Jump to content

Homeschooling international status and statistics

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by David Gerard (talk | contribs) at 08:52, 18 June 2020 (rm WP:DAILYMAIL, redundant). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Template:Legality of homeschooling

Homeschooling is legal in many countries. Countries with the most prevalent home education movements include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Some countries have highly regulated home education programs as an extension of the compulsory school system; few others, such as Germany,[1] have outlawed it entirely. In other countries, while not restricted by law, homeschooling is not socially acceptable, or considered undesirable and is virtually non-existent.

Status of homeschooling across continents

Africa

Country or Region Status Statistics Sources
Sierra Leone Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. [2]
South Africa Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. Estimated between 30 000 and 100 000 children [3]

North America

Country or Region Status Statistics Sources
Canada Legal under regulating conditions (Alberta – regulation, British Columbia – registration, Manitoba – permit, Newfoundland – permit, New Brunswick – permit, Northwest Territories – regulation, Nova Scotia – regulation, Ontario – regulation, Prince Edward Island – regulation, Quebec – permit, Saskatchewan – permit, Yukon – regulation) 60,000+ [4][5][6][7]
Greenland Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [8][9]
United States Legal under regulating conditions, varies by state. Around 2.5 million [10]

Latin America and the Caribbean

Country or Region Status Statistics Sources
Belize Expats have right to homeschool. Compulsory attendance is unclear for citizens. Unknown
Brazil Unknown. The federal supreme court has never made a pronouncement on homeschooling, leaving its legalization unknown. But in 2019, with a new project, Homeschooling can be legalized in the country.[11] 7000 families [12][13][14]
Chile Legal. Freedom of education is guaranteed by the constitution. Prior registration with the Ministerio de Educación is required. 8000 - 15000 students [15]
Colombia Legal. Regulated by the Ministry of Education and the ICFES (Colombian Institute for the Promotion of Higher Education). The student would have to present a Public Validation Test and a State Test (Similar to SAT) if he/she wants to go to College. N/A [16]
Costa Rica Illegal, public or private education is mandatory without known exceptions. [17][18]
Cuba Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference][19][20]
El Salvador Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling*
Guatemala Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Unknown [21][22]
Mexico Legal as long as the student is registered, which can be a lengthy bureaucratic process. Compulsory attendance laws are unclear. Unknown
Panama Unclear, for it is neither legal nor illegal.
Peru Legal. Prior registration with the Ministerio de Educación is required.
Suriname Legal. Virtually no homeschooling* [23]
Trinidad and Tobago Legal. Unknown [24][25]

Asia

Country or Region Status Statistics Sources
Armenia Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference][26]
Azerbaijan Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference][27]
Georgia Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [28][29]
India Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system 500 - 1000 children [30]
Indonesia Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system.
Israel Legal under regulating conditions 448 children as of 2013/14 חינוך ביתי בישראל[circular reference]
Kazakhstan Not illegal, but not provided by law. Legal and provided for gifted and disabled students. Door to door checks conducted regularly. Legal for non-residents. Many expat families homeschool. [31]
Philippines Legal More than 9000 [32][33]
North Korea Illegal, public education is mandatory with no known exceptions.
South Korea Prohibited by law, but law is unclear and the cause is supported by business leaders, therefore homeschoolers do not generally experience issues with authorities. [34]
Taiwan Legal since 2011
Thailand Legal since 2004 [35]
Turkey Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference]

Europe

Country or Region Status Statistics Sources
Albania Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference][36]
Andorra Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [37][38]
Austria Legal under restrictive conditions, homeschooling is allowed as long as the instruction is at least equal to that of the state school. 2100 WP[circular reference][39][permanent dead link][40]
Azerbaijan Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference][27]
Belarus Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference][41]
Belgium Legal under restrictive conditions, Homeschooling is a constitutional right in Belgium. 500 WP[circular reference][42][43]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [44][45]
Bulgaria Illegal, public education is mandatory. Only children with special needs may be homeschooled under strict government control. fewer than 100 families WP[circular reference][46][47]
Croatia Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference][48]
Cyprus Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [49]
Czech Republic Legal under restrictive conditions by law as alternative (for "serious reasons" ) for primary school. National curriculum examinations are mandatory twice a year. 2 500 families [50][51][52][53]
Denmark Legal under control of school, as alternative to the mandatory public school system. Inspections are mandatory every year unless special agreements are made. also the inspections are controlled by the local district public school and not a third part inspector. 349-375 children (2017) WP[circular reference][54]
Estonia Legal under control of school. Every homeschooled child must be supervised by an authorized school (can be a private school) and pass annual exams. Homeschooled children receive diploma from supervising school. fewer than 100 WP[circular reference][55]
Finland Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. Written and oral examinations to check on progress are mandatory. 400–600 [56][57]WP[circular reference][58]
France Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. Inspections are mandatory every year. 5 063 WP[circular reference]
Germany Illegal, public or approved private education is mandatory with the only exception being where continued school attendance would create undue hardship for an individual child. 400 [59][60]WP[circular reference]
Greece Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [61]
Hungary Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. From 2019 the law says that every child must be supervised by an authorized school and pass annual exams. [62] 7673 Children (2017)[63] WP[circular reference][64] WP[circular reference][65]
Iceland Legal only for holders of teaching certificates, in other cases public education is mandatory. Unknown WP[circular reference]
Ireland Legal, homeschooling is allowed by the constitution. 1100 WP[circular reference]
Italy Legal, homeschooling is allowed by the constitution. Unknown WP[circular reference][66][67]
Latvia Legal under control of school. Every homeschooled child must be supervised by an authorized school (can be a private school) and pass annual exams. Homeschooled children receive diploma from supervising school. fewer than 100. [68][69]
Liechtenstein Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [70][71]
Lithuania Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [72][73]
Luxembourg Legal, for primary school age. Unknown [74][75]
Malta Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [76][77][78]
Moldova Not illegal 100-200 [79]
Montenegro Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* WP[circular reference]
Netherlands Illegal, public or private education is mandatory, with some exceptions. 931 children exempt* (2017-2018) WP[circular reference]
North Macedonia Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [80][81]
Norway Legal under restrictive conditions, homeschooling is allowed as long as the instruction is at least equal to that of the state school. 400+ [82]WP[circular reference][83]
Poland Legal under restrictive conditions. Every home schooled child must be supervised by an authorized school (can be a private school) and pass annual exams. Home schooled children received diplomas from supervising school. About 14,000 children (2017) [84][82]WP[circular reference][85]
Portugal Legal. Children living longer than 4 months in Portugal must attend school by law. Home education under Portuguese national curriculum only. Mandatory annual exams in Portuguese. Unknown WP[circular reference][86][87][88][89]
Romania Legal under restrictive conditions. Children with disabilities, special needs or whose condition does not allow them to be physically present in a school may be home-schooled, under the supervision of an accredited teacher. Foreign Curriculum can be studied, overseen by an umbrella school from abroad. 500 WP[circular reference][90][91][92][93]
Russia Legal since 1992, law sometimes ignored. Every home schooled child must be enrolled into a state-licensed school (can be a private school), and does not have to pass annual exams. Home schooled children received diplomas from supervising school. 50,000-100,000 WP[circular reference][94][95]
San Marino Illegal, public education is mandatory without known exceptions. Virtually no homeschooling* [96]
Serbia Legal. Unknown [97][98]
Slovakia Legal, under restrictive conditions (only ill children, or ages 6–10). Unknown (Virtually no homeschooling) WP[circular reference][99][100]
Slovenia Legal. Unknown [101]
Spain Unknown, as Constitution recognises freedom of education, but national education law stipulates that compulsory education must be met through school attendance. About 2,000 families WP[circular reference][102][103]
Sweden Illegal, as of June 2010; supposedly allowed under special circumstances such as student health reasons or family travel, but virtually never approved. 200 families—half legally WP[circular reference][104][105][106][107][108][109][110]
Switzerland Legal in about three quarters of the cantons, with many being restrictive to very restrictive. 200–500 children WP[circular reference][111]
Turkey Illegal, public and private education is mandatory without known exceptions. Possible, but not likely* WP[circular reference][112]
Ukraine Legal and expressly allowed for in Articles 59 and 60 of Ukraine's Education Law. From 20 August 2019 onwards, further liberalisation of the primary and secondary education comes in force. 100 families WP[circular reference][113]
United Kingdom Legal as alternative to the mandatory state school system. 20,000–100,000 WP[circular reference][114]
Vatican City No indication for educational laws to exist were found.

