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Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau

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Diocese of Passau

Diœcesis Passaviensis

Bistum Passau
St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau
Coat of arms
Location
CountryGermany
Ecclesiastical provinceMunich and Freising
Statistics
Area5,442 km2 (2,101 sq mi)
Population
- Total
- Catholics		(as of 2021)
630,353
466,750 (74.0%)
Parishes285
Information
DenominationCatholic
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
Established737
CathedralSt. Stephan's Cathedral
Patron saintSt. Conrad of Parzham
St. Maximilian of Celeia
St. Valentine
Secular priests275 (diocesan)
65 (Religious Orders)
46 Permanent Deacons
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
BishopStefan Oster
Metropolitan ArchbishopReinhard Marx
Map
Website
bistum-passau.de
Prince-Bishopric of Passau
Fürstbistum Passau
999–1805
Coat of arms of Passau
Coat of arms
StatusPrince-Bishopric
CapitalPassau
GovernmentPrince-Bishopric
Historical eraEarly modern period
• Gained Reichsfreiheit
    from Otto III
999
• Bernhardine Charter
    grants burghers
    municipal freedoms


1299
• Peace of Passau
   during Reformation

1552
1805
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Swabia
Kingdom of Bavaria

The Diocese of Passau (Template:Lang-la) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Germany that is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising.[1][2] The Prince-Bishopric of Passau was an ecclesiastical principality that existed for centuries until it was secularized in 1803. The diocese covers an area of 5,442 km².

History

Lorch

The Diocese of Passau may be considered the successor of the ancient Diocese of Lorch (Laureacum). At Lorch, a Roman station and an important stronghold at the confluence of the rivers Enns and Danube, Christianity found a foothold in the third century, during a period of Roman domination, and a Bishop of Lorch certainly existed in the fourth. The letter of Pope Symmachus (498–514) to Archbishop Theodore of Lorch is a forgery of Bishop Pilgrim.[3] During the great migrations, Christianity on the Danube was completely rooted out, and the Celtic and Roman population was annihilated or enslaved.

Foundation of the diocese of Passau

In the region between the rivers Lech and Enns, the wandering Baiuvarii were converted to Christianity in the seventh century, while the Avari, to the east, remained pagan. The ecclesiastical organization of Bavaria was brought about in 739 by the papal legate St. Boniface, who, with the support of Duke Odilo or at least enacting an earlier design of the duke,[4] erected the four sees of Freising, Ratisbon, Passau, and Salzburg.[5] He confirmed as incumbent of Passau, Bishop Vivilo, or Vivolus, who had been ordained by in Rome by Pope Gregory III (731-741). Thenceforth, Vivilo resided permanently at Passau, on the site of the old Roman colony of Batavis. Here was a church, the founder of which is not known, dedicated to St. Stephen. To Bishop Vivilo's diocese was annexed the ancient Lorch, which meanwhile had become a small and unimportant place. By the duke's generosity, a cathedral was soon erected near the Church of St. Stephen, and here the bishop lived in common with his clergy.

The ecclesiastical province of Bavaria was created on 20 April 798, at the request of Charlemagne. Pope Leo III named Salzburg its metropolitan archdiocese, and appointed as suffragan dioceses in the province: Passau, Ratisbon, Freising, Säben-Brixen, and Neuburg. He sent Bishop Arno of Salzburg the pallium.[6] The diocese of Passau was subject to Salzburg until 1728; from 1728 until 1817 it was directly subject to the Holy See (Papacy); from 1826, it was subject to the archdiocese of Munich-Freising.[7]

Diocesan boundaries

The boundaries of the diocese extended westwards to the river Isar, and eastwards to the Enns. In ecclesiastical affairs Passau was probably, from the beginning, suffragan to Salzburg. Through the favour of Dukes Odilo and Tassilo, the bishopric received many gifts, and several monasteries arose—e.g. Niederaltaich Abbey, Niedernburg Abbey, Mattsee Abbey, Kremsmünster Abbey—which were richly endowed. Under Bishop Waltreich (774–804), after the conquest of the Avari, who had assisted the rebellious Duke Tassilo, the district between the Enns and the Raab was added to the diocese, which thus included the whole eastern part (Ostmark) of Southern Bavaria and part of what is now Hungary.

Troubles with Moravia

Pope Eugenius II (824–827) was said to have sent a letter to four bishops in Moravia and Hungary (Pannonia), informing them that he had created Bishop Urolfus of Passau an archbishop, and made him metropolitan of an ecclesiastical province, which included the dioceses of Favianensis, Speculiiuliensis (also known as Ouguturensis), Nitravensis, and Vetuarensis.[8] Only two of the diocesan names are known. The document, however, is a forgery.[9] It was invented by Bishop Pilgrim, to advance his claim that the diocese of Passau was the successor of the (arch)diocese of Lorch, and was entitled to the pallium.[10] Neither the German kings nor the popes ever acknowledged validity of the claim.[11]

On 24 September 860, at the request of Bishop Hartwig of Passau, King Louis II granted a number of mansiones to Hartwig's chorepiscopus[12] Alberic.[13] But in May 864,[14] Pope Nicholas I, writing to King Louis, noted that Bishop Hartwig of Passau had been paralysed for the previous four years (abhinc quattuor annos), but that he could not simply be deposed or set aside; he could, however, resign the diocese, if he were able to execute the proper documents.[15]

