Personalization
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Personalization (broadly known as customization) consists of tailoring a service or product to accommodate specific individuals, sometimes tied to groups or segments of individuals. Personalization requires collecting data on individuals, including web browsing history, web cookies, and location. Companies and organizations use personalization (along with the opposite mechanism of popularization[1]) to improve customer satisfaction, digital sales conversion, marketing results, branding, and improved website metrics as well as for advertising. Personalization is a key element in social media[2] and recommender systems. Personalization affects every sector of society—work, leisure, and citizenship.
History of Personalization
The idea of personalization is rooted in ancient rhetoric as part of the practice of an agent or communicator being responsive to the needs of the audience. When industrialization led to the rise of mass communication, the practice of message personalization diminished for a time.
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of mass media outlets that use advertising as a primary revenue stream. These companies have made efforts to gain knowledge about the specific demographic and psychographic characteristics of readers and viewers.[3] This information is used to personalize an audience’s experience and therefore draw customers in through the use of entertainment and information that interests them.
Digital media and internet
Another aspect of personalization is the increasing prevalence of open data on the internet. Many companies make their data available on the internet via APIs, web services, and open data standards. One such example is Ordnance Survey Open Data.[4] Data made available in this way is structured to allow it to be inter-connected and re-used by third parties.[5]
Data available from a user's social graph may be accessed by third-party application software to be suited to fit the personalized web page or information appliance.
Current open data standards on the internet include:
- Attention Profiling Mark-up Language (APML)
- DataPortability
- OpenID
- OpenSocial
Web pages
Web pages can be personalized based on the characteristics (interests, social category, context, etc.), actions (click on a button, open a link, etc.), intent (make a purchase, check the status of an entity), or any other parameter that can be identified and associated with an individual, therefore providing them with a tailored user experience. Note that the experience is rarely simply the accommodation of the user but a relationship between the user and the desires of the site designers in driving specific actions to achieve objectives (e.g. Increase sales conversion on a page). The term customization is often used when the site only uses explicit data such as product ratings or user preferences.
Technically, web personalization can be achieved by associating a visitor segment with a predefined action. Customizing the user experience based on behavioral, contextual and technical data is proven to have a positive impact on conversion rate optimization efforts. Associated actions can range from changing the content of a webpage, presenting a modal display, presenting interstitials, triggering a personalized email, or even automating a phone call to the user.
According to a 2014 study from research firm Econsultancy, less than 30% of e-commerce websites have invested in the field of web personalization. However, many companies now offer services for web personalization as well as web and email recommendation systems that are based on personalization or anonymously-collected user behaviors.[6]
There are many categories of web personalization including
- Behavioral
- Contextual
- Technical
- Historic data
- Collaboratively filtered
There are several camps in defining and executing web personalization. A few broad methods for web personalization may include:
- Implicit
- Explicit
- Hybrid
With implicit personalization, personalization is performed based on data learned from indirect observations of the user, such as items purchased on other sites or pages viewed.[7] With explicit personalization, the web page (or information system) is changed by the user using the features provided by the system. Hybrid personalization combines the above two approaches to leverage both explicit user actions on the system and implicit data.
Web personalization can be linked to the notion of Adaptive hypermedia (AH). The main difference is that the former would usually work on what is considered an "open corpus hypermedia", whilst the latter would traditionally work on "closed corpus hypermedia." However, recent research directions in the AH domain take both closed and open corpus into account. Thus, the two fields are closely inter-related.
Personalization is also being considered for use in less overtly commercial applications to improve the user experience online. Internet activist Eli Pariser has documented that search engines like Google and Yahoo! News give different results to different people (even when logged out). He also points out social media site Facebook changes user's friend feeds based on what it thinks they want to see, which creates a filter bubble.
Websites use a visitor's location data to adjust content, design, and functionality.[8][9] For instance, travel websites might offer promotions based on the current weather or season,[10][11] while news outlets could surface location-specific videos to viewers.[12] Online retailers can also extend targeted offers based on geographical data,[13] and music streaming platforms like Spotify formulate personalized playlists based on users' listening habits.[14][15]
On an intranet or B2E Enterprise Web portals, personalization is often based on user attributes such as department, functional area, or role. The term "customization" in this context refers to the ability of users to modify the page layout or specify what content should be displayed.