Oceania

Country or Region Status Statistics Sources
Australia Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. 15,000 [115]
New Zealand Legal as alternative to the mandatory public school system. 6,500

Legality by country or region

Africa

Kenya

Status: Contentious

Homeschooling is currently permitted in Kenya.[116]

The freedom of homeschooling is however under threat in Kenya, because a new education law has been proposed that does not make any allowance for homeschooling.[117]

South Africa

Status: Legal

During apartheid, home education was illegal in South Africa. The parents Andre and Bokkie Meintjies were jailed in 1994– (this was the year Mandela was elected as President of South Africa), and their children were placed in separate orphanages while the parents were jailed at correctional facilities very far from each other and the children to prevent family contact, because they educated their children at home. However, a few years later, the Mandela government legalised home education with the publication of the South African School Act in 1996. Since it was legalised, homeschooling has the fastest growing education model in the country.

Homeschooling is legal according to South African national law, but individual provinces have the authority to set their own restrictions.[118] The SA Schools Act (art. 51) requires parents to register their children for education at home. In practice however, most provincial departments do not have the administrative capability to register children for home education. Some of the larger provincial departments have limited administrative capabilities to register children for home education as well as a lack of follow up capacity, resulting in a serious miscommunication between government and citizens. As a result of this situation, more than 90% of homeschooling parents do not register with the department.[119] Since home education was legalised, it has grown exponentially. According to the census count of 2011, there were about 57 000 home learners in the country, putting South Africa in the top five countries in terms of number of home learners.

Americas

Argentina

Status: Permission required[120]

Article 129 of the National Education Law in Argentina says that parents must ensure that their children attend school. Children can be homeschooled, but parents need to apply for permission from The Provintial Council of Education

The law that can be used to obtain permission is Article 26 of the Regulatory Decree 572/62, where home is mentioned as one of the ways to ensure compulsory education of children

Brazil

Status: Debated[121]

Enrollment in schools in Brazil is mandatory for people aged 4–17.

Homeschooling in South America has not taken hold as it has in North American countries of Canada and the United States. In 1824, Brazil permitted home education to take the place of traditional education for nearly 70 years. Many proposals were made in regards to the homeschooling regulations, but many of them were rejected.[122] In 1990, however, The Statute of Children and Adolescents, or the Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente, prohibited homeschooling and did not recognize it as a legitimate form of education.[123]

A couple, a Brazilian mother and an American father, was investigated in 2010 by the municipal government of Serra Negra, São Paulo, for homeschooling their children. The local authorities were tipped off by an anonymous source because the couple's two daughters did not attend school. The Public Ministry expected to reach an agreement with the family to enlist the children in formal schools.[124]

There was a proposal to evaluate Homeschooling in Brazil (Projeto de Lei 3179/12) and a previous proposal has already been rejected in 2008 (Projeto de Lei 3518/08). The federal supreme court has never made a pronouncement on homeschooling, leaving its legalization unknown. A resurgence in the homeschooling movement, however, has encouraged congressman Lincoln Portela to introduce a new bill in 2013 that would allow children to be educated at home if parents followed state approved guidelines.[125] In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that homeschooling was illegal, due in part to a lack of legislation regulating the practice.[126] In 2019, was created a new law project to legalize Homeschooling in the country with annual exams.[127]

The National Association of Home Education was founded in 2010. Rough estimates state that around 3,201 families are homeschooling in 2016.[128]

Canada

Status: Legal, Regulated in some provinces

Homeschooling is legal in all provinces and territories in Canada and has been for 40 years. The Ontario Education Act, for example, states in Section 21(2)(a) that "A person is excused from attendance at school if [...] the person is receiving education elsewhere".[129] Canada is known as having some of the most comprehensive legal protections for homeschooling parents in the Americas. Some provinces have implemented policies that require parents to notify school boards of their decision to homeschool. Every province requires parents to notify the school system of their intent to withdraw their child from the public school system and to begin home education. Five of ten provinces additionally require parents to submit a detailed curriculum to the state. Seven of these provinces do not require the program to be monitored by the school board or other private school administrators, and only five provinces require routine inspection of home education.[130] These policies, however, are not law; although Canadian legislators recognize the importance of state controls in the homeschooling environment, it is ultimately up to the parent to decide when and how to homeschool. Despite a positive environment that supports and encourages alternatives to traditional schooling, it is estimated that less than 0.5% of Canadian families were homeschooling in 2015. This number is probably inaccurate, however, as many parents do not report their decisions to homeschool.[130]

Approximately 1% to 2% of North American children are homeschooled, which includes about 60,000 in Canada.[131][132] Back in 1995, Meighan estimated the total number of homeschoolers in Canada, to be 10,000 official and 20 000 unofficial.[133] Karl M. Bunday estimated, in 1995, based on journalistic reports, that about 1 percent of school-age children were homeschooled.[134] In April 2005, the total number of registered homeschool students in British Columbia was 3 068.[135] In Manitoba, homeschoolers are required to register with Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. The number of homeschoolers is noted at over 1500 in 2006; 0.5% of students enrolled in the public system. [citation needed]

Unlike the United States, where homeschooling is largely a consequence of religious conviction, a study of 1,600 families in 2003 found that Canadians primarily choose to homeschool out of a desire to provide better education. For those children whose parents decided to homeschool out of a desire to better education, a 2003 study found statistical significance between traditionally schooled and homeschooled students scores on standardized tests of writing, reading, and mathematics. A more recent 2011 study found that style of home education (structured versus unstructured) was a more important predictor of standardized test performance than other traditional measures, such as income and parents' educational attainment.[136] These findings are similar to findings in U.S. research on homeschooled children and the outcomes of homeschooling.

One technique that is specifically Canadian, specifically British Columbian, is the Distributed Learning approach to home education. Distributed Learning is an online program that is directed by a teacher that meets provincial standards for education. The program draws on public and private curricula. This is distinctive to British Columbia because it is the only province that has Distributed Learning policy. It is one of the most popular forms of home education.[130]

United States

Further information: Homeschooling in the United States
Status: Legal
Year Homeschooled students
(millions)		 Percentage change since 1999
1999 0.85 -
2003 1.10 +29.4%
2007 1.50 +76.5%
2012 1.77 +108.2%

In "The Condition of Education 2000–2009," the National Center for Education Statistics of the United States Department of Education reported that in 2007, the number of homeschooled students was about 1.5 million, an increase from 850,000 in 1999 and 1.1 million in 2003.[137] The percentage of the school-age population that was homeschooled increased from 1.7 percent in 1999 to 2.9 percent in 2007. The increase in the percentage of homeschooled students from 1999 to 2007 represents a 74 percent relative increase over the 8-year period and a 42 percent relative increase since 2003. In 2007, the majority of homeschooled students received all of their education at home (84 percent), but some attended school up to 25 hours per week. Currently, many also participate in homeschool cooperatives as well as utilize the resources of private tutors and community college-based programs, which allow students to earn college credits before attending college.

According to the US National Center for Education Statistics, homeschooling increased in popularity in the United States during the 2000s; the percentage of children ages 5 through 17 who were homeschooled increased from 1.7% in 1999 to 3% in 2011/12. The study found that 83 percent were White, 5 percent were Black, 7 percent were Hispanic, and 2 percent were Asian or Pacific Islander.[138] As of 2019, there are about 1.8 million homeschooled students in the United States.[139] The NHES 2016 found the highest rate of homeschooling among parents who had not completed high school, followed by parents with bachelor’s degrees.[140]

Uruguay

Status: Illegal[141]

While Uruguayan constitution guarantees freedom of education, the government is interpreting this as "freedom to choose your state regulated education institution". Article 7 section 2 of the LGE calls into question whether “home schooling” is possible in Uruguay, since it states that “Fathers, mothers, or legal guardians of boys, girls, and adolescents have the obligation to register them in a school and watch over their attendance and learning.”

Asia

Israel

Status: Permission required

Homeschooling is legal in Israel, and requires acquiring a permission from the Ministry of Education.[142] The permission involves a home visit from the person in charge of handing out the permissions, and writing a letter describing the motives, curriculum, daily routine and socialization of the children. Unschooling is legal, and the requirements are minimal. The reasons for homeschooling in Israel are very similar to those of the rest of the world, with the exception of religious motives, since religious schools are prevalent. There is unclear information regarding the number of Homeschooling families, since not all families ask for permission, and many homeschool their children without enlisting. Estimates range between 500–1000 families.

People's Republic of China

Status: Deemed illegal for citizens without approval, but no restrictions for foreign students.