The first missionaries to the pagan Hungarians went out from Passau, and in 866 the Church sent missionaries to Bulgaria.[16]

Before the spring 873, a three year long struggle on the part of several German bishops attempted to unseat Bishop Methodius, the "Apostle to the Slavs."[17] Pope John VIII (872–882) wrote to his legate in Germany and Pannonia, Bishop Paul of Ancona, ordering him to advise King Louis that Pannonia was directly subject to the Holy See (Papacy), and that he should inform Archbishop Alvinus of Salzburg and Bishop Ermericus of Passau that if they should deprive Bishop Methodius of his sacred ministry, the pope would do the same to them.[18] Ermericus captured Methodius, kept him in prison during the bitter winter, held a meeting of bishops, and would have had Methodius beaten in public, were it not for the intervention of others. Pope John suspended Emericus, and summoned him, along with Bishop Paul and Bishop Methodius, to Rome for trial.[19] He died on 2 January 874.[20]

The Magyars made their first incursions into northern Italy in 899; in 900, they made their first raids into Bavaria.[21] In July 900, Archbishop Dietmar of Salzburg, Bishops Waldo of Frising, Erchanbald of Eichstatt, Zacharias of Säben-Brixen, Tuto of Ratisbon, and Richarius of Passau, sent a letter of complaint to Pope John IX.[22] They wrote that three bishops had come into the diocese of Passau from Moravia, Archbishop John and Bishops Benedict and Daniel, and had consecrated an archbishop and three bishops without the knowledge of the archbishop of Salzburg or the consent of the bishop of Passau. They reminded the pope of the good deeds of the kings of the Franks toward his predecessors; they refuted the charges of the Slavs; and they advised the pope not to believe the lies that they were telling about the Bavarian bishops.[23][24]

Passau, the outermost eastern bulwark of the Germans, suffered most from the incursions of the Hungarians. At that time many churches and monasteries were destroyed. When, after the victory the Battle of Lechfeld, the Germans pressed forward and regained the old Ostmark, Bishop Adalbert (946-971) hoped to extend his spiritual jurisdiction over Hungary.

Bishop Pilgrim

His successor, Bishop Piligrim (971-991), who worked successfully for the Christianization of Pannonia, aspired to free Passau from the metropolitan authority of Salzburg, but was completely frustrated in this, as well as in his attempt to assert the metropolitan claims which Passau was supposed to have inherited from Lorch, and to include all Hungary in his diocese. By founding many monasteries in his diocese he prepared the way for the princely power of later bishops. He also built many new churches and restored others from ruins.[25]

Princes of the Empire

The Prince-Bishopric of Passau, circa 1760. It was much smaller than the diocese of the same name.

His successor, Christian (991-1002) received in 999 from Emperor Otto III the market privilege and the rights of coinage, taxation, and higher and lower jurisdiction.[26] Bishop Christian attended the diet of Frankfurt in 1007, at which the decision was taken to establish the diocese of Bamberg, and in 1012 he participated in the consecration of its new cathedral.[27] The Emperor Henry II granted him a large part of the North Forest. Henceforward, indeed, the bishops ruled as princes of the empire, although the title was used for the first time only in a document in 1193. Under Berengar (1013–1045) the whole district east of the Viennese forest as far as Letha and March was placed under the jurisdiction of Passau. During his time the cathedral chapter made its appearance, but there is little information concerning its beginning as a distinct corporation with the right of electing a bishop. This right was much hampered by the exercise of imperial influence.

At the beginning of the Investiture Controversy, Bishop Altmann occupied the see (1065–1091) and was one of the few German bishops who adhered to Pope Gregory VII. He served as papal legate of Pope Gregory.[28] In 1175, he held a council in Passau, in which he had Pope Gregory's synodical letters of 1074 and 1075 read to the assembly; they mandated clerical celibacy. There was difficulty in enforcing the mandate, and Altmann wrote to the pope, who replied that if one of the clergy complied, he could be restored to his position, but if one refused, he was to be cut off completely.[29] In 1080, Pope Gregory deposed Bishop Otto of Konstanz in the Roman synod of Lent, and ordered Bishop Altmann to travel to Konstanz and supervise the election of a proper bishop.[30] In 1081, he commissioned Altmann to win back the archbishop of Salzburg and the other bishops who had gone over to King Henry IV, and that he should receive fraternally those who returned to papal obedience, in particular Bishop Benno of Osnabrück.[31]

Bishop Ulrich (1092–1121), who was for a time driven from his see by Emperor Henry IV,[32] furthered monastic reforms and the Crusades. Reginmar (1121–1138), Reginbert, Count of Hegenau (1136–1147) who took part in the crusade of Conrad III, and Conrad of Austria (1149–1164), a brother of Bishop Otto of Freising, were all interested in the foundation of new monasteries and the reform for those already existing. Bishop Conrad attended the diet of Ratisbon on 17 September 1156, and witnessed the privilegium of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in which he elevated the Ostmark of Austria into a duchy.[33]

Bishop Diepold of Berg went on the Third Crusade with Frederick Barbarossa in 1189, accompanied by the dean of the cathedral, Tageno,[34] whose diary contributed to later authors. Diepold died in Antioch on 3 November 1190, probably of some plague.[35]

Bishop Ulrich (1215–1221), was formally recognized as a prince of the empire at the Reichstag of Nuremberg in January 1217.[36] The reforms which were begun by bishops Gebhard von Plaien (1221–1232) and Rüdiger von Rodeck (1233–1250) found a zealous promoter in Otto von Lonsdorf (1254–1265), one of the greatest bishops of Passau. He took stringent measures against the relaxed monasteries, introduced the Franciscans and Dominicans into his diocese, promoted the arts and sciences, and collected the old documents which had survived the storms of the preceding period, so that to him we owe almost all our knowledge of the early history of Passau. [37] Bishop Peter, formerly Canon of Breslau, contributed to the House of Habsburg by bestowing episcopal fiefs on the sons of King Rudolph.