Map personalization
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Digital web maps are also being personalized. Google Maps change the content of the map based on previous searches and other profile information.[16] Technology writer Evgeny Morozov has criticized map personalization as a threat to public space.[17]
Mobile phones
Over time mobile phones have seen an increased emphasis placed on user personalization. Far from the black and white screens and monophonic ringtones of the past, phones now offer interactive wallpapers and MP3 truetones. In the UK and Asia, WeeMees have become popular. WeeMees are three-dimensional characters that are used as wallpaper and respond to the tendencies of the user. Video Graphics Array (VGA) picture quality allows people to change their background with ease without sacrificing quality. All of these services are downloaded through the provider with the goal to make the user feel connected and more enjoyable to use the phone.[18]
Print media and merchandise
In print media, ranging from magazines to promotional publications, personalization uses databases of individual recipients' information. Not only does the written document address itself by name to the reader, but the advertising is targeted to the recipient's demographics or interests using fields within the database or list,[19] such as "first name", "last name", "company", etc.
The term "personalization" should not be confused with variable data, which is a much more granular method of marketing that leverages both images and text with the medium, not just fields within a database. Although personalized children's books are created by companies who are using and leveraging all the strengths of variable data printing (VDP). This allows for full image and text variability within a printed book. With the advent of online 3D printing services such as Shapeways and Ponoko we are seeing personalization enter into the realms of product design.
Promotional merchandise
Promotional items (mugs, T-shirts, keychains, balls etc.) are regularly personalized. Personalized children's storybooks—wherein the child becomes the protagonist, with the name and image of the child personalized—are also popular. Personalized CDs for children also exist. With the advent of digital printing, personalized calendars that start in any month, birthday cards, cards, e-cards, posters and photo books can also be obtained.
3D printing
3D printing is a production method that allows to create unique and personalized items on a global scale. Personalized apparel and accessories, such as jewellery, are increasing in popularity.[20] This kind of customization is also relevant in other areas like consumer electronics[21] and retail.[22] By combining 3D printing with complex software a product can easily be customized by an end-user.
Role of customers
Mass personalization
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Mass personalization is defined as custom tailoring by a company in accordance with its end users' tastes and preferences.[23] From a collaborative engineering perspective, mass customization can be viewed as collaborative efforts between customers and manufacturers, who have different sets of priorities and need to jointly search for solutions that best match customers' individual specific needs with manufacturers' customization capabilities.[24][25] The main difference between mass customization and mass personalization is that customization is the ability of a company to allow its customers to create and choose a product to certain specifications, but does have limits.[26]
One example of mass personalization: A website knowing a user's location and buying habits will offer suggestions tailored to that user's demographics. Each user is classified by some relevant trait (location, age, and so forth) and then given personalization aimed at that group. This means that the personalization is not individual to that singular user, it only pinpoints a specific trait that matches them up with a larger group of people.[27]
Behavioral targeting represents a concept that is similar to mass personalization.
Predictive personalization
Predictive personalization is defined as the ability to predict customer behavior, needs or wants - and tailor offers and communications very precisely.[28] Social data is one source of providing this predictive analysis, particularly social data that is structured. Predictive personalization is a much more recent means of personalization and can be used well to augment current personalization offerings. Predictive personalization has become plays an especially important role in online grocers, where users, especially recurring clients, have come to expect "smart shopping lists" - algorithm that predict what products they need based on similar customers and past shopping behaviours.[29]
Personalization and power
The Volume-Control Model offers an analytical framework to understand how personalization helps to gain power.[1] It links between information personalization and the opposite mechanism, information popularization. This model explains how both personalization and popularization are employed together (by tech companies, organizations, governments or even individuals) as complementing mechanisms to gain economic, political, and social power. Among the social implications of information personalization is the emergence of filter bubbles.