Under China's education laws children are required to enroll in the school system from age seven and attend for nine years.[143] No specific regulations exist for home-schooling, though it can be allowed subject to approval as a non-governmental organization.[144][145] Despite its legal status, some parents in China opt for home-schooling for reasons including dissatisfaction with the country's test-oriented public schools and a desire to individualize the education of their children.[143] There are no official figures for home-schooling, though one survey found that 18,000 children received home-schooling in the People's Republic of China, while an education policy researcher at Beijing Normal University estimated the portion of students receiving home-schooling at less than one percent.[143][144] In 2017 a survey found about 6,000 families home-schooled their children, an annual rise of about 33%.[146] Officials are divided on addressing home-schooling, with many supporting its legalization and others supporting compelling students to return to the regular school system.[143] Education experts generally support allowing home-schooling, but call for the creation of national standards.[145]

Hong Kong

Status: Legal

Homeschooling in Hong Kong is not against the law. This has been confirmed by the previous Permanent Secretary of the Education Bureau, Cherry Tse Ling Kit Ching and also raised by Legislator Dennis Kwok at a meeting of the Legislative Council. The EDB treats homeschooling on a case by case basis.[147] However, many people in Hong Kong think that homeschooling is illegal in Hong Kong, so only a few people were taught at home.

India

Status: Legal
Further information: Homeschooling and alternative education in India

In India, under Right to education, The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the Government has established an independent body to look after the system of Home Schooling. It is in fact, an open schooling system where students can learn anywhere and appear for examinations conducted by NIOS (National Institute of Open Schooling). 0.5 million take admission every year. 2.71 million admission during last 5 years through Open Schooling of Indian Govt. (MHRD)

Indonesia

Status: Legal

Homeschooling in Indonesia (Template:Lang-id) is regulated under National Education System 2003 under division of informal education.[148] This enables the children of Homeschooling to attend an equal National Tests to obtain an "Equivalent Certificate".[149] The homeschooling is recently becoming a trend in upper-middle to upper-class families with highly educated parents with capability to provide better tutoring[150] or expatriate families living far away from International School. Since 2007 the Indonesia's National Education Department took efforts in providing Training for Homeschooling Tutors and Learning Media[151] even though the existence of this community is still disputed by other Non Formal education operators.[152] school.

Japan

Status: Illegal, but often allowed

School attendance is compulsory but the fine for non attendance is rarely applied and amounts to less than ten thousand yen. The authorities encourage futoko (school refusal) children to receive schooling in alternative ways including home education.[153][154]

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Status: Legal

Homeschooling in Taiwan, Republic of China is legally recognized since 1982[155] and regulated as a possible form of special education since 1997.[156]

Thailand

Status: Heavily Regulated

Homeschooling used to be heavily restricted from the misunderstanding of the concerned Area Based Officers because they've worked only for the school in the different Rules&Regulations for a long time. Nowadays (B.E.2016), the Homeschooling Network of Thai Alternative Education Council Association (a Non-Profit Organization) is connecting together around the country to help the parents perform the registration following as National Education Laws and also working together with the National Human Rights Commission of Thailand to protect parents'Rights. Additionally, the online communication can promote the Rights of the parents to choose any suitable education for their children as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, : ICESCR said, especially for Homeschool Concept.

Turkey

Status: Illegal

In the Republic of Turkey, all children are required to be registered in state or private school so as to be in compliance with the National Education Basic Law (No. 1739, 06-14-1973, Article 22).[157] Distance education is also available through Turkey's national television channels.[157] Through this particular option, students go to a particular test site and take examinations based on what they have studied.[157] In Turkey, parents who fail to send their children to school are charged as criminals, which at times may result in their incarceration.[157] Due to the above legal constraints, Turkish parents face a great deal of difficulty in pursuing homeschooling for their children.[157]

Europe

Austria

Status: Regulated

Homeschooling is legal in Austria. Since Provisorischen Gesetz über den Privatunterricht from 27 June 1850[158][159] there is no need to have a teacher exam for teaching children. The homeschooling has to be announced by §11 SchPfl (1985) to Landesschulrat, since 2019 to Bezirksdirektion.[160] They can decided within one month to reject the homeschooling, if it is predictable that the children will not learn the same as in school. The parents then can challenge this at the same site (Berufung).

However, every homeschooled child is required to take an exam per year (Externisten-Prüfung) in a school, to ensure that he or she is being educated at an appropriate level. If the child fails the test, he or she must attend a school the following year. The same test is also required by children on private schools without government rights (Öffentlichkeitsrecht).[1]

The parents have to inscribe the children on Einschreibungszeit (inscription time) usually in first weeks of january at that Schulsprengel, that has to fulfill Unterrichtspflicht from 1 September on. inscription dates where published at the school, while it is not clear on which law it is based. The Schulsprengel ist described by state law for each Dorf, Weiler, Gemeinde, Stadt (city, sector, land, district).

In the school year 2012/'13, there were 1820 homeschooled children in Austria. In the year 2017/'18, the number rose to 2320.[161]

Belgium

Status: Regulated

Homeschooling is legal in Belgium and is considered a constitutional right. Children have to be registered as home-educated.

In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of the country, children need to be registered for exams before age 12. If the parents fail to do so, the child is required to attend school. Those who are registered need to pass specific exams at age 13 and 15. If they fail one of those exams two times the parents need to register their child in a certified school. In the French Community of Belgium, they are tested at 8, 10, 12, and 14. The tests are new and there is still a lot of confusion on the tests and the legal situation around them.

Croatia

Status: Illegal

Home education was legal in Croatia in 1874[162][163][164] when Croatian law stated that parents have a duty to educate their children either at home or by sending them to school. The child had to pass an exam in a public school at the end of every school year.

The primary education in Croatia is compulsory from the age of six to fifteen and it spans eight grades.[165]

In September 2010 a religious organisation Hrvatska kršćanska koalicija (Croatian Christian Coalition)[166] submitted a proposal[167] to change the law so home education would become legal in Croatia. The civil organization Obrazovanje na drugi način (Another Way of Education)[168] joined in and is now working on its own proposal.

The proposed model is based on Slovenian and Montenegrin model of home education. The child is required to enroll into a local school (public or private) and pass an annual exam in certain subjects (mother tongue and math only in lower grades; with addition of foreign language in middle grades and more subjects in higher grades). If the child does not pass all the exams in two attempts, it is ordered to continue the education with regular school attendance. Every year the parents have to notify the school by the end of May that they will be educating their child at home.

Like in the case of Slovenia and Montenegro, the proposed model does not impose any limitation on who can home educate.[169] The parents educating their children at home are not eligible to receive any kind of state help. The schools are free to choose whether they will allow special arrangements with children educated at home (flexi-schooling, the use of school resources, participation in field trips and other school activities, etc.). The Ministry of Education and schools are not required to provide any form of help to parents of children educated at home (teacher guides, worksheets, consultation, etc.).

The proposed model was chosen as it requires minimal change to the existing law and would be possible to implement within the current educational framework. The Croatian Constitution,[170] in the Article 63 paragraph 1, states that parents have a duty to school their children. Similarly, in the Article 65 paragraph 1, it states that primary schooling is compulsory and free. It is deeply ingrained in Croatian culture that education cannot happen without schooling.

As of July 2011 there are three alternative primary schools in Croatia – one Montessori[171] and two Steiner Waldorf schools.[172][173] Alternative schools in Croatia are required to follow national curriculum[165] (Article 26 paragraph 1, Article 30).

Czech Republic

Status: Heavily regulated

The Ministry of Education began an experiment on September 1, 1998 in which home education was made a legal alternative for students in the first five years of elementary school. In 2004 home education, referred to as Individual Education, was enshrined in the Education Act for children within that age group. On September 1, 2007 a new experiment began allowing the home education of children up to the 9th grade.[174]

Denmark

Status: Heavily regulated

It follows from § 76 in the Danish constitution that homeschooling is legal. All children must be educated for 10 years.[175] The education can be received at home or in private school, but must meets the requirements of what is commonly required in government schools.[176] Inspections are mandatory. Although parents have to pay for the material them self, while paying to the public school system. This is a very expensive alternative, with the risk of you being forced to move your child to a public school, due to inspections being done by the public school system.

Finland

Status: Regulated

In Finland homeschooling is legal[177] but unusual (400–600 children[58]), which is in contrast to Sweden, where homeschooling is more restricted. The parents are responsible for the child getting the compulsory education and the advancements are supervised by the home municipality.[177] The parents have the same freedom to make up their own curriculum as the municipalities have regarding the school, only national guiding principles of the curriculum have to be followed.