Bishop Godefrid presided over a diocesan synod, held at St. Pölten on 19 March 1284.[38]

Passau without a bishop

Under Bernhard of Brambach (1285–1313), Passau started striving to become a free imperial city. After an uprising in May 1298, the bishop granted the burghers, in the municipal ordinance of 1299, privileges in conformity with what was called the Bernhardine Charter. The cathedral having been burned down in 1281, he built a new cathedral which lasted until 1662. Bishop Bernhard died on 27 July 1313.[39] The cathedral Chapter met as usual to select a successor, but the result was disorder. Two factions selected two different candidates, the larger part chose Canon Gebehard Walse, the minority Canon Albertus, the son of the King of the Romans. Gebehard went to Avignon, to lodge an appeal with Pope Clement V, who died on 20 April 1314 before the matter was resolved; Gebehard too died before a new pope was elected. Pope John XXII rejected Albert, who was under age and not in holy orders. He then, on 3 June 1317, appointed Henri of Vienne, the brother of Jean, the Dauphin of Viennois, who was also under age and not in holy orders.[40] In fact, in April 1313, Pope Clement had granted Henri a license for seven years to study civil law, with the provision that he reside in one of his benefices. Then, on 6 September 1316, Pope John had written to the bishop of Grenoble that Henri wanted to resign all his benefices, and that the bishop should accept his resignations.[41] Documents indicate that there was no bishop seated in Passau in 1317–1320, and that episcopal functions were being carried out by the bishop of Frising.[42] Finally, Pope John XXII appointed Albert of Saxony to the diocese of Passau, on 14 June 1320, though he was only in minor orders, and rector of the parish of Vienna. On 22 June 1320 he was given the privilege of having all his ordinations carried out on the same day, by a bishop of his own choosing.[43] He was ordained a subdeacon in Vienna, and ordained and consecrated in Salzburg by the archbishop in September 1321.[44]

Bishop Albert von Winkel (1363–1380) was particularly active in the struggle with the burghers and in resisting the robber-knights. The Black Death visited the bishopric under Gottfried II von Weitzenbeck (1342–1362). George I von Hohenlohe (1388–1421), who, after 1418, was imperial chancellor, energetically opposed the Hussites.

During the time of Ulrich III von Nussdorf (1451–1479) the diocese suffered its first great curtailment. At the request of the Emperor Frederick III, the Diocese of Vienna was established by Pope Paul II on 18 January 1469, out of territory taken from the Diocese of Passau.[45] This diocese was afterwards further enlarged at the expense of Passau by Pope Sixtus IV. Towards the close of the fifteenth century the conflict between an Austrian candidate for the see and a Bavarian brought about a state of war in the diocese.

The Protestant Reformation was kept out of all the Bavarian part of the diocese, except the Countship of Ortenburg, by the efforts of Ernest of Bavaria who, though never consecrated, ruled the diocese from 1517 to 1541. Lutheranism found many adherents, however, in the Austrian portion. Bishops Wolfgang von Salm (1540–1555) and Urban von Trennbach (1561–1598) led the counter-Reformation. Under Bishop Wolfgang the Peace of Passau was concluded, in the summer of 1552.[46] The last Bavarian prince-bishop was Urban, who in his struggles during the Reformation received substantial aid for the Austrian part of the diocese from Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, and, after 1576, from Emperor Rudolf II. All the successors of Urban were Austrians. Bishop Leopold I (1598–1625) (also Bishop of Strasburg after 1607) was one of the first to enter the Catholic League of 1609. In the Thirty Years' War he was loyal to his brother, Emperor Ferdinand II. Leopold II Wilhelm (1625–1662), son of Ferdinand II, a pious prince and a great benefactor of the City of Passau, especially after the great conflagration of 1662, finally united five bishoprics.

Bishop Wenzelaus von Thun (1664–1673) began the new cathedral which was completed thirty years later by his successor Cardinal John Philip von Lamberg. Bishop John Philip was named a cardinal by Pope Innocent XII on 21 June 1700.[47] His nephew and successor, Bishop Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (1723–1762), was appointed a cardinal by Pope Clement XII on 20 December 1737.[48] They were brother and son to Franz Joseph I, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg, and both cardinals served as diplomats for the Austrian court.

Archdiocese

In November 1719, the Emperor Charles VI wrote to Pope Clement XI, requesting that he elevate the bishopric of Vienna to the rank of metropolitan see. The pope referred the proposal to the Consistorial Congregation, which reported favorably on 6 March 1721. Before the bulls could be prepared for signature, however, the pope died, on 19 March. The new pope, Innocent XIII, issued the bulls on 1 June 1722, and named Sigismund von Kollonitz to the archbishopric.[49] When Vienna was raised to an archdiocese in 1722, Bishop Raymond von Rabatta relinquished the parishes beyond the Viennese Forest, but in compensation the diocese of Passau was exempted from the metropolitan authority of Salzburg, and became a metropolitan diocese itself, directly dependent upon the Holy See (Papacy); the bishop obtained the pallium for himself and his successors.[50] Archbishop Leopold Ernst von Firmian (1763–1783), created cardinal by Pope Clement XIV on 14 December 1772,[51] established an institute of theology at Passau, and, after the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773,[52] founded a lyceum.

