw083.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Villalobos, Álvaro; Helmi, Amina (2008-12-01). "Simulations of minor mergers - I. General properties of thick discs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 391 (4): 1806–1827. arXiv:0803.2323. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391.1806V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13979.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 14881474.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Steinmetz, M. (2012). "The Galactic thin and thick disk". Astronomische Nachrichten. 333 (5–6): 523–529. arXiv:1205.6098. Bibcode:2012AN....333..523S. doi:10.1002/asna.201211698. S2CID 119112515.
  11. ^ Schoenrich, R.; Binney, J. (2009). "Chemical Evolution with Radial Migration" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 396 (1): 203–222. arXiv:0809.3006. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.396..203S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14750.x. S2CID 14749516.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Loebman, S.; et al. (2011). "The Genesis of the Milky Way's Thick Disk via Stellar Migration". The Astrophysical Journal. 737 (1): 8. arXiv:1009.5997. Bibcode:2011ApJ...737....8L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/737/1/8. S2CID 21097464.
  13. ^ Brook, C. B; Kawata, D.; Gibson, B. K.; Freeman, K. C. (2004). "The Emergence of the Thick Disk in a CDM Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 612 (2): 894–899. arXiv:astro-ph/0405306. Bibcode:2004ApJ...612..894B. doi:10.1086/422709. S2CID 54633942.
  14. ^ Bournaud, Frédéric; Elmegreen, Bruce G.; Martig, Marie (2009-12-01). "The Thick Disks of Spiral Galaxies as Relics from Gas-rich, Turbulent, Clumpy Disks at High Redshift". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 707 (1): L1–L5. arXiv:0910.3677. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707L...1B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L1. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118528894.
  15. ^ Minchev, I.; Martig, M.; Streich, D.; Scannapieco, C.; de Jong, R. S.; Steinmetz, M. (2015-04-24). "On the Formation of Galactic Thick Disks". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (1): L9. arXiv:1502.06606. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L...9M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/1/L9. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 59389858.
  16. ^ Fohlmeister, J. (24 April 2015). "The riddle of galactic thin–thick disk solved". Phys.org. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  17. ^ Bournaud, Frédéric; Elmegreen, Bruce G.; Martig, Marie (2009-12-01). "The Thick Disks of Spiral Galaxies as Relics from Gas-rich, Turbulent, Clumpy Disks at High Redshift". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 707 (1): L1–L5. arXiv:0910.3677. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707L...1B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L1. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118528894.
  18. ^ Clarke, A.; Debattista, V. P.; Nidever, D. (2019-04-01). "The imprint of clump formation at high redshift - I. A disc alpha-abundance dichotomy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 484 (3): 3476–3490. arXiv:1901.00931. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.3476C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz104. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Beraldo e Silva, L.; Debattista, V. P.; Khachaturyants, T. (2020-03-01). "Geometric properties of galactic discs with clumpy episodes". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (4): 4716–4726. arXiv:1911.03717. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.492.4716B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa065. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ Yoachim, P.; Dalcanton, J. (2012). "Structural Parameters of Thin and Thick Disks in Edge-On Disk Galaxies". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (1): 226–249. arXiv:astro-ph/0508460. Bibcode:2006AJ....131..226Y. doi:10.1086/497970. S2CID 2219155.
  21. ^ Bovy, Jo; Rix, Hans-Walter; Liu, Chao; Hogg, David W.; Beers, Timothy C.; Lee, Young Sun (2012-07-01). "The Spatial Structure of Mono-abundance Sub-populations of the Milky Way Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (2): 148. arXiv:1111.1724. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753..148B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/148. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118530729.
  22. ^ Bovy, J.; Rix, H.- W.; Hogg, D. W. (2012). "The Milky Way Has No Distinct Thick Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 751 (2): 131. arXiv:1111.6585. Bibcode:2012ApJ...751..131B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/131. S2CID 119299930.
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