Choosing homeschooling means that the municipality is not obliged to offer school books, health care at school, free lunches or other privileges prescribed by the law on primary education, but the ministry of education reminds they may be offered. The parents should be informed of the consequences of the choice and the arrangements should be discussed.[178]

France

Status: Heavily regulated

Home education is legal in France and requires the child to be registered with two authorities, the 'Inspection Académique' and the local town hall (Mairie). Children between the ages of 6 and 16 are subject to annual inspection.[179][180]

Since September 2019, compulsory education starts from the age of 3. So annual inspection is achieved first time at the age of 3. Probably from september 2020 compulsory education will rise to age of 18.

Every other two years, the social welfare, mandated by the mayor, verifies the reasons the family home educates and controls that the training provided is consistent with the health of the child. Parents will also be subject to annual inspections if they are teaching children between the ages of 6 and 16. Two consecutive unsatisfactory outcomes of these inspections can mean the parents will have to send their children to a mainstream school.

While homeschooling parents are free to teach their children in any way they like, the children must remain every year at a skill level that complies with high probability to master the seven key competencies of the common foundation of competence at the end of the legal obligation (age 16).[181] The key competencies are:

  • Written and spoken French
  • Maths/basic sciences and technology
  • At least one foreign language
  • French, European and World history and geography & Art
  • Computer science
  • Social and civic competences
  • Initiative and autonomy

Homeschooled children must also demonstrate that they can:

  • Ask questions
  • Make deductions from their own observations and documents
  • Be able to reason
  • Generate ideas, be creative and produce finished work
  • Use computers
  • Use resources sensibly
  • Evaluate risks

Homeschooling is not well known in the French population as for politicians. Some attempts to reduce freedom appear each year with amendments that until now soften the modifications. National Education Services are becoming more powerful since 2019 to fix control modalities unilaterally and the way it is achieved as the results are strongly dependant from the person that comes for control and its convictions.

French organisations involved in homeschooling include Les Enfants D'Abord,[182] LAIA (Libre d'Apprendre et d'Instruire Autrement),[183] CISE (Choisir d'Instruire Son Enfant)[184] and Hors Des Murs.[185]

Germany

Status: Illegal
Further information: Education in Germany

Homeschooling is illegal in Germany with rare exceptions. Mandatory school attendance has been in place since 1918. The requirement to attend school has been upheld, on challenge from parents, by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. Parents violating the laws have primarily or most prominently been Christians seeking a more religious education than that offered by the schools.[1][186] Sanctions against these parents have included fines of thousands of euros, successful legal actions to remove children from the parents' custody, and prison sentences.[1][186] It has been estimated that 600 to 1,000 German children are homeschooled, despite its illegality.[187] Meanwhile, homeschooling is legal in Austria and Switzerland.[188]

Up until 1919, homeschooling in Germany was seen as an acceptable practice under certain circumstances, but more for higher class people. Many states developed school systems before and with the rise of the Weimar Republic some reforms were proposed. In the Nazi regime, homeschooling was seen as an anti-nationalistic and subversive practice that could undermine children's loyalty to their country. The Reichsschulpflichtgesetz, implemented in 1938, effectively banned all homeschooling with criminal consequences for anyone found practicing. This is one of the few Nazi laws that is followed in present-day Germany.

In 1989, Helmut Stücher removed his children from the public school system to begin homeschooling. Stücher and others who followed suit were fined, and some even lost child custody.[189] He founded a private school, the Philadelphia-Schule in Siegen. The discussion in politics about this school were very rough.[190]

In a legal case commenced in 2003 at the European Court of Human Rights, a homeschooling parent couple argued on behalf of their children that Germany's compulsory school attendance endangered their children's religious upbringing, promoted teaching inconsistent with their Christian faith–especially the German State's mandates relating to sex education in the schools—and contravened the declaration in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union that "the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure education and teaching is in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions".

In September 2006, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the German ban on homeschooling, stating "parents may not refuse... [compulsory schooling] on the basis of their convictions", and adding that the right to education "calls for regulation by the State". The European Court took the position that the plaintiffs were the children, not their parents, and declared "children are unable to foresee the consequences of their parents' decision for home education because of their young age.... Schools represent society, and it is in the children's interest to become part of that society. The parents' right to educate does not go as far as to deprive their children of that experience."

The European Court endorsed a "carefully reasoned" decision of the German court concerning "the general interest of society to avoid the emergence of parallel societies based on separate philosophical convictions and the importance of integrating minorities into society."[191]

In January 2010, a United States immigration judge granted asylum to a German homeschooling family Romeike, apparently based on this ban on homeschooling.[192] In April 2013, a decision by a U.S. Board of Immigration Appeals court overruled this and denied the petition for asylum, on the grounds that Germany's law applies to every resident, and does not single out any specific religious group for persecution.[193][194] A petition of March 2013 for granting full and permanent legal status to the family received a White House reply in August 2013 without comment on the legal case. In March 2014, the Supreme Court declined to hear the family's appeal,[195] but the Department of Homeland Security granted the family indefinite deferred action status, allowing them to remain in the United States.[196] In February 2015, a bill was introduced that would allow up to 500 grants of asylum per fiscal year to families fleeing home school persecution.[197]

The Twelve Tribes is one religious group that insists on home schooling and has been in conflict with authorities. On September 5, 2013, German police raided two communities and removed 40 children to protect them from supposed continued abuse.[198] An investigative TV report had documented systematic child abuse in a 100-strong community in Bavaria, including "persistent beatings for the most trivial offences".[199] A few days later, German media reported about the disappearance of about ten school-aged children from the small town of Dolchau. Probably they had been brought to a farm belonging to the 12 Tribes in the Czech Republic to elude intervention by the authorities who would ensure their public schooling.[200] In 2002 there were several police raids against the Twelve Tribes, which do not want to send their children to school. The children were taken away from the sect, which was legitimated in 2018 by the European Court of Human Rights.[201] Also, the case of the family Wunderlich were denied.[202]

There is no general exemption for religious or pedagogical reasons; exemptions are allowed for severe illness, children of diplomats, and rarely for working children such as actors.[203] The last petition in the Bundestag to release the punishment of adults who practice homeschooling was denied.[204]

Greece

Status: Illegal

Compulsory education for children from 6 to 15 years old,[205] with 6 years of primary school and 3 years of secondary school education.[206]

Hungary

Status: Illegal "No one allowed to be homeschooled next year in Hungary".

Compulsory education for children from 6 to 16 years.

Iceland

Status: Generally Illegal

Homeschooling is legal only if home teacher has a teaching degree.[207]

Republic of Ireland

Status: Legal

From 2004 to 2006, 225 children had been officially registered with the Republic of Ireland's National Education Welfare Board, which estimated there may be as many as 1500–2000 more unregistered homeschoolers.[208] The right to a home education is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ireland.[209]

Italy

Status: Regulated

In Italy, homeschooling (called Istruzione Familiare in Italian) is legal by the Constitution: parents or their appointed agents must however prove having a technical and economical capability to teach their children. Homeschooled children are required to pass annual exams if and when the child wants to enter the state school system. Mandatory schooling ends when coming of age with the 18th birthday, although a pupil over 16 years of age, with the parents' agreement, may opt for workplace instruction.[210] There is no compulsory central registration for homeschoolers in Italy and thus no official, nor democratically elected, homeschooling representatives and advocates.

Netherlands

Status: Generally Illegal

In the Netherlands, homeschooling is not a recognized form of education and every child is subject to compulsory education from his/her fifth birthday, with exemptions:[211][212]

  • the child is physically and/or mentally unfit for school education (5576 children in 2017-2018),
  • the parents have reservations about the religious and/or philosophical direction of education in all schools with appropriate education at a reasonable distance from the home (931 children in 2017-2018),
  • the child is enrolled in and regularly visits a foreign school (8850 children in 2017-2018)

Many in the first group and all in the second group are home schooled. Until 1969 homeschooling was a recognized form of education.[213]

See also special school.

Norway

Status: Legal

Homeschooling is legal.[214] The municipality is responsible for checking that the homeschooling's curriculum is "equal to" public schooling, but the wording of the law is vague and does not prescribe how this is supposed to be done. Hence, every municipality does things differently: some municipalities assist the parents by providing funding for educational materials, while other municipalities make it a child protection issue.

