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Scottish wildcat

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Scottish wildcat
Female and kitten at the British Wildlife Centre
Female and kitten at the British Wildlife Centre
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Felis
Species: F. silvestris
Subspecies: F. s. silvestris
Population: Scottish wildcat

The Scottish wildcat (also known as the Highland tiger)[1][2] is a European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) population in Scotland.[3] It was once widely distributed across Great Britain, but the population has declined drastically since the turn of the 20th century due to habitat loss and persecution. It is now limited to northern and eastern Scotland.[4] Camera-trapping surveys carried out in the Scottish Highlands between 2010 and 2013 revealed that wildcats live foremost in mixed woodland, whereas feral and domestic cats (Felis catus) were photographed mostly in grasslands.[5]

It is listed as Critically Endangered in the United Kingdom and is threatened by hybridization with domestic cats.[6] Since all individuals sampled in recent years showed high levels of hybridisation with domestic and feral cats, this population is thought to be functionally extinct in the wild.[7]

Taxonomy

Felis grampia was the scientific name proposed in 1907 by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. who first described the skin and the skull of a wildcat specimen from Scotland. He argued that this male specimen from Invermoriston was the same size as the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), but differed by a darker fur with more pronounced black markings and black soles of the paws.[8] In 1912, Miller considered it a subspecies, using Felis silvestris grampia after reviewing 22 skins from Scotland in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London.[9] When Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed the taxonomy of the genus Felis in the late 1940s, he had more than 40 Scottish wildcat specimens in the collection of the Museum at his disposal. He recognized Felis silvestris grampia as a valid taxon.[10]

Results of morphological and genetic analyses indicate that the Scottish wildcat descended from the European wildcat. The Great Britain population became isolated from the continental population about 7,000 to 9,000 years ago due to a rise of sea level after the last glacial maximum.[11] Since 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group recognizes Felis silvestris silvestris as the valid scientific name for all European wildcat populations and F. s. grampia as a synonym, arguing that it is doubtful that the Scottish wildcat is sufficiently distinct to accord it separate subspecific status.[3]

Characteristics

The male Scottish wildcat has a head-to-body length ranging from 578 to 636 mm (22.8 to 25.0 in) with 305–355 mm (12.0–14.0 in) long tails and of females from 504 to 572 mm (19.8 to 22.5 in) with 280–341 mm (11.0–13.4 in) long tails. Condylobasal length of skulls of females varies from 82 to 88 mm (3.2 to 3.5 in) and of males from 88 to 99 mm (3.5 to 3.9 in).[10] Males weigh 3.77–7.26 kg (8.3–16.0 lb), while females are smaller at 2.35–4.68 kg (5.2–10.3 lb).[12]

The Scottish wildcat's fur is distinctly striped with a solid tabby patterning. Its ringed tail is bushy with a black tip. It differs from the domestic cat by stripes on the cheeks and hind legs, the absence of spots, white markings and coloured backs of the ears.[6] It is heavier than a domestic cat, has longer limb bones and a more robust skull. It is also larger in body size, but with a shorter gastrointestinal tract.[13]

Distribution and habitat

The Scottish wildcat has been present in Britain since the early Holocene, when the British Isles were connected to continental Europe via Doggerland.[14] It was once common throughout all of Great Britain.[4] In southern England, it likely became locally extinct during the 16th century. By the mid-19th century, its range had declined to west-central Wales and Northumberland due to persecution, and by 1880 to western and northern Scotland. By 1915, it occurred only in northwestern Scotland.[15] Following the decreasing number of gamekeepers after World War I and a re-forestation programme, the wildcat population increased again to its current range. Urbanisation and industrialisation prevented further expansion to the southern parts of Scotland.[4]

Its current distribution includes the Cairngorms, the Black Isle, Aberdeenshire, the Angus Glens and Ardnamurchan.[16][17] It lives in wooded habitats, shrubland and near forest edges, but avoids heather moorland and gorse scrub.[5] It prefers areas away from agriculturally used land and avoids snow deeper than 10 cm (3.9 in).[18]