See also
References
- ^ a b Segev, Elad (2019-09-05). "Volume and control: the transition from information to power". Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 14 (3): 240–257. doi:10.1080/17447143.2019.1662028. ISSN 1744-7143. S2CID 203088993.
- ^ "Data Up Close And Personal: Welcome To Social Media 'Hyper-personalization' | GE News". www.ge.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
- ^ Turow, Joseph (2010). The Daily You. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
- ^ Thorpe, Chris; Rogers, Simon (2 April 2010). "Ordnance Survey opendata maps: what does it actually include?". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Google Opens Up Data Centre for Third Party Web Applications". Cio.com. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- ^ Angwin, Emily Steel and Julia (4 August 2010). "Anonymity in Name Only - Tracking Technology on the Web". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
- ^ Flynn, Lawrence. "5 Things To Know About Siri And Google Now's Growing Intelligence". Forbes.
- ^ Kliman-Silver, Chloe; Hannak, Aniko; Lazer, David; Wilson, Christo; Mislove, Alan (2015-10-28). "Location, Location, Location: The Impact of Geolocation on Web Search Personalization". Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference. IMC '15. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 121–127. doi:10.1145/2815675.2815714. ISBN 978-1-4503-3848-6. S2CID 1850856.
- ^ "How to Personalize User Experience - Personalization in UX". Ilias Ism. 2023-08-15. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ "Weather-based Ads: Personalization Strategy for eCommerce". www.hunchads.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ "Taking Marketing By Storm: How Weather-Based Targeting is Boosting Conversions". Dynamic Yield. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ Gonçalves, Tatiana Santos; Jerónimo, Pedro; Correia, João Carlos (2021-12-01). "Local News and Geolocation Technology in the Case of Portugal". Publications. 9 (4): 53. doi:10.3390/publications9040053. ISSN 2304-6775.
- ^ Lupec, Ioana (2023-01-19). "How to use geo-localized personalization and customization". Omniconvert Ecommerce Growth Blog. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ Naomi (2021-10-13). "Adding That Extra 'You' to Your Discovery: Oskar Stål, Spotify Vice President of Personalization, Explains How It Works". Spotify. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ Webster, Jack (2023-08-01). "The promise of personalisation: Exploring how music streaming platforms are shaping the performance of class identities and distinction". New Media & Society. 25 (8): 2140–2162. doi:10.1177/14614448211027863. ISSN 1461-4448.
- ^ Lardinois, Frederic (February 2013). "The Next Frontier For Google Maps Is Personalization". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
- ^ Morozov, Evgeny (2013-05-28). "My Map or Yours?". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
- ^ May, Harvey, and Greg Hearn. "The Mobile Phone as Media." International Journal of Cultural Studies 8.2 (2005): 195-211. Print.
- ^ "Variable Data Processor". Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ^ Weinman, Aaron (21 February 2012). "New jewellery website targets 'customisers'". Jeweller Magazine. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ^ "Philips launches the world's first personalized, 3D printed face shaver for limited edition run". 3ders.org. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
- ^ "Twikit brings 3D customization to French retail". Twikit Blog | 3D Customization, 3D Printing. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
- ^ "personalize: Definition, Synonyms from". Answers.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- ^ Chen, S., Y. Wang and M. M. Tseng. 2009. Mass Customization as a Collaborative Engineering Effort. International Journal of Collaborative Engineering, 1(2): 152-167
- ^ P. Sengottuvelan, R. Lokeshkumar, T. Gopalakrishnan, "An Improved Session Identification Approach in Web Log Mining for Web Personalization," Journal of Internet Technology, vol. 18, no. 4 , pp. 723-730, Jul. 2017.
- ^ Haag et al., Management Information Systems for the Information Age, 3rd edition, 2006, page 331.
- ^ Wallop, Harry (2013-01-18). "How supermarkets prop up our class system". The Daily Telegraph. London.
- ^ "10 Trends for 2013 Executive Summary: Definition, Projected Trends". JWTIntelligence.com. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- ^ "Using Data in the eCommerce Grocery Customer Journey". ciValue. 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2021-04-05.