Under Archbishop Joseph von Auersperg (1783–1795), the Emperor Joseph II took away two-thirds of the diocese to form the dioceses of Linz and St. Pölten and to enlarge for the last time the archdiocese of Vienna. Pope Pius VI issued the bull "Romanus Pontifex" on 28 January 1784, establishing the diocese of Linz.[53] On the same day, the pope issued another bull, "Inter plurimas," in which he established the diocese of St. Pölten, also partially on territory which had been part of the diocese of Passau.[54]

The last prince-bishop, Leopold von Thun (1796–1826), saw the secularization of the old bishopric in 1803;[55] the City of Passau and the temporalities on the left bank of the Inn and the right bank of the Ilz went to Bavaria, while the territory on the left banks of the Danube and of the Ilz went to Ferdinand III of Habsburg-Lorraine, the former Grand Duke of Tuscany, becoming part of the Electorate of Salzburg and afterwards to Austria. On 22 February 1803, when the Bavarians marched into Passau, the prince-bishop withdrew to his estates in Bohemia, and never revisited his former residence.[56]

Reconstruction

After the abdication of Napoleon (1815), Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria was confirmed as king of Bavaria by the Congress of Vienna, and as a member of the Federative Constitution of Germany, of the 8th June 1815. There were adjustments in boundaries, the most significant being the transfer of Salzburg from Bavaria to Austria. New boundaries of ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses, therefore, had to be negotiated. A concordat between Bavaria and the Papacy was negotiated by Cardinal Ercole Consalvi and Baron Johann Casimir Häffelin, and signed on 5 June 1817.[57] The diocese of Freising was suppressed and its territory incorporated into the diocese of Munich.[58] Article IX granted the kings of Bavaria in perpetuity the right to nominate candidates to all the vacant archbishoprics and bishoprics in the kingdom, subject to papal approval.[59]

On 1 April 1818, Pope Pius VII issued the bull "Dei ac Domini", in which he put into effect canonically the changes agreed to in the Concordat with Bavaria.[60] He began by abolishing the ecclesiastical province of Ratisbon, with all the dioceses within it, including Passau, and the Provostship of Berchtesgaden.[61] When the diocese was reconstituted, it contained, in addition to the city of Passau, 136 parishes, which are listed in the papal bull.[62] The Chapter of the cathedral of S. Stephen in Passau was to consist of two dignities, the Provost and the Dean, and eight canons, four major and four minor.[63]

Passau was made directly subject to the Holy See until the death of the last prince-archbishop, Leopold von Thun, which took place on 22 October 1826. Thereafter, the diocese became a suffragan of Munich-Freising.[64]

Pope Benedict XVI was born and baptized on Holy Saturday, 16 April 1927, at Marktl am Inn, which is located within the Diocese of Passau.

Bishops of Passau

To 1200

No. Name from to Comments
  Valentin of Raetia ? 475  
  Vivilo[65] 739 745?[66] Vivilo was consecrated a bishop by Pope Gregory III (731–741).[67]
  Beatus ? 753/754 Beatus is known only from a versified episcopal list.[68]
1 Sidonius 753[69] 756 Nothing is known of his tenure as bishop. His dates are conjectural.
  Anthelm[70] ? ? Third[71] or fourth bishop, Anthelmus' name appears in a versified episcopal list.[72]
2 Wisurich 770 777 Bishop Wisurich[73] witnessed a donation on 26 September 770;[74] Wiserichus attended a synod of 6 bishops and 13 abbots at Dingolfing on 14 October 772.[75]
3 Waldrich[76] 777 804/805 Leo III wrote to Waldrich on 20 April 798.[77] He was present at a synod of bishops at Reisbach on 20 January 799.[78]
4 Urolf 804/805 806  
5 Hatto 806 817  
6 Reginhar 818 838  
  Vacancy 838 840  
7 Hartwig 840 866  
8 Ermanrich 866 874  
9 Engelmar 875 897  
10 Wiching 898 899  
11 Richard 899 902  
12 Burkhard 903 915  
13 Gumpold 915 932  
14 Gerhard 932 946  
15 Adalbert 946 970/971  
16 Piligrim[79] 971 991 a member of the Sieghardinger dynasty. Pilgrim was a notorious forger of early documents of Passau.[80]
17 Christian 991 1013 First bishop with secular authority
18 Berengar 1013 1045  
19 Egilbert 1045 1065 Engelbert
20 Altmann[81] 1065 1091  
20a Hermann of Eppenstein 1085 1087 counter-bishop of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
21 Ulrich 1092 1121 Ulrich I.
22 Reginmar 1121 1138  
23 Reginbert of Hagenau 1138 1147/1148  
24 Conrad (I) of Babenberg 1148/1149 1164 Son of Leopold III, Margrave of Austria and Agnes von Waiblingen; also Archbishop of Salzburg (as Conrad II)
25 Rupert I 1164 1165  
  Albo[82] 1165 1168 Elected on 11 November 1165. Expelled from Passau in 1168 for supporting the pope against the emperor, he was replaced by Albert, the son of the King of Bohemia.[83]
  Henry I of Berg 1169 1172 resigned, later Bishop of Würzburg from 1191 until his death in 1197
26 Diepold of Berg 1172 1190 Theobald. With permission of Pope Alexander III. Dietpold was consecrated on 23 September 1172 in Passau.[84]
27 Wolfger of Erla 1191 1204  