Behaviour and ecology

Scottish wildcat shows its fangs, 2013

Between March 1995 and April 1997, thirty-one Scottish wildcats were fitted with radio-collars in the area of the Angus Glens and tracked for at least five months. In all seasons, they were most active by night with activity decreasing at low moonlight and in windy weather.[19] Home ranges of male wildcats overlap with home ranges of one or more females, whereas female ranges rarely overlap. Adult cats maintain larger territories than juveniles. They mark and defend their home ranges using scent marking through their scat.[20] Home range size in and around Cairngorms National Park was estimated at 2.44 to 3.8 km2 (0.94 to 1.47 sq mi).[18]

The wildcats mainly prey on European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and field voles (Microtus agrestis).[20] Scats collected in Drumtochty Forest and two more sites in the Scottish Highlands contained remains of rabbits, wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), field and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and birds.[21] Any uneaten remnants of a kill will be buried in a cache to save for later.[12]

Reproduction

Male Scottish wildcats reach sexual maturity at around 10 months of age and the female at an age of less than 12 months. A female had one estrous in early March and a litter was born in early May after a gestation period of 63–68 days. Another estrous occurred about one month later and the second litter was born in August. Kittens open their eyes at 10–13 days old; their eyes are initially blue and change to green around seven weeks of age.[22]

In the wild, mating occurs between January and March. Litter size varies from one to eight kittens, with a mean litter size of 4.3 young. Females rarely give birth in winter.[23] Kittens are born in a den, which is hidden within a cairn, among brush piles and under tree roots. They begin learning how to hunt at 10–12 weeks and are fully weaned by 14 weeks of age. They leave their mothers around six months of age. Kitten mortality during the winter of 1975−1978 was high; most starved.[20]

Captive Scottish wildcats have lived for 15 years, but the lifespan in the wild is much shorter due to road accidents and disease transmitted from feral domestic cats.[24]

Threats

Continued threats to the Scottish wildcat population include habitat loss, interbreeding with domestic cats, and being hunted as vermin.[7]

An extended controversy in Aberdeenshire pits Swedish energy firm Vattenfall Wind Power against the Scottish wildcat. Clashindarroch Forest, outside the town of Huntly, is considered by the Scottish government to be a "wildcat wonderland." The group Wildcat Haven state that the energy giant's efforts to raze the primeval forest for their wind farm would wipe out the cats there. These number at least 35 according to the group, a substantial proportion of the known surviving population. As of 2021, an online petition circulated by the activists had garnered more than 800,000 signatures in support of protecting the forest. Vattenfall, however, has claimed that there is no threat.[25][26]

Hybridization with domestic cats is regarded as a threat to the population.[6] It is likely that all Scottish wildcats today have at least some domestic cat ancestry.[27] Domestic cats also transmit diseases to the Scottish wildcat such as feline calicivirus, feline coronavirus, feline foamy virus, feline herpesvirus, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus.[28]

Scottish wildcats have also often been killed to protect game species of bird, and they were once considered vermin.[29]

Conservation

The Scottish wildcat was given protected status under the United Kingdom's Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.[6] Since 2007, it has been listed in the U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan as a priority species.[11] Feral cats can be killed throughout the year.[30]

The Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Plan was developed by the Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Group (SWCAG), which set national action priorities and defined responsibilities of agencies and funding priorities for the group's conservation efforts between 2013 and 2019. Its implementation is coordinated by Scottish Natural Heritage.[31] In the wild, efforts to conserve wildcats include neutering feral cats and euthanizing diseased feral cats to prevent hybridization and the spread of disease.[32]

By 2014, the project members had researched nine potential action areas, settling on six, which were considered as having the highest likelihood of conservation success, with work planned beginning in 2015: Morvern, Strathpeffer, Strathbogie, Strathavon, Dulnain and the Angus Glens. An area of the remote and largely undisturbed Ardnamurchan Peninsula was designated a Scottish wildcat sanctuary, a project of The Aspinall Foundation and scientist Paul O'Donoghue. Part of their effort involves neutering local domestic cats to prevent breeding with wildcats.[33]

