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Trans Mountain Pipeline
Trans Mountain pipeline route from Edmonton to Burnaby
Trans Mountain pipeline route from Edmonton to Burnaby
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceAlberta and British Columbia
FromEdmonton, Alberta
ToBurnaby, British Columbia
General information
TypeOil
OwnerTrans Mountain Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canada Development Investment Corporation
Commissioned1951
Technical information
Length1,150 km (710 mi)
Diameter610 mm (24 in)

The Trans Mountain Pipeline System, or simply the Trans Mountain Pipeline, is a pipeline that carries crude and refined oil from Alberta to the coast of British Columbia, Canada. "Trans Mountain pipeline system" and "Trans Mountain Expansion Project", TMX, are since August 31, 2018, part of "Trans Mountain Corporation", a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canada Development Investment Corporation (CDIC), that is accountable to the Parliament of Canada.[1] Until the purchase by the CDIC, it was owned by the Canadian division of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners. The pipeline has been in use since 1953. It is the only pipeline to run between these two areas.

In 2013, the National Energy Board approved a proposal by Kinder Morgan to expand the pipeline with a second span, built roughly parallel to the existing pipeline. The project would expand its capacity from 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) a day to 890,000 barrels per day (141,000 m3/d). The proposal attracted controversy due to its potential environmental impact, having faced legal challenges, as well as protests from environmentalists and First Nations groups. The disputes intensified in early 2018, when Alberta and B.C. engaged in a trade war over the expansion project. In May 2018, the federal government announced its intent to buy the pipeline from Kinder Morgan for $4.5 billion, and seek outside investors to complete the expansion (who would also be indemnified for any delays induced by provincial or municipal governments).

In August 2018, on the same day that Kinder Morgan shareholders approved the sale, the Federal Court of Appeal overturned the NEB's approval of the pipeline expansion, citing that the government did not sufficiently consult First Nations groups and assess its environmental impact.[2][Notes 1][Notes 2] The Canadian government re-initiated Phase III consultations with Indigenous groups impacted by the pipeline, beginning on November 19.

On June 18, 2019, the Governor in Council (GIC) directed the National Energy Board to issue the certificate allowing for the construction and operation of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project.[3][4]

History

On February 14, 1947, large oil deposits around Leduc, Alberta, were discovered. The idea for a pipeline from Alberta to British Columbia (BC), quickly emerged, driven by the growing demand for oil both in Asia and on the west coast of Canada and the United States. The US military was also interested in developing this infrastructure so that oil could be accessed more easily for military use, specifically because of the ongoing Korean War.[citation needed]

On March 21, 1951, the Trans Mountain Pipeline Company was created by a special Act of Parliament. On the same day, the company made a pipeline proposal to the Board of Transport Commissioners. Ownership of the company was split between Canadian Bechtel Ltd. and Standard Oil.[clarification needed]

In February 1952 after the board's approval, construction began. Canadian Bechtel Ltd. was responsible for engineering, design, and construction of the project. On October 17, 1953, oil began to be pumped through the pipeline, which had cost a total of $93 million.[dead link‍][5][6]

In 2004, Kinder Morgan began the process to add a second pipeline, running parallel to the first, for the portion running between Hinton, Alberta, and Hargreaves, British Columbia. This required two more pumping stations – the Wolf Pump Station, near Niton Junction, Alberta, and the Chappel Pump Station, near Pyramid Creek Falls Provincial Park, British Columbia.

In 2008, the project was completed, increasing capacity by 40,000 barrels per day (6,400 m3/d), (from 260,000 to 300,000 barrels per day (41,000 to 48,000 m3/d)).[7]

Spill history

Trans Mountain has reported approximately 82 spills to Canada's National Energy Board since 1961.[8][9] Although a majority have occurred at contained zones such as pumping stations, and a majority were below the mandatory reporting threshold of 1.5 cubic metres, there have been some significant spill events. Notably:

