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Calocedrus decurrens

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Calocedrus decurrens
A two-trunked tree in a grassy meadow, with steep terrain, including a granite cliff, in the background
Tree in Yosemite National Park, California
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Calocedrus
Species:
C. decurrens
Binomial name
Calocedrus decurrens
Distribution of Calocedrus decurrens in the Western United States
Distribution of Calocedrus decurrens in the Western United States
Synonyms[2]
  • Abies cupressoides Poir.
  • Heyderia decurrens (Torr.) K.Koch
  • Libocedrus decurrens Torr.
  • Thuja craigana A.Murray bis
  • Thuja decurrens (Torr.) Voss

Calocedrus decurrens, with the common names incense cedar[3] and California incense cedar[4] (syn. Libocedrus decurrens Torr.), is a species of coniferous tree native to western North America. It is the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called incense cedar without the regional qualifier.[5][6][7]

Description

Calocedrus decurrens is a large tree, typically reaching heights of 30–40 meters (100–130 ft) and a trunk diameter up to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in). The largest known tree, located in Klamath National Forest, Siskiyou County, California, is 47.98 m (157 ft 5 in) tall with a 12 m (39 ft 4 in) circumference trunk and a 17.5 m (57+1⁄2 ft) spread.[8] Specimens form a broad conic crown of spreading branches. The bark is orange-brown weathering grayish, smooth at first, becoming fissured and exfoliating in long strips on the lower trunk on old trees.[9] Specimens can live to over 500 years old.[9]

The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves 2–15 mm (3⁄32–19⁄32 in) long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots, with only inconspicuous stomata.[7] The foliage, when crushed, gives off an aroma somewhat akin to shoe-polish.

The seed cones are 20–35 mm (3⁄4–1+3⁄8 in) long, pale green to yellow, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile and fused together in a flat plate. The cones turn orange to yellow-brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 6–8 mm (1⁄4–5⁄16 in) long.[7]

Distribution

The bulk of the tree's range is in the United States, from central-southwestern Oregon through most of California[9] and the extreme west of Nevada, as well as a short distance into northwest Mexico in northern Baja California.

It grows at altitudes of 50–2,900 m (160–9,510 ft).

Ecology

At lower elevations, associated trees include oaks and ponderosa pine.[9] Giant sequoia bears similarities to the species, but has sharp leaves. In the south–southwest U.S. some have confused bushy junipers for incense cedar.[9]

With its thick basal bark,[9] the incense cedar is one of the most fire- and drought-tolerant plants in California. Although the tree is killed by hot, stand-replacing crown fire, it spreads rapidly after lower-intensity burns.[10] This has given the incense cedar a competitive advantage over other species such as the bigcone Douglas-fir in recent years. Incense cedar is more shade tolerant than Douglas-fir, but not as much so as grand or white fir. It grows slowly when needed to outlast competition.[9]

This tree is the preferred host of a wood wasp, Syntexis libocedrii a species which lays its eggs in the smoldering wood immediately after a forest fire.[6] The tree is also host to incense-cedar mistletoe (Phoradendron libocedri), a parasitic plant which can often be found hanging from its branches.[11] Fire scars provide an entry point for Tyromyces amarus (pocket dry rot).[9] Gymnosporangium rust disease afflicts the trees, but is rarely fatal.[9]

For numerous birds during the wintertime, Calocedrus decurrens has been seen to be used for foraging.[12] According to the United States Department of Agriculture, in areas of the Western Sierra Nevada in California, numerous species of birds are thought to use the incense cedar as a "foraging substrate" so that they can attain as much food as needed.[12] Human impacts on these trees due to forest management practices have caused issues for many of these birds, threatening the use of the incense cedar as a forage substrate.[12]

Uses

The wood is soft and light, and has a pleasant odor and is generally resistant to rot. It has been used for external house siding, interior paneling, and to make moth-resistant hope chests.[9] It was once the primary material for wooden pencils, because it is soft and tends to sharpen easily without forming splinters.[9]

Native Americans

Indigenous peoples of California use the plant in traditional medicine,[how?] basket making, hunting bows, building materials, and to produce fire by friction.[13] A Northern California tribe used branchlets to filter out sand from water when leaching toxins from acorn meal; foliage also served as a flavoring.[9]

The Maidu Concow tribe name for the plant is hö'-tä (Konkow language).[14]

Cultivation

Calocedrus decurrens is cultivated as an ornamental tree, for planting in gardens and parks. It is used in traditional, xeriscapic, native plant, and wildlife gardens; and also in designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects in California. It is valued for its columnar form and evergreen foliage textures.

The tree is also grown in gardens and parks in cool summer climates, including the Pacific Northwest in the Northwestern United States and British Columbia, eastern Great Britain and continental Northern Europe. In these areas it can develop an especially narrow columnar crown, an unexplained consequence of the cooler climatic conditions that is rare in trees within its warm summer natural range in the California Floristic Province. Other cultivated species from the family Cupressaceae can have similar crown forms.[15]

Award of Garden Merit

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit,[16] and has the cultivar 'Berrima Gold'.[17]

Essential oils

Various species in the family Cupressaceae can be utilized for the creation of essential oils.[18] Scientific studies have shown that these essential oils have "strong antimicrobial properties."[18] Antimicrobial properties are those properties of a substance that lower the levels of microbes, such as bacteria and viruses. These antimicrobial properties could potentially be used for therapies in developing countries, although more testing and clinical trials should be done before such measures are implemented.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Calocedrus decurrens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42210A2962006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42210A2962006.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 January 2017 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ^ NRCS. "Calocedrus decurrens". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  4. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. ^ Thieret, John W. (1993). "Calocedrus decurrens". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ a b Powers, Robert F.; Oliver, William W. (1990). "Libocedrus decurrens". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
  7. ^ a b c Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
  8. ^ "Incensecedar (Calocedrus decurrens)". American Forests. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 149–155. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  10. ^ Franklin, Janet; Spears-Lebrun, Linnea A.; Deutschman, Douglas H.; Marsden, Kim. 2006. Impact of a high-intensity fire on mixed evergreen and mixed conifer forests in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 235(1-3): 18-29. [65016]
  11. ^ Hawksworth, Frank G.; Wiens, Delbert (1993). "Phoradendron libocedri". In Hickman, James C. (ed.). The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria.
  12. ^ a b c Morrison, Michael L.; Dahlsten, Donald L.; Tait, Susan M.; Heald, Robert C.; Milne, Kathleen A.; Rowney, David L. (1989). "Bird foraging on incense-cedar and incense-cedar scale during winter in California". Res. Pap. PSW-Rp-195. Albany, Ca: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 16 P. 195. Berkeley, CA: PSW–RP–195. doi:10.2737/psw-rp-195. hdl:2027/umn.31951d028890389.
  13. ^ University of Michigan—Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Calocedrus decurrens
  14. ^ Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 404. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  15. ^ Mitchell, A. F. (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. Collins ISBN 0-00-219972-6.
  16. ^ "Calocedrus decurrens". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  17. ^ "Calocedrus decurrens 'Berrima Gold'". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  18. ^ a b c Ibrahim, Taghreed A.; El-Hefnawy, Hala M.; El-Hela, Atef A. (2010-10-10). "Antioxidant potential and phenolic acid content of certain cucurbitaceous plants cultivated in Egypt". Natural Product Research. 24 (16): 1537–1545. doi:10.1080/14786419.2010.489049. ISSN 1478-6419. S2CID 42694118.
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