From 1200 to 1500

No. Name from to Comments
28 Poppo 1204 1205 Cathedral provost of Aquileia. Poppo succeeded Wolfker, who was transferred to Aquileia by Pope Innocent III on 24 June 1204; he served from 15 October 1204, and died on 26 December 1205.[85]
29 Manegold of Berg[86] 1206 1215 M. died on 9 June 1215.[87]
30 Ulrich 1215 1221  
31 Gebhard von Plain 1222 1232  
32 Rüdiger of Bergheim[88] 1233 1250 Bishop of Chiemsee 1216–1233; excommunicated and deposed by Pope Innocent IV in 1250.
— Konrad[89] 1248 1249 Uncanonically elected in summer 1248, but never confirmed by pope.[90] Called himself Electus Pataviensis in 1249.[91]
34 Berthold of Pietengau 1250 1254 B. was appointed by the papal legate, Cardinal Petrus de Collemedio, Bishop of Albano, and approved by Pope Innocent IV on 1 October 1250.[92]
35 Otto of Lonsdorf 1254[93] 1265 Otto died on 9 April 1265.[94]
36 Wladislaw of Silesia 1265 1265  
37 Petrus 1265 1280 Canon of Breslau
38 Wichard of Pohlheim 1280 1282  
39 Gottfried 1282 1285 Protonotary of Rudolf of Habsburg, German king
40 Bernhard of Prambach 1285 1313  
Vacancy due to disputed election 1313 1317  
  Albert II, Duke of Austria 1313 1313 Canon of Passau
  Gebhard Walso 1313 1315 Canon of Passau
41 Henri de la Tour-du-Pin[95] 1317 1319 Bishop-elect only, never ordained or consecrated.[96]
42 Albert II of Saxe-Wittenberg 1320 1342  
43 Gottfried of Weißeneck 1342[97] 1362 G. had been Provost of Passau.[98]
44 Albert III of Winkel 1363 1380  
45 Johann of Scharffenberg 1381 1387  
46 Hermann Digni 1387 1388  
47 Rupert of Berg 1388 1390  
48 George of Hohenlohe 1390 1423  
49 Leonhard of Laiming 1423/1424 1451  
50 Ulrich of Nußdorf 1451 1479  
51 George Hessler 1480 1482 from 1477 Cardinal
52 Friedrich Mauerkircher 1482 1485  
53 Frederick of Öttingen 1485 1490  
54 Christopher of Schachner 1490 1500  

From 1500 to 1826

No. Name from to Comments
56 Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll 1500 1517  
57 Ernest of Bavaria 1517 1541 Administrator
57 Wolfgang von Salm[99] 1541 1555  
58 Wolfgang of Closen 1555 1561  
59 Urban of Trennbach 1561 1598  
60 Leopold V, Archduke of Austria 1598 1625  
61 Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria 1625 1662  
62 Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria 1662 1664  
63 Wenzeslaus of Thun 1664 1673  
64 Sebastian of Pötting 1673 1689  
65 John Philip of Lamberg 1689 1712 Cardinal from 1700
67 Raymund Ferdinand, Count of Rabatta 1713 1722  
68 Joseph Dominic of Lamberg[100] 1723 1761 Cardinal from 1737
69 Joseph Maria, Count of Thun 1761 1763  
70 Leopold Ernst von Firmian 1763 1783 Cardinal from 1772
71 Joseph Francis Anton of Auersperg 1783 1795 Cardinal from 1789
72 Thomas John Caspar, Count of Thun-Hohenstein 1795 1796  
73 Leopold Leonard, Imperial Count of Thun 13 December 1796 22 October 1826 Last Prince-Bishop

Since 1826

No. Name from to Comments
74 Karl Joseph, Baron of Riccabona 25 December 1826 25 May 1839  
75 Heinrich of Hofstätter[101] 6 July 1839 12 May 1875  
76 Joseph Francis of Weckert 4 October 1875 13 March 1889  
77 Antonius von Thoma 24 March 1889 23 October 1889  
78 Michael of Rampf 8 December 1889 29 March 1901  
79 Anton of Henle 3 April 1901 18 October 1906  
80 Sigismund Felix, Baron of Ow-Felldorf 18 October 1906 11 May 1936  
81 Simon Konrad Landersdorfer, OSB 11 September 1936 27 October 1968  
82 Antonius Hofmann 27 October 1968 15 October 1984  
83 Franz Xaver Eder 15 October 1984 8 January 2001  
84 Wilhelm Schraml 13 December 2001 1 October 2012  
85 Stefan Oster 24 May 2014 Incumbent  