  • Abbotsford 2005: A ruptured pipeline dumped 210 m3 (1,300 bbl) of crude oil. The company attributed the accident to activity on a neighbouring property.[10]
  • Burnaby 2007: A contractor working on a sewage project for the City of Burnaby ruptured a pipeline, causing spillage of 224–234 m3 (1,410–1,470 bbl) of crude oil. Some of it flowed into Burrard Inlet via the Burnaby storm sewer system. Most of it was recovered. Eleven houses were sprayed with oil, and about 225–250 residents were evacuated or left voluntarily. Cleanup took more than a year.[11][12][13][14]
  • Burnaby 2009: 305 m3 (1,920 bbl) of crude oil were released from a tank at the Trans Mountain Burnaby Terminal. Most of it flowed into a containment area.[15]
  • Sumas 2012: 90 m3 (570 bbl) of light crude oil leaked from a Sumas Mountain holding tank. All of it flowed into a containment area.[16]
  • Sumas 2020: 1195 bbl of light crude leaked from small pipe connected to mainline. Trans Mountain reports that spill is contained on property and that groundwater is being monitored for contamination.[17]

Trans Mountain Expansion Project

On June 18, 2013, Kinder Morgan filed an application with the Canadian National Energy Board pursuant to Part III of the National Energy Board Act[3] to build a second pipeline under the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project.[18] The second pipeline was to run roughly parallel to the existing pipeline, between Edmonton and Burnaby, (east of Vancouver) and to be used to transport diluted bitumen, also known as dilbit. The additional pipeline requires 12 new pumping stations. The proposed expansion, with 980 kilometres (610 mi) of pipe, would increase the system's capacity from 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) to 890,000 barrels per day (141,000 m3/d). An investment of $7.4 billion would complete the connection between Strathcona County, Alberta, and Burnaby, British Columbia.[19]

Trans Mountain pipeline, in green, amongst other Canadian Energy Regulator managed pipelines.

Kinder Morgan had the support at that time of several large petroleum industry customers for this expansion, (BP Canada Energy Trading Co., Canadian Natural Resources, Canadian Oil Sands Ltd., Cenovus Energy Inc., Devon Canada Corp., Husky Energy Marketing Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd., Nexen Marketing Inc., Statoil Canada Ltd., Suncor Energy Marketing Inc., Suncor Energy Products Partnership, Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co, and Total E&P Canada Ltd).[citation needed]

In 2016, BC stated it did not support Trans Mountain, partly because Kinder Morgan has not provided enough information about its proposed spill prevention and spill clean up program.[20] On November 29, 2016, Canada's federal cabinet approved the expansion project, announcing that the approval was "subject to 157 binding conditions that will address potential Indigenous, socio-economic and environmental impacts, including project engineering, safety and emergency preparedness."[21]

On January 11, 2017, B.C. Premier Christy Clark announced British Columbia's support for the expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, saying the project meets her government's five conditions for approval and includes a revenue-sharing agreement worth up to $1 billion.[22]

Debate

The expansion project has faced criticism, particularly from environmentalists and First Nations groups. The existing and proposed pipelines ship diluted bitumen through the Strait of Juan de Fuca, an extremely sensitive environmental region. To reach the terminus, tankers have to pass through a very narrow channel of shallow water from the open sea, still putting leaks at risk due to vehicle crashes.[23] Environmentalists have expressed concern about the heightened risk of an oil spill in the Burrard Inlet resulting from the expansion, which entails the obstruction of 30% of the inlet and a sevenfold increase in tanker traffic. [24]

Those who support the pipeline say that it will create jobs and that it has a lower risk of spilling oil than transporting oil by rail, which pipeline proponents say would otherwise have to be used.[25]

A 2014 study by Simon Fraser University claimed that Kinder Morgan overestimated the economic benefits of the pipeline expansion.[26] From 2008 through 2018, Western Canadian Select (WCS), Canada's benchmark for heavy crude oil sold at an average discount of US$17 against the benchmark for light oil, West Texas Intermediate (WTI). This widened to a record US$50 in the fall of 2018 with the price of WCS hitting a record low of less than US$14 a barrel.[27][28]

