José Palma

Not to be confused with José S. Palma, the 21st century Archbishop of Cebu.

José Palma
Photograph of José Palma
Born	José Palma y Velásquez (1876-06-03)June 3, 1876 Tondo, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Died	February 12, 1903(1903-02-12) (aged 26) Manila, Philippine Islands
Occupation(s)	Soldier, writer
Known for	lyricist of the Philippine National Anthem

José Palma y Velásquez (3 June 1876 – 12 February 1903) was a Filipino poet and soldier. He was on the staff of La Independencia at the time he wrote Filipinas, a patriotic poem in Spanish. It was published for the first time in the issue of the first anniversary of La Independencia on 3 September 1899. The poem fit the instrumental tune Marcha Nacional Filipina by Julián Felipe, and it has since been the basis for every translation of the Philippine National Anthem.

Early life

Palma was born in Tondo, Manila, on 3 June 1876, the youngest child of Don Hermogenes Palma, a clerk at the Intendencia Office, and Hilária Velasquez. His older brother was the politician, intellectual and journalist Rafael Palma.

After finishing his primera enseñanza (first studies) in Tondo, Palma continued his studies at the Ateneo Municipal. While there, he gradually honed his skills by composing verses. One of his earliest works was La cruz de Sampaguitas ("The Cross of Jasmines") in 1893. In the same year, he had a brief romantic relationship with a woman named Florentina Arellano, whose parents did not approve of him.

The Katipunan

As underground revolutionary activities intensified, Palma devoted his time to composing more poems. In 1894, he joined the Katipunan but did not enter battle when the Philippine Revolution of 1896 broke out. He eventually joined the revolutionary forces of Colonel Rosendo Simón in 1899 when the Philippine-American War erupted and fought under the command of Colonel Servillano Aquino in the encounters in Ángeles and Bambang. Since he could not physically cope with the difficulties of war, he often stayed in camps and entertained the soldiers with kundiman, a traditional Filipino poetic and musical art.

La Independencia

He eventually joined the staff of the Tagalog-language section of the revolutionary newspaper, La Independencia, to fight against the Americans as he could not on the battlefield. Palma and his colleagues in the newspaper often amused themselves with songs and poems while resting in camps or other places during their marches away from the pursuing American forces.

Writing of Filipinas

It was during on break of the newspaper staff in Bautista, Pangasinan, when Palma’s poetic spirit produced the Spanish ode Filipinas. Palma wrote Filipinas in the house of Doña Romana G. vda de Favis at Sitio Estación in Barrio Nibaliw, Bayambang (today Barangay Población West, Bautista, Pangasinan). On 24 June 1900, Nibaliw was renamed "Bautista", in honour of Saint John the Baptist, and partitioned as a separate town from Bayambang.

The words were fit and eventually set to composer Julián Felipe's instrumental tune, “Marcha Nacional Filipina”, which was composed as incidental music a year earlier for the Declaration of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite. Filipinas was published in the first anniversary issue of La Independencia on 3 September 1899.

Filipinas

Tierra adorada, hija del sol de Oriente, su fuego ardiente en ti latiendo está.

Tierra de amores, del heroísmo cuna, los invasores no te hollarán jamás.

En tu azul cielo, en tus auras, en tus montes y en tu mar esplende y late el poema de tu amada libertad.

Tu pabellón que en las lides la victoria iluminó, no verá nunca apagados sus estrellas ni su sol.

Tierra de dichas, de sol y amores en tu regazo dulce es vivir; es una gloria para tus hijos, cuando te ofenden, por ti morir.

Death

José Palma died of tuberculosis on 12 February 1903.

References

• Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.
• Palma, José (1912). Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías. Manila, Philippines: Liberería Manila Filatélica. (Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on 2010-03-31)

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