Poland

Status: Heavily regulated

Homeschooling is only allowed on highly regulated terms. Every child must be enrolled in a school (as of 2009, the school does not need to be a public school). The school principal may, but is not obliged to, allow of homeschooling a particular child. Homeschooled children are required to pass annual exams covering material in school curriculum, and failure on an exam automatically terminates the homeschooling permit.[215]

Portugal

Status: Regulated

Homeschooling is legal.[216] However, not many people choose the option of home-schooling, mostly because of not knowing about the choice.[217]

Russia

Status: Heavily regulated

There are at least two forms of education that look like homeschooling. With "family education", homeschoolers are attached to a state-licensed school where they are allowed to participate in laboratory work and extracurricular activities, may use teacher support and the school library and do tests and exams in every subject. The local authorities are obliged to pay the parents some money, but no specific requirements exist. The formal, usually annual, interim examinations ("Промежуточная Аттестация"), even the online ones, are mandatory at least in the 4th and 9th grades. Many children finish a 9-year curriculum in less than 3 years. There is also a hybrid form of education, when the child can attend the classes of his choice and the rest of the subjects study on his own.

Slovenia

Status: Legal

Home education (called izobraževanje na domu in Slovene) is legal in Slovenia since 1996.[218] The law regarding home education has not been changed since then.[219][220] It is almost identical to Montenegrin model of home education. According to Slovenian Ministry of Education it was based on Danish model of home education.[219]

The compulsory school-age starts at 6 and lasts for 9 years (page 18 (8666), article 45).[220] The child being home educated is required to enroll into a local school (public or private) and pass annual exam in certain subjects (mother tongue and math only in lower grades; with addition of foreign language in middle grades and more subjects in higher grades,[220][221] Page 22(8670) Article 90). If the child does not pass all the exams in two attempts, it is ordered to continue the education with regular school attendance. Every year the parents have to notify the school before starting[222] new school year that they will be home educating their child.

There are no special requirements for parents wanting to home educate their children. Parents are not eligible for any kind of state help nor are schools required to provide any kind of assistance. The schools are free to choose (they often do[223]) whether they will allow special arrangements with home educated children (flexi-schooling, the use of school resources, participation in field trips and other school activities, etc.). The Ministry of Education and schools are not required to provide any form of help to parents of home educated children (teacher guides, worksheets, consultation, etc.).

In the school year 2010/2011 97 children have been home educated.[219]

As of July 2011 there are no organised home education groups in Slovenia.[citation needed]

Slovakia

Status: Heavily regulated

Homeschooling is legal in Slovakia. However, a child's tutor is required to have a degree with a major in primary school education, and homeschooling is restricted only to the first four years of primary education.[99]

Spain

Status: Illegal

In Spain homeschooling is in somewhat of a legal vacuum. On the one hand in Article 27 the Spanish Constitution talks of compulsive education (not schooling), the freedom of teaching and the right of parents to choose their children's education in accordance with their own personal, moral and religious convictions.[224] On the other hand, Spanish education law speaks of compulsive school attendance for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. (Sec. 4.2 Organic Law on Education 2/2006, of 3 May).[225]

In 2010 a family went in front of the Spanish Constitutional Court to argue that the Spanish education laws are not in accordance with the parental rights granted by the Constitution and are therefore unlawful. The decision made by the Constitutional Court made it clear that current education laws were in fact lawful interpretations of the Constitution with the result that since 2010 effectively school attendance is considered mandatory in Spain for all children from 6 to 16. (STC 133/2010, of 2 December)[226] However, the Constitutional Court also made it clear that the Constitution indeed only talks of compulsive education and that a change in the law to make homeschooling a legal alternative to regular school attendance would be a possible and lawful option for the future.

In 2009 the regional government of Catalonia amended its education law so that now according to article 55 "education without attendance to school" is a viable option.[227] However the regulation of that right hasn't yet been developed. As a regional law it can't contradict the education law passed by the national parliament. Hence the newly amended Catalan law can only refer to pupils who have special needs or are for some other reason unable attend school regularly in order that they may have their educational rights met. (Sec. 3.9 Organic Law on Education 2/2006).[225]

Sweden

Status: Virtually illegal

In Sweden, children are obligated to attend school from the age of 6.[228] In 2010 Sweden passed a law (SFS 2010:800) that added further restrictions on homeschooling to an earlier law which was passed in 1985. Homeschooling is only allowed for certain specific reasons such as for children of parents working temporarily in the country. Homeschooling will not be approved based on religious beliefs or philosophical reasons, nor is there an automatic approval if the parent has had teacher training. Recent court cases have supported these restrictions on parents.[229]

The Domenic Johansson custody case has been cited as an example of the difficulty in receiving permissions.

In 2009 a child called Domenic Johansson was taken from his parents (Christer Johansson, a Swedish citizen, and Annie Johansson, a native of India) while they were on board Turkish Air Flight 990, waiting for departure to the mother's home country India.[230] Domenic was taken into custody by the Swedish police due to reports of the child being homeschooled.[230] His parents opted to homeschool Domenic since they would be leaving the country later that year and since he had only turned seven a few months prior to the move.[231] The Johanssons reported that the Minister of Education had approved the homeschooling, but that local officials had refused to supply them with educational materials and fined them for every day Domenic did not attend the local school.[231] In June 2012 the Gotland district court ruled that the Johanssons should retain their parental rights over Domenic, which was later overturned by the appeals court.[232][233]

Switzerland

Status: Legal, restricted in some cantons

Homeschooling is legal in Switzerland. Requirements vary from Canton to Canton. In the Cantons Luzern, Zug, Schwyz and Zürich the teachers must have a Lehrdiplom (teaching diploma), in Cantons Bern and Aargau this is not required.[234] In Canton Obwalden homeschooling has to be allowed by the administration. The Bundesgericht decided in 2019 that there is no right for homeschooling based on the swiss law.[235] In 2011 approximately 200 – 500 families currently homeschool,[236][237] in 2019 a study found 2100 children (0,2% of all pupils) where learning in homeschools.[238]

Ukraine

Status: Heavily regulated

The Home School Legal Defense Association claims that homeschooling is legal and expressly allowed for in Ukraine's Education Law, but local authorities do not always agree.[239]

Homeschooling is mentioned swiftly in The Law of Ukraine on Education, article 59:

Parents and persons who substitute them shall be obliged to assist children to get education in educational institutions or provide them with full-value home education in accordance with the requirements to its content, level and scope.[240]

United Kingdom

Main article: Home education in the United Kingdom
Status: Officially Legal (England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own education laws each with variations regarding homeschooling.)

Homeschooling is legal in the United Kingdom. Parents are legally required to ensure that their children receive "efficient full-time education suitable to [their] age, ability and aptitude, and... to any special educational needs [they] may have, either by regular attendance at school or otherwise."[241] Parents are not required to inform local authorities that they are homeschooling.[242]

A report commissioned by the UK government in 2009 found that councils were aware of approximately 20,000 children being homeschooled, but that the true number could be in excess of 80,000.[243] A study by the BBC in 2018 found that councils were aware of 48,000 children who were being homeschooled in 2016/7.[244]

Oceania

Australia

Status: Legal

The Australian census does not track homeschooling families, but Philip Strange of Home Education Association, Inc. very roughly estimates 15,000.[245] In 1995, Roland Meighan of Nottingham School of Education estimated some 20,000 families homeschooling in Australia.[133] Homeschooling since 2006 requires government registration, with different requirements from state to state. Some home educators prefer to be regulated, but others question whether the government has any legitimate authority to oversee the choices parents make to raise and educate their children.[246] Curricular help is offered by the Australian Government. In 2006, Victoria passed legislation[247] requiring the registration of children up to the age of 16 and increasing the school leaving age to 16 from the previous 15, undertaking home education (registration is optional for those age of 16–17 but highly recommended). The Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority (VRQA) is the registering body.[248][249]

Reasons for people choose to homeschool are sometimes lifestyle choices, some people choose to home educate so that they can travel and spend better time with their kids.[246] Some children learn differently to the general crowd and can get bored or can struggle at school, where the teachers are unable to cater for the individuality of each child.