In 2018, the official efforts fell under the auspices of Scottish Wildcat Action, a coalition including government and academic institutions, with an updated list of five priority areas: Strathbogie, the Angus Glens, Northern Strathspey, Morvern and Strathpeffer.[34] In 2019, a report for Scottish Wildcat Action found that the wildcat population in Scotland was no longer viable and the species was at the verge of extinction.[35]

In captivity

Scottish wildcat at British Wildlife Centre, 2015

A captive breeding programme for the Scottish wildcat has been established in the frame of the Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Plan, with wild-caught individuals that pass genetic and morphological tests to be considered wildcats with less than 5% hybridization.[31] Participating institutions include the Alladale Wilderness Reserve, Chester Zoo, British Wildlife Centre, Port Lympne Wild Animal Park, Highland Wildlife Park, New Forest Wildlife Park and Aigas Field Centre.[24][36]

This captive breeding programme has drawn criticism from animal-rights organizations like the Captive Animals Protection Society, which stated that the breeding programme has "little to do with conservation and everything to do with these zoos stocking their cages".[37]

Six kittens were born at the Highland Wildlife Park in 2015.[38] From 2011 to 2016, there have been 15 surviving Scottish wildcat kittens born at the Highland Wildlife Park.[39] As of December 2016, around 80 Scottish wildcats were in captivity.[40] In 2023, a license was approved by NatureScot to release captive-bred wildcats into the Cairngorms region during the summer of that year.[41][42] The first of 22 cats were released in early June 2023, with a further 40 expected to follow in 2024 and 2025.[43][44]

Conservation groups' political controversy

Within the conservation community, there are some political divides over proper actions and strategies. In 2014, the Scottish Wildcat Association and Wildcat Haven challenged the efforts of Scottish Natural Heritage.[45] In 2017, Scottish Wildcat Action, the official government organisation, defended itself from what it called unfair criticism by Wildcat Haven.[46]

In culture

The Scottish wildcat is traditionally an icon of the Scottish wilderness. The Scottish wildcat or Kellas cat is the likely inspiration of the mythological Scottish creature Cat-sìth. Since the 13th century, it has been a symbol of Clan Chattan. Most of the members of Clan Chattan have the Scottish wildcat on their crest badges, and their motto is "Touch not the cat bot a glove", bot meaning 'without'. The motto is a reference to the ferocity of the Scottish wildcat. Clan Chattan has participated in Scottish wildcat conservation efforts since 2010.[12]

In 2010, as part of the International Year of Biodiversity, the Royal Mail issued a series of 10 stamps celebrating at-risk mammals, one of which depicted the Scottish wildcat.[1][47]

The Scottish wildcat was the subject of a documentary film titled The Tigers of Scotland that was issued in 2017, narrated by Scottish actor Iain Glen.[48]

In 2019, Scottish wildcats were the central theme of the first issue of the Journal of Matters Relating to Felines, a student-led general interest magazine produced at the University of Aberdeen.[49]