Auxiliary bishops

References

  1. ^ "Diocese of Passau" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016.[self-published source]
  2. ^ "Diocese of Passau" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016.[self-published source]
  3. ^ Brackmann, pp. 159-160. no. 1: "Spurium, confectum ab ipso Piligrimo ep. Pataviensi, eo consilio, ut sibi et successoribus suis pallium acquireret."
  4. ^ Maß, Josef (2005). "Der hl. Bonifatius und das Bistum Freising". Beiträge zur altbayerischen Kirchengeschichte (in German). 48: 9–27.
  5. ^ Brackmann, p. 160, no. 4.
  6. ^ Brackmann, Germania pontificia, pp. 4; 8 nos. 7 and 8; 161, no. 8. Hansiz, Germania sacra Vol. 2, pp. 6-7.
  7. ^ Brachmann, p. 157.
  8. ^ Brackmann, p. 162, no. †10. Hansiz, pp. 146-150.
  9. ^ Brackmann: "Spurium, confectum a Piligrimo ep. Pataviensi." Ernst Ludwig Dümmler, Piligrim von Passau und das Erzbisthum Lorch, (in German and Latin), Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854, pp. 18-21, 115-117 (complete text).
  10. ^ Brackmann, p. 157: "Piligrimus ille, qui, ut pallium sibi acquireret simulque totam Pannoniam tunc recuperatam ecclesiae suae adiungeret, se successorem Lauriacensium archiepiscoporum esse privilegiis spuriis contendit."
  11. ^ Brackmann: "Quamquam reges et summi pontifices haec privilegia minime confirmaverunt, fabulae tamen Lauriacensium archiepiscoporum non interierunt."
  12. ^ Eric Knibbs, Ansgar, Rimbert and the Forged Foundations of Hamburg-Bremen, London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 39-41. Johann Friedrich, Die vocati episcopi Erchanfried und Otkar der Passauer und der Oadalhart episcopus der Freisinger Urkunden, (in German), München: Franz i.Komm., 1882 [Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Philologische und Historische Klasse], p. 320-322.
  13. ^ Hansiz I, p. 158.
  14. ^ Philippus Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum, (in Latin), second edition (Leipzig: Veit 1885), pp. 352-353, no. 2758.
  15. ^ Brackmann, p. 162, no. 11.
  16. ^ Hansiz I, p. 161.
  17. ^ Methodius had been consecrated in Rome by Pope Adrian I (867–872). Gustav Friedrich, Kristen Zdeněk, Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris regni Bohemiae, (in Latin). Volume 1 (Prague: Sumptibus Comitiorum Regni Bohemiae, 1907), p. 17, no. 22: "Quia vero audivimus, quia Methodius vester archiepiscopus , ab antecessore nostro, Adriano scilicet papa, ordinatus vobisque directus, aliter doceat, quam coram sede apostolica se credere verbis et litteris professus est, valde miramur...."
  18. ^ Brackmann, pp. 162-163, no. 12. Friedrich & Zdeněk, Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris regni Bohemiae,, pp. 12-14, no. 18.
  19. ^ Friedrich, & Zdeněk, Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris regni Bohemiae,, p. 15, no. 19: "fratrem et coepiscopum nostrum Methodium carceralibus penis afficiens et sub divo diutius acerrima hiemis et nimborum immanitate castigans atque ab ecclesię sibi commisse regimine subtrahens, et adeo in insaniam veniens, ut in episcoporum concilium tractum equino flagello percuteres, nisi prohiberetur ab aliis."
  20. ^ Hansiz I, p. 162.
  21. ^ R.E.Dupuy & T.N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History, second revised edition (New York: Harper & Row 1985), p. 254.
  22. ^ Pope John had died in January 900. J.N.D. Kelly & M.J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes, second edition (Oxford: OUO 2010), p. 116.
  23. ^ Brackmann, p. 163, no. 14. Hansiz I, p. 174.
  24. ^ Ernst Dümmler, Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches: Bd. Die Letzten Karolinger. Konrad I, (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1888), pp. 511-515.
  25. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 203-229.
  26. ^ Hansiz I, p. 233. Schrödl, pp. 85-86.
  27. ^ Schrödl, p. 86.
  28. ^ Brackmann, pp. 169-170, nos. 33-35.
  29. ^ Brackmann, p. 167, no. 23; 169, no. 32.
  30. ^ Brackmann, p. 168, no. 26.
  31. ^ Brackmann, p. 169, no. 30.
  32. ^ Pope Paschal II, in a letter of 2 February 1104, to the bishops of Germany and Bavaria, laments that Bishop Ulrich of Passau and Bishop Gebeard of Konstanz had been driven from their dioceses. Brackmann, p. 170, no. 37.
  33. ^ Emil Reich, Select Documents illustrating Mediaeval and Modern History, London: P.S. King 1905, pp. 620-621: "adhibitis testibus idoneis quorum nomina sunt haec: Pilgrimus patriarcha Aquilegiensis. Eberhardus Salzeburgensis archiepiscopus. Otto Frisingensis episcopus. Chunradus Pataviensis episcopus. Eberhardus Babenbergensis episcopus. Hartmannus Brixinensis episcopus. Haertwicus Ratisponensis episcopus, et ... Tridentinus episcopus."
  34. ^ G.A. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts, Farnham UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2013, pp. 3-5.
  35. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 335-336.