Many organizations exist to help parents and teachers with home education. The HEA (Home Education Association) is one support organization, having grown through local support networks. The HEA does not produce educational material but offers support to families choosing to homeschool.[246][non-primary source needed]

New Zealand

Main article: Homeschooling in New Zealand
Status: Legal

As of July 2011 there were 6,517 homeschooled pupils registered with the Ministry of Education. It is an increase of 23.6% since 1998.[250] As at 1 July 2013, there were 5,521 home schooled students recorded in the Ministry of Education's Homeschooling database. These students belong to 2,789 families and represent 0.7% of total school enrolments as at 1 July 2013. Out of the 5,521 homeschoolers 65% were the aged 12 or under, 66% had been home-schooled for less than 5 years, and only 4% had been home-schooled for 10 years or more.[251]

See also

[252]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Spiegler, Thomas (2003). "Home education in Germany: An overview of the contemporary situation" (PDF). Evaluation and Research in Education. 17: 179–90. doi:10.1080/09500790308668301.
  2. ^ "Supplement to the Sierra Leone Gazette Vol. CXXXV, No. 19" (PDF). Planipolis.iiep.unesco.org. 1 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016. THE EDUCATION ACT, 2004
  3. ^ "SA Homeschoolers - Blog Articles". www.sahomeschoolers.org.
  4. ^ "The Ontario Federation of Teaching Parents » Homeschooling FAQ". ontariohomeschool.org.
  5. ^ http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000080.asp
  6. ^ http://www.hslda.org/docs/news/2012/201203271.asp
  7. ^ "Family". Canadian Living.
  8. ^ "Atuarfitsialak Engelsk". fleksibelskole.dk.
  9. ^ Greenland – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 2009-10-28.
  10. ^ Association, Home School Legal Defense. "Homeschool Laws in Your State - HSLDA". Home School Legal Defense Association.
  11. ^ http://portal.mec.gov.br/component/content/article?id=75061
  12. ^ Constitution of Brazil
  13. ^ "Deputado diz que é importante avaliação periódica de crianças que são educadas dentro de casa". www2.camara.leg.br.
  14. ^ Paulo, Mariana Della Barba Da BBC Brasil em São. "Ensinar os filhos em casa ganha força no Brasil e gera polêmica". BBC News Brasil.
  15. ^ https://www.ayudamineduc.cl/ficha/examenes-libres-menores-de-18-anos-11
  16. ^ "Novedades - Icfes Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación". www2.icfes.gov.co.
  17. ^ "¿Es legal el homeschooling en Costa Rica? No". homeschoolingcostarica.org.
  18. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Costa Rica". hslda.org.
  19. ^ "Cuba - history - geography". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  20. ^ "Education - Cuba". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  21. ^ "Guatemala - History, Map, Flag, Population, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  22. ^ "Education - Guatemala". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  23. ^ "De Lager Onderwijswet 1960 - De Nationale Assemblée". www.dna.sr.
  24. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Trinidad & Tobago". hslda.org.
  25. ^ "FAQs". www.homeschool-life.com.
  26. ^ http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/armedu.html
  27. ^ a b "Azerbaijan - Education, Health, and Welfare". countrystudies.us.
  28. ^ "EDUCATION SYSTEM IN GEORGIA". www.euroeducation.net.
  29. ^ "Education - Georgia - located, system". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  30. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - India". hslda.org.
  31. ^ Трубачева, Татьяна (20 January 2015). "Возможно ли в Казахстане среднее образование вне школы?". www.forbes.kz.
  32. ^ "FAQs". Homeschool Association of the Philippine Islands.
  33. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Philippines". hslda.org.
  34. ^ "HSLDA - Homeschooling is Growing in South Korea". hslda.org.
  35. ^ https://hslda.org/post/thailand. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. ^ "Education in Albania". 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009.
  37. ^ "Education - Andorra". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  38. ^ "The Education System in Andorra". Studycountry.
  39. ^ "www.bildungssystem.at - Das österreichische Bildungssystem". www.bildungssystem.at.
  40. ^ "Häuslicher Unterricht in Österreich äußerst selten". Die Presse. 22 November 2011.
  41. ^ "Education, Belarus - Belarus.by". www.belarus.by.
  42. ^ "Home". onderwijs.vlaanderen.be.
  43. ^ "Crackdown on Homeschoolers: It's the UN Wot Done It - The Brussels Journal". www.brusselsjournal.com.
  44. ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina education market introduction - Education UK Marketing - British Council". 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.
  45. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). 11 July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2007.
  46. ^ "Bulgaria - history - geography". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  47. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Bulgaria". hslda.org.
  48. ^ "Education in Croatia". 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007.
  49. ^ http://www.country-studies.com/cyprus/education.html
  50. ^ "HSLDA". secure.hslda.org.
  51. ^ "HSLDA - Homeschool Improvements on the Horizon". hslda.org.
  52. ^ "Links". educationotherwise.org.
  53. ^ "The Czech education system - Czech republic". 18 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009.
  54. ^ "Homeschooled children in Denmark - statistics". www.frilæring.dk.
  55. ^ "Domains and trademarks". esis.ee.
  56. ^ "Finnish National Agency for Education - Front page". www.oph.fi. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  57. ^ "Edu.fi - Opettajan verkkopalvelu". www.edu.fi. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  58. ^ a b Hem och skola 4/2011 p. 7 (Swedish)
  59. ^ "The World From Berlin: 'Germany's School System Is an Anachronism'". 22 March 2007 – via Spiegel Online.
  60. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Germany". hslda.org.
  61. ^ "Ministry of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs - Greek Education System". 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011.
  62. ^ "No one allowed to be homeschooled next year in Hungary".
  63. ^ "Number of home-schooled children". Edumap. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
  64. ^ http://oktatas.origo.hu/20080829/magantanulok_az_oktatasban
  65. ^ "HE_inHungary - otthonoktatok". www.otthonoktatas.info. Archived from the original on 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  66. ^ Motolese, Barbara Lamhita. "Homeschooling in Italia: la guida super completa". Genitori Channel.
  67. ^ http://www.controscuola.it/faq/
  68. ^ "Latvijas Institūts - Aktualitātes". www.li.lv.
  69. ^ "Education - Latvia - system". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  70. ^ "Education - Liechtenstein - system". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  71. ^ "Principality of Liechtenstein – Fürstentum Liechtenstein". www.liechtenstein.li.
  72. ^ "Lithuania - Education". countrystudies.us.
  73. ^ "Education - Lithuania - annual". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  74. ^ "Luxembourg - history - geography". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  75. ^ "Education - Luxembourg". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  76. ^ "Education - Malta". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  77. ^ "Malta - History, Language, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  78. ^ "Secular Homeschooling Magazine: A Letter from Malta". 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011.
  79. ^ "Moldova - EDUCATION, HEALTH, AND WELFARE". countrystudies.us.
  80. ^ "North Macedonia - History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  81. ^ "Education - Macedonia". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  82. ^ a b "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Norway". hslda.org.
  83. ^ "Norsk hjemmeundervisningsforbund". nhuf.no.
  84. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110605045344/http://www.poland.pl/education/structure.htm
  85. ^ "Kondycja edukacji domowej w Polsce – Edukacja domowa". edukacjadomowa.pl.
  86. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Portugal". hslda.org.
  87. ^ "Ensino Doméstico - Educação Domiciliar". ensinodomestico.ning.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
  88. ^ "Aprender Sem Escola". aprendersemescola.blogspot.pt.
  89. ^ "MEL - Associação Movimento Educação Livre". MEL - Associação Movimento Educação Livre.
  90. ^ "METODOLOGIE - CADRU din 7 octombrie 2011 privind scolarizarea la domiciliu, respectiv infiintarea de grupe/clase in spitale". www.monitoruljuridic.ro.
  91. ^ http://legestart.ro/Metodologia-2011-cadru-scolarizarea-domiciliu-respectiv-infiintarea-grupe-clase-spitale-%28NTk0Njk2%29.htm[permanent dead link]
  92. ^ Avocatnet.ro. "Ordinul MECTS nr. 5.575/2011 - aprobarea Metodologiei-cadru privind scolarizarea la domiciliu". www.avocatnet.ro.
  93. ^ "Asociatia P.A.V.E.L." 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015.
  94. ^ "Семейное образование, Домашнее образование, Экстернат - О проекте". 17 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016.
  95. ^ "HSLDA - Why Homeschooling is Gaining Respect in Russia". hslda.org.
  96. ^ "Education - San Marino". www.nationsencyclopedia.com.
  97. ^ http://www.mpn.gov.rs/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Закон-о-основном-образовању-и-васпитању.pdf
  98. ^ The Law on the Fundamentals of the Education System, Article 8 and 38.