References

  1. ^ a b "Stamp celebrates Highland tiger". 13 April 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Meet the Highland tiger who could hold the future of one of Scotland's most iconic species in her paws". The Scotsman. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  3. ^ a b Kitchener, A.C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 16–17.
  4. ^ a b c Easterbee, N.; Hepburn, L. V. & Jefferies, D. J. (1991). Survey of the status and distribution of the wildcat in Scotland, 1983–1987. Edinburg: Nature Conservancy Council for Scotland.
  5. ^ a b Kilshaw, K.; Montgomery, R. A.; Campbell, R. D.; Hetherington, D. A.; Johnson, P. J.; Kitchener, A. C.; Macdonald, D. W.; Millspaugh, J. J. (2016). "Mapping the spatial configuration of hybridization risk for an endangered population of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) in Scotland". Mammal Research. 61 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s13364-015-0253-x. S2CID 2222200.
  6. ^ a b c d Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; Ward, J. M.; Macdonald, D. W. (2005). "A diagnosis for the Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris): a tool for conservation action for a critically endangered felid" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 8 (3): 223–237. doi:10.1017/S1367943005002301. S2CID 56282550.
  7. ^ a b Gerngross, P.; Ambarli, H.; Angelici, F.M.; Anile, S.; Campbell, R.; Ferreras de Andres, P.; Gil-Sanchez, J.M.; Götz, M.; Jerosch, S.; Mengüllüoglu, D.; Monterosso, P. & Zlatanova, D. (2022). "Felis silvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T181049859A181050999. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T181049859A181050999.en. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  8. ^ Miller, G. S. (1907). "Some new European Insectivora and Carnivora". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Seventh Series. 20 (119): 389–401. doi:10.1080/00222930709487354.
  9. ^ Miller, G. S. (1912). "Felis silvestris grampia Miller". Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe in the collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 464–465.
  10. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1951). "Felis silvestris grampia, Miller". Catalogue of the Genus Felis. London: Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 36–41.
  11. ^ a b Macdonald, D. W.; Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A. C.; Daniels, M.; Kilshaw, K. & Driscoll, C. (2010). "Reversing cryptic extinction: the history, present and future of the Scottish Wildcat" (PDF). In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 471–492. ISBN 978-0-19-923444-8.
  12. ^ a b c Kilshaw, K. (2011). Scottish Wildcats: Naturally Scottish (PDF). Perth, Scotland: Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  13. ^ Daniels, M. J.; Balharry, D.; Hirst, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Aspinall, R. J. (1998). "Morphological and pelage characteristics of wild living cats in Scotland: implications for defining the 'wildcat'". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00028.x.
  14. ^ Yalden, D. W. (1999). The History of British Mammals. London: T & A D Poyser. ISBN 978-0-85661-110-0.
  15. ^ Langley, P. J. W.; Yalden, D. W. (1977). "The decline of the rarer carnivores in Great Britain during the nineteenth century". Mammal Review. 7 (3−4): 95–116. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1977.tb00363.x.
  16. ^ Balharry, D.; Daniels, M. J. (1998). Wild Living Cats in Scotland. Survey and Monitoring Report No. 23. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage Publishing.
  17. ^ Davies, A. R. & Gray, D. (2010). The Distribution of Scottish Wildcats (Felis silvestris) in Scotland (2006–2008). Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 360. Inverness, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage Publishing.
  18. ^ a b Kilshaw, K.; Johnson, P. J.; Kitchener, A. C. & Macdonald, D. W. (2015). "Detecting the elusive Scottish wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris using camera trapping" (PDF). Oryx. 49 (2): 207–215. doi:10.1017/S0030605313001154.[dead link]
  19. ^ Daniels, M. J.; Beaumont, M. A.; Johnson, P. J.; Balharry, D.; Macdonald, D. W.; Barratt, E. (2001). "Ecology and genetics of wild‐living cats in the north‐east of Scotland and the implications for the conservation of the wildcat". Journal of Applied Ecology. 38 (1): 146–161. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00580.x.
  20. ^ a b c Corbett, L. K. (1979). Feeding ecology and social organization of wildcats (Felis silvestris) and domestic cats (Felis catus) in Scotland. Doctoral dissertation. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen.
  21. ^ Hobson, K. J. (2012). An investigation into prey selection in the Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris). Doctoral dissertation. London: Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.704.4705.
  22. ^ Matthews, L. H. (1941). "Reproduction in the Scottish wild cat, Felis silvestris grampia Miller". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 111 (1−2): 59–77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1941.tb00043.x.