Despite federal government approval, seven Federal Court challenges were filed by the municipalities of Vancouver and Burnaby, and the Tsleil-Waututh, Squamish, Kwantlen, and Coldwater First Nations.[29] In November 2017, minister of natural resources Jim Carr stated that the federal government had sent a letter in support of a dispute resolution process to the National Energy Board to expedite any future disputes over provincial or municipal permits impeding on the expansion. BC Environmental Minister George Heyman accused the federal government of interfering with an independent review of the project, arguing that "it's both a highly unusual and a highly troubling intrusion on a province's right to enforce its own permits, its own regulations and the interests of its own citizens".[30][31]

On January 30, 2018, the B.C. government proposed a restriction on increases to the amount of diluted bitumen that can be imported into the province from Alberta, until the completion of studies on whether potential spillage could be mitigated. The province also announced an intent to consult with local communities and First Nations among others. Alberta premier Rachel Notley criticized the proposal as being a stalling tactic on Trans Mountain expansion, explaining that "the B.C. government has every right to consult on whatever it pleases with its citizens. It does not have the right to rewrite our constitution and assume powers for itself that it does not have." On February 6, 2018, Notley ordered the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission to cease future imports of British Columbia wine as a retaliatory sanction over these moves.[32][33] The wine sanctions were lifted on February 22, 2018.[34]

On April 8, 2018, Kinder Morgan suspended "non-essential" activities relating to the pipeline, as the company did not want to "put [its] shareholders at risk on the remaining project spend". The company stated that it would attempt to reach agreements on a funding plan with stakeholders by May 31.[35] On April 16, 2018, the Alberta government introduced the Preserving Canada's Economic Prosperity Act, which would give the Minister of Energy power to regulate the export of crude oil, natural gas, or refined fuel from Alberta. The bill could be used to effectively ban the export of Alberta gas to British Columbia. As such, B.C. Attorney General David Eby threatened to sue Alberta over the proposed bill, as he considered it unconstitutional, and stated that it could have a further impact on gasoline prices in the province.[36][37][38]

On May 29, 2018, the Canadian federal government announced its intent to acquire the Trans Mountain Pipeline from Kinder Morgan for $4.5 billion. The government does not intend to remain the permanent owner of the pipeline, as it plans to seek outside investors to finance the twinning project. If the government cannot find a buyer before the consummation of the purchase, it will carry out the purchase via a crown corporation, and operate it in the meantime. The eventual owner will be indemnified by the government for any delays or hindrances to the project that result from legal actions by provincial or municipal governments. The government will also have the option to cover costs or purchase the pipeline back if the new owner is unable to complete the project due to legal pressure, or, despite reasonable efforts, cannot complete the project by an established deadline.[39][40]

Critics of the expansion argued that this proposed purchase was a taxpayer-funded bailout of the project. B.C. Premier John Horgan stated that the sale would not affect the provincial government's ongoing efforts to block the pipeline expansion, stating that "rather than go to the court to determine jurisdictions, they're making financial decisions that affect taxpayers and they'll have to be accountable for that". Stewart Phillip, president of the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, stated that the union was "absolutely shocked and appalled that Canada is willingly investing taxpayers' money in such a highly controversial fossil fuel expansion project".[41]

On August 30, 2018, Kinder Morgan Canada's shareholders voted to approve the sale of the pipeline to the federal government.[42] However, the same day, the Federal Court of Appeal overturned the government's approval of the expansion project, citing that it did not sufficiently fulfill its constitutional duties to consult local First Nations groups,[43][44]and because it lacked an environmental assessment of increased tanker traffic on endangered killer whales, also known as orcas, in the Salish Sea[45] off the BC coast.[46] On August 31, Trudeau said they remained committed to the pipeline expansion project in spite of this set back.[47][48] In response to the approval being overturned, Premier Notley announced that Alberta would pull out of the national carbon price and called for an appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada of the federal court's August 30 decision.[48]

Protests

  • Kinder Morgan protest in Vancouver
    Kinder Morgan protest in Vancouver
  • Burnaby Mayor Derek Corrigan addresses the crowd, at the Stop Kinder Morgan protest rally, on Burnaby Mountain Park.
    Burnaby Mayor Derek Corrigan addresses the crowd, at the Stop Kinder Morgan protest rally, on Burnaby Mountain Park.
  • RCMP contain protesters against Kinder Morgan on Burnaby Mountain.
    RCMP contain protesters against Kinder Morgan on Burnaby Mountain.