  99. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  100. ^ "Home Schooling - Slovakia". HSLDA. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  101. ^ "Education in Slovenia". 12 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008.
  102. ^ CONSUMER (http://WWW.CONSUMER.ES/), EROSKI (8 March 2006). "Educación en casa". EROSKI CONSUMER. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  103. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-06-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  104. ^ "HSLDA - New Education Law Makes Homeschooling Illegal". hslda.org.
  105. ^ "HSLDA - Sweden Denies Due Process to Family, Disregards Legal System". hslda.org.
  106. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-06-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  107. ^ "ESTIA in Sweden - Education/Compulsory education". 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.
  108. ^ Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (20 September 2017). "Government.se". Regeringskansliet.
  109. ^ "Felsidan". www.rohus.nu.
  110. ^ "Free Sweden.net - Home Education / Homeschooling & Families in Sweden - Hemundervisning i Sverige - MAIN PAGE". freesweden.net.
  111. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  112. ^ "EVDE EĞİTİM". Güz/2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  113. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - Ukraine". hslda.org.
  114. ^ "HSLDA - Home Schooling - United Kingdom". hslda.org.
  115. ^ http://eprints.qut.edu.au/287/1/Harding.farrellANZELA03.pdf
  116. ^ "Home Schooling - Kenya". HSLDA. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  117. ^ "Support homeschoolers in Kenya - SA Homeschoolers". Tuisskolers.org. 2012-11-21. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  118. ^ "Home Schooling - South Africa". HSLDA. 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  119. ^ "SA Homeschoolers - Blog Articles". Tuisskolers.org. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  120. ^ "Ley de educación nacional Nacional Artículo 129". 2006-12-28. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  121. ^ Constitution of Brazil, article 218, I.
  122. ^ "Homeschooling in Brazil". The Brazil Business. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  123. ^ "Homeschooling in Brazil". The Brazil Business. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  124. ^ Pais desafiam Estatuto da Criança e educam filhas em casa em Serra Negra, SP (in Portuguese)
  125. ^ "Audiência discute Projeto que autoriza o Ensino domiciliar no Brasil". www2.camara.leg.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  126. ^ "Brazilian Supreme Court Outlaws Homeschooling". Folha de S.Paulo. 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  127. ^ https://www.vestibular.com.br/dica/projeto-de-lei-da-educacao-domiciliar-vai-para-as-maos-do-congresso/
  128. ^ "Educação domiciliar ganha força no Brasil e Busca legalização". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  129. ^ "Law Document English View". Ontario.ca. 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  130. ^ a b c Deani Neven Van Pelt (2015). Home Schooling in Canada: The Current Picture—2015 Edition. Barbara Mitchell Centre for Improvement in Education. Fraser Institute.
  131. ^ Family Connections. "Family Connections - How to get along with your relatives p1". Canadian Living. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  132. ^ "The Ontario Federation of Teaching Parents» Homeschooling FAQ". Ontariohomeschool.org. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  133. ^ a b "Education Otherwise" (PDF). Education Otherwise. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  134. ^ "Homeschooling Is Growing Worldwide". Learn in Freedom. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  135. ^ "Homeschooling - Province of British Columbia". Bced.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  136. ^ "Canadian Home Based Learning Resource Page". www.flora.org. Archived from the original on 1998-05-29. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  137. ^ National Center for Education Statistics, "Condition of Education 2000–2009" [1]
  138. ^ "The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
  139. ^ Anderson, Melinda D. (2018-05-17). "The Radical Self-Reliance of Black Homeschooling". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
  140. ^ "Academic Achievement". Retrieved 2019-08-16.
  141. ^ "Legal status of homeschooling in Uruguay". 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  142. ^ "Israel Home Education—FAQ". 2016-08-29.
  143. ^ a b c d Hancock, Tom (28 August 2012). "Parents reject China's classrooms for home schooling". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  144. ^ a b "Experts discuss the benefits of home schooling". Xinhua News Agency. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  145. ^ a b Fang, Lan (12 June 2012). "This House Believes in Homeschooling". Caixin Media. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  146. ^ "China's yuppies want schools to be more laid-back". The Economist. 12 October 2017.
  147. ^ "LCQ11: Home-schooling". 10 September 2015. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  148. ^ :http://www.inherent-dikti.net/files/sisdiknas.pdf Archived 2011-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
  149. ^ "Home Schooling: Biayanya Murah, Mutu Tak Kalah". JugaGuru.Com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  150. ^ "Kunjungan Direktur PTK-PNF ke Jawa Timur (2)". JugaGuru.Com. 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  151. ^ "FGD Kesetaraan lintas regional 2007". JugaGuru.Com. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  152. ^ "Program Kesetaraan Makin Ngetop". JugaGuru.Com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  153. ^ "LEGAL ISSUES".
  154. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Home Learning (Homeschooling) in Japan Q.7".
  155. ^ (in Chinese) 強迫入學條例 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (Compulsory School Law)
  156. ^ (in Chinese)特殊教育法 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (The Act of Special Education)
  157. ^ a b c d e "Home Schooling – Turkey". HSLDA. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  158. ^ RGBl. 309/1850: Kaiserliche Verordnung vom 27. Juni 1850, wirksam für sämtliche Kronländer der Monarchie, wodurch ein provisorisches Gesetz über den Privatunterricht erlassen und vom Tage seiner Kundmachung angefangen in Wirksamkeit gesetzt wird. in: Allgemeines Reichs-Gesetz- und Regierungsblatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich, 101. Stück, Ausgegeben und versendet am 3. August 1850, S. 1271 (Online bei ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetzestexte Online)
  159. ^ Leo von Thun und Hohenstein (1850). Seidl, J. G.; Bonitz, H.; Mozart, J. (eds.). Vortrag des Ministers des Cultus und Unterrichtes, betreffend das provisorische Gesetz über den Privatunterricht (in German). Vol. 1. Wien: Carl Gerold. p. 534. Retrieved 2013-03-20. {{cite book}}: |periodical= ignored (help)
  160. ^ ADVOKAT Unternehmensberatung. "§ 11 SchPflG (Schulpflichtgesetz 1985), Besuch von Privatschulen ohne Öffentlichkeitsrecht und häuslicher Unterricht - JUSLINE Österreich" (in German). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |day= and |month= (help)
  161. ^ GmbH, news networld Internetservice (2019-01-03). "Unterricht daheim: Wenn das Kind nicht zur Schule geht". news.at (in German). Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  162. ^ "Antun Cuvaj: Građa za povijest školstva kraljevina Hrvatske i Slavonije od najstarijih vremena do danas: Od 20. travnja 1868. do 31. svibnja 1875 – svezak VI" (hr), library.foi.hr
  163. ^ "Zakon ob ustroju pučkih škola i preparandija za pučko učiteljstvo u kraljevinah Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji" (hr), Antun Cuvaj "Građa za povijest...", Page 439, Article 50 and 51, library.foi.hr
  164. ^ "Podrška inicijativi za legalizaciju obrazovanja kod kuće u Hrvatskoj" Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine (hr), druginacin.hr
  165. ^ a b Zakon o odgoju i obrazovanju u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi (hr), Article 11 paragraph 1, Article 12 paragraph 1, Article 26 paragraph 1, Article 30
  166. ^ Hrvatska kršćanska koalicija Archived 2018-02-10 at the Wayback Machine Croatian Christian Coalition
  167. ^ "Prijedlog za izmjene i dopune Zakona o odgoju i obrazovanju u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi" (PDF). druginacin.hr (in Croatian). Hrvatska kršćanska koalicija. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-02.
  168. ^ Obrazovanje na drugi način Archived 2011-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Croatian home education association
  169. ^ "Službeno očitovanje MZOŠ-a o legalizaciji obrazovanja kod kuće" Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (hr), druginacin.hr
  170. ^ Ustav Republike Hrvatske (hr), Croatian Constitution, 25 April 2001, Article 63 paragraph 1 and Article 65 paragraph 1
  171. ^ Osnovna Montessori škola "Barunice Dédée Vranyczany" Archived 2011-09-01 at the Wayback Machine (hr), Zagreb
  172. ^ Waldorfska škola u Zagrebu (hr), Zagreb
  173. ^ Osnovna waldorfska škola u Rijeci (hr), Rijeka
  174. ^ Home education in the post-communist countries: Case study of the Czech Republic (pdf Archived 2011-10-21 at the Wayback Machine document)
  175. ^ Skolestart, the Danish Ministry of Education
  176. ^ Act on Free Schools and Private Primary Schools, etc.
  177. ^ a b Law on primary education (Swedish), 26 §
  178. ^ Ministry of Education: Homeschooling[permanent dead link] (Swedish)