  36. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Regesta chronologico-diplomatica regum Atque Imperatorum Romanorum inde a Conrado I. usque ad Heinricum VII., (in German) (Frankfort: F. Varrentrapp, 1831), pp. 168-170. Schrödl, p. 184. Jean Louis Huillard-Bréholles, Historia diplomatica Friderica Secundi, Volume 1, Part 2, (in French), (Paris: H. Plon, 1852), pp. 493-496.
  37. ^ See Schmidt, Otto von Lonsdorf, Bischof zu Passau, Würzburg, 1903.
  38. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 427-435.
  39. ^ Eubel I, p. 392.
  40. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 451-452. G, Mollat, Jean XXII. Lettres communes, vol. 1 (Paris: Fontemoing 1904), p. 367, no. 4011.
  41. ^ Eubel I, p. 392-393, note 7.
  42. ^ Hansiz I, p. 454-455.
  43. ^ Eubel I, p. 393 with note 7.
  44. ^ Hansiz I, p. 456.
  45. ^ Cesare Baronio (ed. Augustin Theiner), Annales Ecclesiastici, (in Latin), Vol. 29 (Bar-le-Duc: Bertrand 1876), p. 468.
  46. ^ William Robertson (1875), History of the Reign of Charles the Fifth, Volume 3, Philadelphia: Lippincott 1875. pp. 76-84. Gerhard Bonwetsch (1907), Geschichte des Passauischen Vertrages von 1552, (in German), Göttingen: Druck der Dieterichschen univ.-buchdr. (W.F. Kaestner), 1907.
  47. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 22, no. 29.
  48. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 8, no. 24.
  49. ^ Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica (in Italian), Vol. 100 (Venice: Tip. Emiliana 1860), p. 8. Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 414, with notes 1, 8.
  50. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 329, note 1. Cf. Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 308, note 1.
  51. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 27, no. 7.
  52. ^ Paul Graf von Hoensbroech, Fourteen Years a Jesuit: A Record of Personal Experience and a Criticism, Volume 2 (London & New York: Cassell, 1911), p. 84.
  53. ^ Pius VI, ""Romanus Pontifex", in: Bullarii Romani Continuatio, Vol. 7, (in Latin), (Rome: Apostolic Camera 1843), pp. 247-255. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica (in Italian), Vol. 38 (Venice: Tip. Emiliana 1846), p. 268; on 14 February 1785, the first bishop of Linz was appointed in consistory by the pope.
  54. ^ Pius VI, ""Romanus Pontifex", in: Bullarii Romani Continuatio, Vol. 7, pp. 240-247.
  55. ^ Higby, pp. 118-119; 121-124.
  56. ^ Schrödl, pp. 388-390.
  57. ^ Gesetzblatt für das Königreich Bayern: 1818, (in German and Latin), Munich 1819, pp. 397-436. The treaty was actually signed on 24 October 1817, after some outstanding disagreements were worked out: Higby, p. 330.
  58. ^ Higby, pp. 320-321.
  59. ^ Higby, p. 324: "Sanctitas Sua, attenta utilitate, quae ex hac Conventione manat in ea, quae ad res Ecclesiae et Religionis pertinent, Majestati Regis Maximiliani Josephi, ejusque Successoribus Catholicis per Litteras Apostolicas statim post ratificationem praesentis Conventionis expediendas in perpetuum concedet Indultum nominandi ad vacantes Archiepiscopales et Episcopales Ecclesias Regni Bavarici dignos et idoneos Ecclesiasticos Viros iis dotibus praeditos, quas Sacri Canones requirunt."
  60. ^ Pius VII, "Dei ac Domini", Bullarii Romani Continuatio, (in Latin), Vol. 15, pp. 17-31.
  61. ^ "Dei ac Domini", [https://books.google.com/books?id=5DG2dIeHJFUC&pg=PA18, p. 18, § 3: "...perpetuo extinguimus titulum, denominationem, et naturam, totumque statum praesentem infrascriptarum ecclesiarum archiepiscopalis et episcopalium, una cum earum respectivis capitulis, juribus, privilegiis, indultis, et praerogativis cujuscumque generis, nimirum archiepiscopalis Ratisbonensis, et episcopalium Augustanae, Passaviensis, Bambergensis, Eichstettensis, Herbipolensis, Frisingensis, Spirensis, et Chiemensis, ac uniuscujusque dioecesis, nec non capituli antiquae metropolitanae ecclesiae Moguntinae, nunc Aschaffemburgi residentis, et monasterii sub titulo beatae Mariae virginis, ac invocatione sanctorum Gordiani Epimachi, et Casoli martyrum abbatiae Campidunensis nuncupatae ordinis sancti Benedicti Nullius dioecesis, ac alterius monasterii sancti Ioannis Baptistae, ac sancti Petri apostoìorum principis, praepositurae Berctholgadansis...."
  62. ^ "Dei ac Domini", p. 26, § 30.
  63. ^ "Dei ac Domini", p. 20, § 9-10.
  64. ^ "Dei ac Domini", p. 22, § 25. "Catholic Encyclopedia: Passau". newadvent.org.
  65. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 120-128.
  66. ^ Hansiz I, p. 127.
  67. ^ Brackmann, p. 160, no. 2.
  68. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 128, 130: "Nomine post illum antistes mox rite Beatus." Nothing is known of his tenure as bishop.
  69. ^ In 746, Sidonius was still a priest; he was summoned to Rome in 748, to answer charges of unorthodoxy. Hansiz I, pp. 130-135. Brackmann, p. 161, nos. 6, 7.
  70. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 135-137.
  71. ^ Pez, p. 15: "Antelinus tertius anno Domini DCCLVII Archiepiscopus Laureadcensis, sedit Pataviae annos VIII. Obiit V. Idus Martii." Hansiz, p. 132: length of rule 8, or 9, or 10 years.
  72. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 135, 128: "Anthelmus quartus, meritis et dogmate clarus.