The expansion project faced strong opposition from civic governments, First Nations, environmentally concerned citizens, and others. Organizations including LeadNow and the Dogwood Initiative have also opposed the project and organized protests.[49][50] Protests in November 2014 focused on Kinder Morgan's surveying work. Members of the Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations of British Columbia paddled canoes on the waters of Burrard Inlet to the Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal for a ceremony to protest the expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, in North Vancouver. Tsleil-Waututh leaders had hoped to shut down the project altogether on September 1, 2012, .[51]

On July 3, 2018, protesters, including 12 activists, blocked an oil tanker from the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge in Vancouver.[52]

Phase III consultations (November 2018-)

In response to the Federal Court's overturning the federal authorization of Trans Mountain, the Canadian Government "reinitiated Phase III consultations" with Natural Resources Canada as lead and Justice Frank Iacobucci appointed by the government to oversee consultations. An NEB panel heard three weeks of Indigenous traditional testimony with 117 Indigenous groups impacted by the pipeline, beginning on November 19,[45] with sessions in Calgary, Victoria and Nanaimo. [53]

The Trudeau government restricted the Phase III hearings in terms of time and scope.[45] The government gave the NEB a "tight timeline" with a final report due on February 22, 2019.[45] The hearings are also restricted by the NEB panel to investigate "new information" as it relates to the impact of increased oil tanker traffic to and from the Westridge Marine Terminal in Burrard Inlet, Burnaby to Canada's 12-nautical-mile territorial waters. The environmental concern in this area includes the Salish Sea's southern resident killer whales' (SRKW) prime Chinook salmon feeding ground. By November 2018, there were only 74 SRKW left.[45] Noise and pollution from marine vessels along with the diminishing stocks of salmon – their prime source of food – have contributed to the whales' declining numbers.[45]

Hearings in the form of pipeline roundtable meetings with Trans Mountain representative and indigenous groups took place in Calgary in November, and in Kamloops and Nanaimo in December, with the summary expected in January.[46][53]

The cost of the Trans Mountain pipeline in 2020 has jumped from $7.4 billion to $12.6 billion.[54] Projected earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization are expected to be at least $1.5 billion in the first year of operation and expected to grow annually, according to Trans Mountain. The $12.6 billion includes money spent by the previous owner Kinder Morgan before Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s government bought the project in 2018 for $4.5 billion.

Governor in Council (GIC) approval

On June 18, 2019, the "proposed construction and operation of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project" was approved by the Governor in Council (GIC). According to the Orders in Council, the National Energy Board was directed to issue to the certificate of public convenience and necessity to Trans Mountain.[3][55] In their letter sent to both Trans Mountain and the lawyers representing the Tsleil-Waututh Nation, the NEB wrote that within the context of "substantial" and "significant" interest and participation on the part of Indigenous peoples and the general public, including the August 30, 2018 decision in Tsleil-Waututh Nation v. Canada,[56] the NEB's regulatory oversight processes for the next phases of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project "lifecycle", which include "detailed route approvals", such as potential "routing and non-routing", will include a public comment period.[56]

Pending Litigation

As court mandated consultations continue, the legal basis of the expansion is likely to be tested in the higher courts as certain stakeholders are prepared to return to the courts and press the issue of 'Aboriginal title'.[57] Some indigenous groups have sanctioned the project for ownership stakes and others, like the Coldwater tribe have unsettled issues of compensation from the institution of the first pipeline right-of-way in the 1950s as well as future water supply risk.

