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The Oswald Commission was a disciplinary commission of the International Olympic Committee ("IOC"), chaired by IOC member Denis Oswald. It was responsible for investigating and ruling on doping violations by individual Russian athletes at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi.

By December 2017, the commission had banned 43 athletes from the Olympics for life, and retroactively disqualified them from their Sochi Olympic events with 13 medals being stripped. 30 of the 43 athletes later successfully appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport and had their sanctions overturned; and another 12 had their doping rulings confirmed, but had their lifetime bans commuted to bans for only the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.[1][2] One athlete did not appeal. The IOC banned Russia from competing at Pyeongchang as a result of the scandal, instead inviting 169 Russian athletes to compete as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" under the Olympic flag rather than under the Russian flag.[2]

Background

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Media attention began growing in December 2014 when German broadcaster ARD aired the documentary "Top Secret Doping: How Russia makes its Winners", alleging the existence of a sophisticated, state-sponsored doping system within the All-Russia Athletic Federation, and comparing it to doping in East Germany.[3] In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) published a report and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events. The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported that they were unable to fully carry out their work and noted intimidation by armed Federal Security Service (FSB) agents.[4] After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led by Richard McLaren. McLaren's investigation found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report published in July 2016 that the Ministry of Sport and the FSB had operated a "state-directed failsafe system" using a "disappearing positive [test] methodology" (DPM) from "at least late 2011 to August 2015".[5][6]

Sochi investigation

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Urine sampling bottles

The IOC established the Disciplinary Commission and the Inquiry Commissions in July 2016, following the publication of the McLaren Report. The IOC took this measure since Prof. McLaren did not have the authority to bring forward Anti-Doping Rule Violation (ADRV) cases against individual athletes. After receiving the results from the final McLaren Report in December 2016, the IOC opened proceedings against the 28 Russian athletes mentioned in the report (the number later rose to 46,[7] which are now being heard by the Oswald Commission.

On November 1, 2017 a cross-country skier Alexander Legkov who won a gold medal was disqualified and banned for life by the Commission. His Sochi results were wiped from the record. A second Russian cross-country skier who didn't get to the podium was also disqualified and banned for life.[8] 8 days later four more Russian cross-country skiers who won a combined 3 medals were found guilty of doping.[9] The total was brought to ten when four skeleton racers were disqualified on November 22, 2017, two medals (gold and bronze) were stripped off.[10] On November 24, 2017 the IOC imposed life bans on bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and speed skater Olga Fatkulina who won a combined 3 medals (2 gold, 1 silver). Olga Stulneva and Aleksandr Rumyantsev were also disqualified.[11] All their results were wiped from the record, meaning that Russia lost its first place in the medal standings. On November 27, 2017 IOC sanctioned Olga Vilukhina, Yana Romanova, Sergey Chudinov, Alexey Negodaylo, and Dmitry Trunenkov, and stripped Vilyukhina and Romanova of their medals in biathlon.[12][13] 3 athletes who didn't win medals were sanctioned on November 29, 2017.[14] 2 days later Olga Zaitseva who won silver in biathlon and two other athletes were also disqualified.[15] On December 12, 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified.[16] Bobsledder Alexey Voyevoda who had been already stripped of his gold medals due to the anti-doping violations committed by his teammates was sanctioned on December 18, 2017.[17] Eleven athletes were banned on December 22, 2017. Among them, silver medalists Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova who were stripped of their medals.[18]

