Soil color
Soil color does not affect the behavior and use of soil; however, it can indicate the composition of the soil and give clues to the conditions that the soil is subjected to.[1] Soil can exhibit a wide range of colour; grey, black, white, reds, browns, yellows and greens.[1] Varying horizontal bands of colour in the soil often identify a specific soil horizon. The development and distribution of color in soil results from chemical and biological weathering, especially redox reactions. As the primary minerals in soil parent material weather, the elements combine into new and colorful compounds. Soil conditions produce uniform or gradual color changes, while reducing environments result in disrupted color flow with complex, mottled patterns and points of color concentration.
Causes
Soil color is produced by the minerals present and by the organic matter content. Yellow or red soil indicates the presence of oxidized ferric iron oxides.[1] Dark brown or black color in soil indicates that the soil has a high organic matter content. Wet soil will appear darker than dry soil.[1] However, the presence of water also affects soil color by affecting the oxidation rate. Soil that has a high water content will have less air in the soil, specifically less oxygen. In well drained (and therefore oxygen rich) soils, red and brown colors caused by oxidation are more common, as opposed to in wet (low oxygen) soils where the soil usually appears grey or greenish by the presence of reduced (ferrous) iron oxide.[1] The presence of other minerals can also affect soil color. manganese oxide causes a black color, glauconite makes the soil green, and calcite can make soil in arid regions appear white.[1]
Organic matter tends to make the soil color darker. Humus, the final stage of organic matter breakdown, is black. Throughout the stages of organic matter breakdown, the colour imparted to the soil varies from browns to black. Sodium content influences the depth of colour of organic matter and therefore the soil. Sodium causes the organic matter (humus) to disperse more readily and spread over the soil particles, making the soil look darker (blacker).[2] Soils which accumulate charcoal exhibit a black color.[3][4]
Classification
Often described by using general terms, such as dark brown, yellowish brown, etc., soil colors are also described more technically by using Munsell soil color charts, which separate color into components of hue (relation to red, yellow and blue), value (lightness or darkness) and chroma (paleness or strength).
References
- ^ a b c d e f Brady, Nyle C. & Ray R. Weil Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils, page 95. Prentice Hall, 2006.
- ^ "Interpreting Soil Colour". Victorian Resources Online. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- ^ Krug, Edward C.; Hollinger, Steven E. (2003). "Identification of Factors that Aid Carbon Sequestration in Illinois Agricultural Systems" (PDF). Champaign, Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey: 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
While humus (especially in organomineral form) helps give soils a black color (Duchaufour, 1978), the literature shows correlation between forest and grassland soil color to BC - the blacker the soil the higher its BC content (Schmidt and Noack, 2000)
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(help) - ^ Gonzalez-Perez, Jose A.; Gonzalez-Vila, Francisco J.; Almendros, Gonzalo; Knicker, Heike (2004). "The effect of fire on soil organic matter-a review" (PDF). Environment International. 30. Elsevier: 855–870. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.003. PMID 15120204. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
As a whole, BC represents between 1 and 6% of the total soil organic carbon. It can reach 35% like in Terra Preta Oxisols (Brazilian Amazonia) (Glaser et al., 1998, 2000) up to 45 % in some chernozemic soils from Germany (Schmidt et al., 1999) and up to 60% in a black Chernozem from Canada (Saskatchewan) (Ponomarenko and Anderson, 1999)
Further reading
- "The Color of Soil". United States Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- "Soil Color Contrast". United States Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- "Why is the ground brown". Retrieved 2007-11-25.