See Also

Notes

  1. ^ The law suit included Tsleil-Waututh Nation, City Of Vancouver, City Of Burnaby, The Squamish Nation (Also Known As The Squamish Indian Band), Xàlek/Sekyú Siýam, Chief Ian Campbell On His Own Behalf And On Behalf Of All Members Of The Squamish Nation, Coldwater Indian Band, Chief Lee Spahan In His Capacity As Chief Of The Coldwater Band On Behalf Of All Members Of The Coldwater Band, Aitchelitz, Skowkale, Shxwhá:Y Village, Soowahlie, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten, Yakweakwioose, Skwah, Chief David Jimmie On His Own Behalf And On Behalf Of All Members Of The Ts’Elxwéyeqw Tribe, Upper Nicola Band, Chief Ron Ignace And Chief Fred Seymour On Their Own Behalf And On Behalf Of All Other Members Of The Stk’Emlupsemc Te Secwepemc Of The Secwepemc Nation, Raincoast Conservation Foundation And Living Oceans Society.
  2. ^ In Section 395 in the Introduction of the court's August 30 decision on Tsleil-Waututh Nation v. Canada it states that "Trans Mountain describes the primary purpose of the Project to be “to provide additional transportation capacity for crude oil from Alberta to markets in the Pacific Rim including BC, Washington State, California and Asia.” In Volume 2 of the application, at pages 2-27, Trans Mountain describes the marine shipping activities associated with the Project. Trans Mountain notes that of the 890,000 barrels per day capacity of the expanded system, up to 630,000 barrels per day, or 71%, could be delivered to the Westridge Marine Terminal for shipment by tanker. To place this in perspective, currently in a typical month five tankers are loaded with diluted bitumen at the Westridge Marine Terminal, some of which are the smaller, Panamax tankers. The expanded system would be capable of serving up to 34 of the larger, Aframax tankers per month (with actual demand influenced by market conditions)."