List of disqualified sportspeople

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Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Details of test CAS appeals result[19]
Alexander Legkov  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold
2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver 		IOC sanction imposed in 2017[20] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Evgeniy Belov  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[20] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Maksim Vylegzhanin  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver
2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver
2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver 		IOC sanction imposed in 2017[21] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Evgenia Shapovalova  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[21] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Alexei Petukhov  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[21] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Yulia Ivanova  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[21] Sanctions upheld
Aleksandr Tretyakov  Russia Skeleton Disappearing sample 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold IOC sanction imposed in 2017[22] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Elena Nikitina  Russia Skeleton Disappearing sample 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) bronze IOC sanction imposed in 2017[22] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Olga Potylitsina  Russia Skeleton Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[22] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Maria Orlova  Russia Skeleton Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[22] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Olga Stulneva  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[23] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Alexandr Zubkov  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold
1st place, gold medalist(s) gold 		IOC sanction imposed in 2017[23] Sanctions upheld
Olga Fatkulina  Russia Speed skating Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver IOC sanction imposed in 2017[23] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Aleksandr Rumyantsev  Russia Speed skating Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[23] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Aleksei Negodaylo  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold IOC sanction imposed in 2017[24] Sanctions annulled/Team disqualified
Dmitry Trunenkov  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold IOC sanction imposed in 2017[24] Sanctions annulled/Team disqualified
Olga Vilukhina  Russia Biathlon Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver
2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver 		IOC sanction imposed in 2017[24] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Yana Romanova  Russia Biathlon Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver IOC sanction imposed in 2017[24] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Sergei Chudinov  Russia Skeleton Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[24] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Alexander Kasjanov  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[14] Sanctions upheld
Aleksei Pushkarev  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[14] Sanctions upheld
Ilvir Huzin  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[14] Sanctions upheld
Yuliya Chekalyova  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[15] Sanctions upheld
Anastasia Dotsenko  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[15] Sanctions upheld
Olga Zaitseva  Russia Biathlon Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver IOC sanction imposed in 2017[15] Sanctions upheld
Inna Dyubanok  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[7] Sanctions upheld
Yekaterina Lebedeva  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[7] Sanctions annulled/Team disqualified
Yekaterina Pashkevich  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[7] Sanctions annulled/Team disqualified
Anna Shibanova  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[7] Sanctions upheld
Yekaterina Smolentseva  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[7] Sanctions annulled/Team disqualified
Galina Skiba  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[7] Sanctions upheld
Alexey Voyevoda  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample 1st place, gold medalist(s) gold
1st place, gold medalist(s) gold 		IOC sanction imposed in 2017[25] Sanctions upheld
Albert Demchenko  Russia Luge Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver
2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver 		IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Tatiana Ivanova  Russia Luge Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Ivan Skobrev  Russia Speed skating Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Artyom Kuznetsov  Russia Speed skating Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Liudmila Udobkina  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Maxim Belugin  Russia Bobsleigh Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] No appeal filed
Tatiana Burina  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Team disqualified
Anna Shukina  Russia Ice hockey Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Team disqualified
Nikita Kryukov  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Alexander Bessmertnykh  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample 2nd place, silver medalist(s) silver IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated
Natalya Matveyeva  Russia Cross-country skiing Disappearing sample IOC sanction imposed in 2017[18] Sanctions annulled/Results reinstated

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "28 Russians have Olympic doping bans lifted". nbcsports.com. 1 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Factbox: The IOC, WADA, CAS and the Russian doping story explained". Reuters. 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  3. ^ "Decision of the IOC Disciplinary Commission in the proceedings against Maxim BELUGIN" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  4. ^ "Update on the status of Russia testing" (PDF). wada-ama.org. June 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  5. ^ "MCLAREN INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT - PART I". wada-ama.org. 18 July 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  6. ^ "MCLAREN INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT - PART II". wada-ama.org. 9 December 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of Oswald Commission findings". 14 July 2021.
  8. ^ "IOC sanctions two Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings - Olympic News". Olympic.org. 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  9. ^ "IOC sanctions four Russian athletes and closes one case as part of Oswald Commission findings". International Olympic Committee. 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
  10. ^ "IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings - Olympic News". Olympic.org. 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  11. ^ "IOC SANCTIONS FOUR RUSSIAN ATHLETES AS PART OF OSWALD COMMISSION FINDINGS". 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  12. ^ "IOC sanctions five Russian athletes and publishes first full decision as part of the Oswald Commission findings". International Olympic Committee. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  13. ^ "IOC SANCTIONS FOUR RUSSIAN ATHLETES AS PART OF OSWALD COMMISSION FINDINGS". 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d "IOC sanctions three Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings". 14 July 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d "IOC sanctions three Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings". 14 July 2021.
  16. ^ "IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate=December 12, 2017". olympic.org. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  17. ^ "Russian bobsledder banned over doping". France 24. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings". International Olympic Committee. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  19. ^ "The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) delivers its decisions in the matter of 39 Russian athletes v. the IOC" (PDF). Court of Arbitration for Sport. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  20. ^ a b "IOC sanctions two Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  21. ^ a b c d "IOC sanctions four Russian athletes and closes one case as part of Oswald Commission findings". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
  22. ^ a b c d "IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings". 14 July 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d "IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings". 14 July 2021.
  24. ^ a b c d e "IOC sanctions five Russian athletes and publishes first full decision as part of the Oswald Commission findings". 14 July 2021.
  25. ^ "Russian bobsledder banned over doping". France 24. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
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