  23. ^ Daniels, M. J.; Wright, T. C.; Bland, K. P.; Kitchener, A. C. (2002). "Seasonality and reproduction in wild-living cats in Scotland". Acta Theriologica. 47 (1): 73–84. doi:10.1007/bf03193568. S2CID 30879566.
  24. ^ a b Gartner, M. C.; Weiss, A. (2013). "Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia) personality and subjective well-being: Implications for captive management". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 147 (3): 261–267. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.11.002.
  25. ^ Watson, Jeremy (22 June 2018). "Wildcats 'not threatened' by wind farm expansion". The Times (London). Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  26. ^ Wylie, Kathryn (22 January 2021). "Fears 'wildcat wonderland' would be doomed under plans to expand wind farm near Huntly". The Press and Journal. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  27. ^ Beaumont, M.; Barratt, E. M.; Gottelli, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Daniels, M. J.; Pritchard, J. K.; Bruford, M. W. (2001). "Genetic diversity and introgression in the Scottish wildcat". Molecular Ecology. 10 (2): 319–336. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01196.x. PMID 11298948. S2CID 17690196.
  28. ^ Daniels, M. J.; Golder, M. C.; Jarrett, O.; MacDonald, D. W. (1999). "Feline viruses in wildcats from Scotland". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 35 (1): 121–124. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.121. PMID 10073361.
  29. ^ Campbell, Roo (17 March 2017). "Shooting Scottish wildcats". scottishwildcataction.org. Scottish Wildcat Action. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  30. ^ Aebischer, N.J.; Davey, P. D.; Kingdon, N.G. (2011). National Gamebag Census: Mammal Trends to 2009. Fordingbridge: Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust.
  31. ^ a b Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Group (2013). Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Plan. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  32. ^ Keane, Kevin (22 February 2017). "Feral cats neutered to protect rare Scottish wildcats". BBC News. London. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  33. ^ "Six Scottish wildcat conservation areas identified". BBC News. 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  34. ^ MacLennan, S. (2018). "Last chance to save the UK's most endangered carnivore - the Scottish wildcat". Press and Journal. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  35. ^ Urs Breitenmoser; Tabea Lanz; Christine Breitenmoser-Würsten (February 2019). "Conservation of the wildcat (Felis silvestris) in Scotland: Review of the conservation status and assessment of conservation activities" (PDF). Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Plan Steering Group. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  36. ^ "Video: Chester Zoo carnivore experts breed Britain's rarest mammal". chesterzoo.org. Chester Zoo. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  37. ^ "UK Zoos in controversy as plot to cage endangered Scottish wildcats is exposed". captiveanimals.org. Captive Animals' Protection Society. 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  38. ^ Barclay, D. (2016). "Scottish wildcat breeding programme – what, where and when?". rzss.org.uk. The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  39. ^ Barclay, D. (2016). "The journey of last year's litter of Scottish wildcat kittens". scottishwildcataction.org. Scottish Wildcat Action. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  40. ^ Barclay, D. (2016). "Scottish wildcat conservation breeding for release a lifeline for the species?". scottishwildcataction.org. Scottish Wildcat Action. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  41. ^ "Scottish wildcats to be released in Cairngorms". BBC News. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  42. ^ "First-ever Scottish wildcat release approved". NatureScot. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Historic milestone reached as critically endangered wildcats released into the Cairngorms National Park". NatureScot. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  44. ^ "Wildcats bred in captivity released into Cairngorms". BBC News. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  45. ^ McKenna, Kevin (2014). "Why the Scottish wildcat is threatened by its 'saviour'". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  46. ^ Scottish Wildcat Action (2017). "Scottish Wildcat Action response to unfair criticism from Wildcat Haven". Scottish Wildcat Action. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  47. ^ "Mammals (Action for Species 4) (2010)". Collect GB Stamps. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  48. ^ Gater, L.; Stone, A. (2017). The Tigers of Scotland (Documentary). Wild Films Ltd.
  49. ^ "Journal of Matters Relating to Felines (Autumn 2019)". Retrieved 10 May 2021 – via Issuu.
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