  73. ^ The "Breve Chronicon," (Pez, p. 6) calls him Viscarius: "Item anno 765. VIscarius Archiepiscopus Laureacensis et Pataviensis sedit annis 9."
  74. ^ Hansiz I, p. 136.
  75. ^ Hansiz I, p. 137.
  76. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 138-145.
  77. ^ Brackmann, p. 161, nos. 8, 9.
  78. ^ Hansiz I, p. 145.
  79. ^ Ernst Ludwig Dümmler, Piligrim von Passau und das Erzbisthum Lorch, (in German), Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854.
  80. ^ Brackmann, pp. 160-167, cites: nos. 1, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19. See Roach (2022), 61 ff.
  81. ^ "Vita Beati Altmanni Episcopi Pataviensis," in: Pez, Hieronymus (1721). Scriptores rerum Austriacarum, Tomus 1. (in Latin). Leipzig: Sumptibus Joh. Frid. Gleditschii b. filii, 1721, pp. 109-163. Hansiz, Marcus. Germaniae sacræ: Metropolis Lauriacensis cum Episcopatu Pataviensi. (in Latin). Tomus I (1727). Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg): Happach & Schlüter, pp. 255-284.
  82. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 325-326.
  83. ^ Albert was elected archbishop of Salzburg, and consecrated on 1 November 1168: Hansiz I, p. 326
  84. ^ The consecrators were Adalbert of Freising, Chunon of Ratisbon, and Heinrich of Brixen. Brackmann, p. 172, no. 51.
  85. ^ Hansiz I, p. 350. Eubel I, pp. 99, 392.
  86. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 350-360.
  87. ^ Eubel I, p. 392.
  88. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 375-387. Eubel I, p. 392, with note 3.
  89. ^ Hansiz I, pp. 387-388.
  90. ^ Anton Kerschbaumer, Geschichte des Bisthums St. Pölten: Bd. Vorgeschichte, (in German), (Braumüller, 1875), p. 210.
  91. ^ Schrödl, p. 196. C.J. Erben, Regesta diplomatica nec non epistolaria Bohemiae et Moraviae, (in Latin), (Prague: T. Haase 1855), p. 577.
  92. ^ Élie Berger, Les Registres d'Innocent IV, (in Latin), Vol. 2 (Paris: Thorin 1887), p. 147, no.4849.
  93. ^ Otto was elected on 22 February 1254, and confirmed by Archbishop Philip of Salzburg on 16 March. Ulrich Schmid, Otto von Lonsdorf, bischof zu Passau 1254-1265, (in German), Buchdruckerei von P. Scheiner, 1902, p. 8.
  94. ^ Hansiz I, p. 405.
  95. ^ Son of Humbert I of Viennois, Henri hoped to become Dauphin himself, and thus did not take holy orders. Martin Meurisse, 493 Histoire des Evesques de l'Eglise de Metz, (in French), Jean Anthoine, 1634), pp. 492-498.
  96. ^ Meurisse, p. 493. He was named bishop of Metz by Pope John XXII on 4 May 1319: Eubel I, p. 338.
  97. ^ Gottfried was consecrated in June 1342, but did not pay his fees to the Apostolic Camera until 26 January 1344. Hansiz I, p. 462. Eubel I, p. 393. He issued a bull in favor of S. Pölten on 1 September 1342.
  98. ^ Hansiz I, p. 462.
  99. ^ Robert Reichenberger, Wolfgang von Salm, Bischof von Passau (1540- 1555). Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts, (in German), (Freiburg 1902).
  100. ^ Rudolf Weiss, Das Bistum Passau unter Kardinal Joseph Dominikus von Lamberg (1723-1761): zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kryptoprotestantismus in Oberösterreich, (in German), Sankt Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1979.
  101. ^ Jakob Leitner, Heinrich, Bischof von Passau und sein Wirken: zu dessen fünfundzwanzigjährigem Jubiläum am 24. Februar 1865, (in German), Passau: J. Bucher, 1865.
  102. ^ "Bishop Sigismund Pirchan von Rosenberg, O. Cist." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  103. ^ "Bishop Benedikt Sibenhirter, O.S.B." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  104. ^ "Bishop Wolfgang Püchler, O.F.M." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  105. ^ "Bishop Albert Schönhofer" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  106. ^ "Bishop Andreas Weinmair" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  107. ^ "Bishop Bernhard Meurl von Leombach" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  108. ^ "Bishop Heinrich Kurz" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  109. ^ "Bishop Thomas Murner, O.F.M." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  110. ^ "Bishop Erasmus Pagendorfer" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  111. ^ "Bishop Michael Englmayr" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  112. ^ "Bishop Christian Krypper" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  113. ^ "Bishop Hector Wegmann" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  114. ^ "Bishop Christoph Weilhamer" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  115. ^ "Bishop Blasius Laubich" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]
  116. ^ "Bishop Johannes Maximus Stainer von Pleinfelden" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2016.[self-published source]


Sources

Reference works for bishops

Studies

Lins, Joseph (1911). "Passau, diocese of." In: The Catholic Encyclopedia. Ed. Charles Hebermann. Volume 11 New York: Appleton, 1911, PP. 519-521.
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