  179. ^ HSLDA: Families in France Turn to Homeschooling Despite Heavy Regulation Archived 2012-08-04 at archive.today (English)
  180. ^ Les Enfants d'Abord : Frequently Asked Questions (English)
  181. ^ "B.O. Annexe 3 : Éléments de définition de la progression retenue" (PDF). Media.education.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  182. ^ "Les enfants d'abord – Instruction en famille | LED'A est une association de familles pratiquant l'instruction en famille en France". Lesenfantsdabord.org. 2015-10-13. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  183. ^ "LAIA - Instruction en famille (école à la maison) - Accueil". Laia.asso.free.fr. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  184. ^ "Choisir d'Instruire Son Enfant :: Home". Cise.fr. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  185. ^ "風俗の極め方". Horsdesmurs.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  186. ^ a b "Home Schooling - Germany". HSLDA. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  187. ^ The Economist web site, 4 February 2010.
  188. ^ "Homeschooling verboten". www.german-way.com. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  189. ^ J.D., 2010. HOMESCHOOLING IN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES. James E. Rogers College of Law The Catholic University of America. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law.
  190. ^ "Schulboykott: Mit harten Bandagen gegen Verweigerer". Spiegel Online. 2005-04-22. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  191. ^ Quotations from advocacy articles on the case at [2] and [3], dated September 27, 2006. See also the official summary of the European Court of Human Rights' decision in the case, KONRAD versus GERMANY (Case No 35504/03), decision dated September 11, 2006.
  192. ^ News reports arising from the judgment at Deutsche Welle (in English) 27 Jan 2010; The Telegraph 27 Jan 2010; The Guardian 27 Jan 2010; The Economist 4 Feb 2010.
  193. ^ "Romeike v. Holder, Attorney General".
  194. ^ ""Congress might have written the immigration laws to grant a safe haven to people living elsewhere in the world who face government strictures that the United States Constitution prohibits. But it did not. The relevant legislation applies only to those who have a "well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). There is a difference between the persecution of a discrete group and the prosecution of those who violate a generally applicable law. As the Board of Immigration Appeals permissibly found, the German authorities have not singled out the Romeikes in particular or homeschoolers in general for persecution. As a result, we must deny the Romeikes' petition for review and, with it, their applications for asylum" (2)" (PDF). uscourts.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-06-13.
  195. ^ Sarah Pulliam Bailey: Supreme Court rejects asylum bid for German home-schooling family, Washington Post, 3 March 2014
  196. ^ German home-school family will not be deported from US, BBC, 5 March 2014
  197. ^ H.R.1153 - Asylum Reform and Border Protection Act of 2015, congress.gov
  198. ^ "German Christian sect raided and children put in care". BBC News. 2013-09-05.
  199. ^ Paterson, Tony (2013-09-10). "In Germany's Twelve Tribes sect, cameras catch 'cold and systematic' child-beating". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  200. ^ ""Zwölf Stämme": Christen-Sekte soll Kinder ins Ausland gebracht haben". Spiegel online. 2013-09-15. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  201. ^ admin. "CASE OF WETJEN AND OTHERS v. GERMANY (European Court of Human Rights) – LawEuro". Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  202. ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  203. ^ Grunau, Andrea; Schumacher, Elizabeth. "European court rules against German homeschooling family". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  204. ^ "Homeschooling Petition" (PDF).
  205. ^ "Educational system in Greece (Ministry of Education - in Greek)". Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  206. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  207. ^ grapevine.is. "Mayor Does Not Feel School Should Be Mandatory - The Reykjavik Grapevine". Grapevine.is. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  208. ^ "homeschool-ireland.com". www.homeschool-ireland.com.
  209. ^ "HSLDA". secure.hslda.org.
  210. ^ Istruzione familiare e obbligo d’istruzione, Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione (Homeschooling and compulsory education, Italian Ministry of Public Education)
  211. ^ "Wetgeving". thuisonderwijs.nl.
  212. ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (15 February 2019). "Rapportage leerplichtwet G-gemeenten, schooljaar 2017-2018, Definitieve eindstand, 23 januari 2019 - Rijksoverheid.nl" (PDF). www.rijksoverheid.nl.
  213. ^ "Vervangend onderwijs aan kinderen van ouders met een richtingbezwaar" (PDF). Kohnstamminstituut,uva,nl. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  214. ^ Lov om grunnskolen og den vidaregåande opplæringa 1 ch. 2 §, 2 ch. 1 § (no), Summary on the site of the Norwegian homeschooling association (en)
  215. ^ Ustawa z dnia 7 września 1991 r. o systemie oświaty. [4], Ustawa z dnia 19 marca 2009 r. o zmianie ustawy o systemie oświaty oraz o zmianie niektórych innych ustaw [5] (pl)
  216. ^ "Home Schooling - Portugal". HSLDA. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  217. ^ Assembleia da República. "Lei n.º 85/2009 - escolaridade educação obrigatória idade". Pt.legislacao.org. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  218. ^ Uradni list Republike Slovenije, 1996 no.12 (slo), "Zakon o osnovni šoli", Page 39(879) Articles 1 and 5; and Page 46(886) Section VII (Articles 88–92)
  219. ^ a b c "Obrazovanje kod kuće u Sloveniji: Pravna podloga" Archived 2013-02-17 at archive.today (hr), druginacin.hr
  220. ^ a b c Uradni list Republike Slovenije, 2006 no.81 (slo), "Zakon o osnovni šoli", Page 15(8663) Articles 1 and 5; and Page 22(8670) Section VII (Articles 88–92)
  221. ^ "Izobraževanje na domu" Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, (slo) nezazeljeno.com, Alenka Čurin Janžekovič, prof.
  222. ^ Uradni list Republike Slovenije, 2011 no.87 (slo), "Zakon o osnovni šoli", Article 39
  223. ^ "Obrazovanje kod kuće u Sloveniji: Osnovna škola Stična" Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine (hr), druginacin.hr
  224. ^ "La Constitución en inglés". Tribunalconstitucional.es. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  225. ^ a b "Documento BOE-A-2006-7899". BOE.es. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  226. ^ "Detalle de sentencia". Tribunalconstitucional.es. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  227. ^ "Resultats i fitxa. Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya . Generalitat de Catalunya". Gencat.cat. Archived from the original on 2013-08-12. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  228. ^ Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (3 August 2017). "Skolplikt från sex års ålder". Regeringskansliet.
  229. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  230. ^ a b Alphonse, Lylah M. "Parents Fight To Regain Custody of Homeschooled Son". Yahoo Shine. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  231. ^ a b Hurd, Dale. "Swedish Home-School Family 'Broken to Pieces'". CBN. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  232. ^ "Gottland District Court ruling" (PDF). Hef.org.nz. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  233. ^ Janzon, Eva. "HD prövar inte Domenic-fallet". Varlden Idag. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  234. ^ Es geht auch ohne Schule in Zentralschweiz am Sonntag Nr. 18 vom 3. Mai 2009 auf bildungzuhause.ch
  235. ^ Urteil 2C_1005/2018 vom 22. August 2019.
  236. ^ "Home Schooling - Switzerland". HSLDA. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  237. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  238. ^ Jörg Krummenacher: Aus Misstrauen gegenüber dem Staat: Immer mehr Eltern unterrichten ihre Kinder privat. In: NZZ, 16. September 2019
  239. ^ "Home Schooling - Ukraine". HSLDA. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  240. ^ HSLDA. "The Law of Ukraine on Education" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2011-03-24. section III, article 59, point 3
  241. ^ "Education Act 1996, section 7". legislation.gov.uk. 1996. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  242. ^ "Elective Home Education: Guidelines for Local Authorities" (PDF). Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  243. ^ Review of Elective Home Education in England Archived 2009-08-24 at the Wayback Machine page 2
  244. ^ "Homeschooling in the UK increases 40% over three years". BBC. 2018-05-18. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  245. ^ "Home Education Association". Hea.asn.au. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  246. ^ a b c "FAQ's". www.hea.edu.au. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
  247. ^ "EDUCATION AND TRAINING REFORM ACT 2006 (NO 24 OF 2006)". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  248. ^ "Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority". Vrqa.vic.gov.au. 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  249. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  250. ^ "Homeschooling as at 1 July 2011". Education Counts. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  251. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  252. ^ van der Eems, Bouwe. "Support homeschoolers in Kenya". Website of Association for Homeschooling in South Africa. Association for Homeschooling. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics&oldid=963172651"