References

  1. ^ Website of TMC
  2. ^ "Tsleil-Waututh Nation v. Canada (Attorney General)". Federal Court of Appeal Decisions. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Government of Canada (June 18, 2019), "The Government of Canada has approved the Trans Mountain Expansion Project", National Energy Board (NEB), retrieved June 19, 2019
  4. ^ Snyder, Jesse (June 18, 2019). "Liberal government approves $9.3B Trans Mountain expansion project, but critics say it's too little too late". National Post. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  5. ^ "Appendix A: Oil Pipeline Timeline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  6. ^ TransMountain (June 20, 2010), Oil Across The Rockies -PART 1.wmv, retrieved December 1, 2016
  7. ^ "Transmountain | Anchor Loop". Transmountain. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  8. ^ "Spill History". www.transmountain.com.
  9. ^ "Releases Reported by Trans Mountain - 1961-2016" (PDF). Transmountain. August 31, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  10. ^ "Abbotsford - Sumas Facility: Ward Road Spill". Transmountain. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  11. ^ "Westridge 2007 spill". Transmountain. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  12. ^ "Pipeline Investigation Report P07H0040". Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  13. ^ Granger, Grant. "The day oil rained down on Burnaby".
  14. ^ "3 companies plead guilty to Burnaby oil spill - CBC News".
  15. ^ "Burnaby Tank 82 2009 Spill". Transmountain. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  16. ^ "Abbotsford - Sumas Facility: Tank 121 2012 Spill". Transmountain. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  17. ^ "Trans Mountain Pipeline spill in Abbotsford estimated at up to 190,000 litres of crude oil". CBC News. June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ "About Us". Trans Mountain. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  19. ^ "Transmountain | Proposed Expansion". Transmountain. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  20. ^ "Trans Mountain pipeline expansion not supported by B.C. government". Transmountain. CBC News. January 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  21. ^ "Government of Canada announces pipeline plan that will protect the environment and grow the economy" (Press release). Government of Canada. November 29, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  22. ^ "B.C. approves Trans Mountain pipeline expansion - The Star".
  23. ^ "What the Trans Mountain pipeline will mean for B.C.'s coast". The Globe and Mail. 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  24. ^ https://www.stand.earth/sites/stand/files/Standearth-TransMountainPipelineConstructionReport-September2019-Final.pdf
  25. ^ "Pipelines much safer than shipping oil by rail, Fraser Institute (a private organization funded by the Koch Brothers) study says". Financial Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  26. ^ "Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain pipeline benefits questioned". CBC News. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  27. ^ Lundy, Matt (November 27, 2018). "Why Alberta's latest oil-price plunge is unprecedented". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  28. ^ Brusstar, Dan; Putnam, Bluford (December 21, 2015). "U.S. Oil Exports Could Narrow WTI-Brent Spread - CME Group". Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  29. ^ Hoekstra, Gordon (November 26, 2016). "Yes could still be no as Kinder Morgan awaits Trudeau's nod on its multibillion-dollar pipeline expansion". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  30. ^ "B.C. slams Ottawa's defence of Trans Mountain pipeline expansion". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  31. ^ "'No province can impinge on the national interest', federal minister says as pipeline feud simmers". CBC News. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  32. ^ "B.C. creates more uncertainty for Trans Mountain with bitumen restriction". CBC News. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  33. ^ "B.C. not backing down on fight against pipeline expansion despite Alberta's threats". CBC News. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  34. ^ "Cheers! B.C. wine industry celebrates end of Alberta ban". CBC News. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  35. ^ "Alberta demands 'concrete action' from Ottawa to get Trans Mountain pipeline moving". CBC News. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  36. ^ "Alberta unveils bill that could wreak havoc on B.C. gas prices in trade war". CBC News. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  37. ^ "New law would allow Alberta to restrict flow of oil and gas as Trans Mountain battle escalates". Financial Post. April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  38. ^ "Alberta premier 'prepared to turn off the taps' now that legislation approved". Edmonton Journal. May 17, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  39. ^ "Liberals to buy Trans Mountain pipeline for $4.5B to ensure expansion is built". CBC News. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  40. ^ "Ottawa is buying Trans Mountain. What does that mean? A guide". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  41. ^ Weichel, Andrew (May 29, 2018). "B.C. premier, Indigenous groups respond to Trans Mountain purchase". CTV News British Columbia. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  42. ^ "Kinder Morgan Canada shareholders vote to sell Trans Mountain pipeline to Ottawa with project in limbo". CBC News. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  43. ^ "Federal Court of Appeal quashes construction approvals for Trans Mountain, leaving project in limbo". CBC News. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  44. ^ "Trans Mountain pipeline approval quashed by court". Financial Post. August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Hunter, Justine (November 8, 2018). "Limited public access to new hearings on the Trans Mountain pipeline project". The Globe and Mail. Victoria. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  46. ^ a b Tarasko, Mike (November 20, 2018). "New Trans Mountain hearings begin in Calgary". My McMurray. Calgary. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  47. ^ "Trudeau committed to building Trans Mountain despite new legal challenges". CBC News. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  48. ^ a b "Prime Minister says Ottawa still committed to build Trans Mountain pipeline expansion". August 31, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  49. ^ Azpiri, Jon (April 25, 2018). "Summer jobs controversy reheats over posting calling to 'stop the Kinder Morgan pipeline'". Global News. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  50. ^ The Canadian Press (June 4, 2018). "Rallies planned across Canada to protest Kinder Morgan buyout". News 1130. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  51. ^ James Keller (May 2, 2014). "B.C. First Nation launches legal challenge over Kinder Morgan pipeline". Canadian Televisions News. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014.
  52. ^ "Pipeline protesters block Trans Mountain oil tanker from Ironworkers Memorial Bridge". July 3, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  53. ^ a b Verenca, Tereza (December 10, 2018). "Three arrested as judge consults with Indigenous groups about Trans Mountain project". Burnaby Now. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  54. ^ February 7, Tiffany Crawford Updated; 2020 (February 7, 2020). "Cost of Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project in B.C. soars | Vancouver Sun". Retrieved February 17, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ "Orders In Council", Government of Canada, no. 2019–0820, June 18, 2019, retrieved June 19, 2019
  56. ^ a b "Trans Mountain Expansion Project Order in Council P.C. 2019-0820 Project update: Letter from NEB to Trans Mountain and Tsleil-Waututh Nation", National Energy Board (NEB), Calgary, Alberta, June 18, 2019, retrieved June 19, 2019
  57. ^ Kestler-D’Amours, Jillian and O’Toole, Megan. (5 December 2019). "Nations divided: mapping Canada's pipeline battle". Al Jazeera website Retrieved 5 December 2019.

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