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Manannán mac Lir

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"Manannan" redirects here. For the Isle of Man Steam Packet ship, see HSC Manannan.
Manannán mac Lir sculpture by John Sutton at Gortmore, Magilligan, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland.[1]

The boat from the 1st century BC Broighter Hoard, which was found near Magilligan and may be a votive offering to Manannán[2]

Manannán or Manann, also known as Manannán mac Lir ("son of the sea"),[3] is a warrior and king of the Otherworld in Irish mythology who is associated with the sea and often interpreted as a sea god, usually as member of the Tuatha Dé Danann.

He is seen as the ruler and guardian of the Otherworld, and his dominion is referred by such names as Emain Ablach, Mag Mell (Plain of Delights), or Tír Tairngire (Land of Promise). He is described as over-king of the surviving Tuatha Dé after the advent of humans (Milesians), and uses the mist of invisibility (féth fíada) to cloak the whereabouts of his home as well as the sidh dwellings of the others.

In modern tales, he is said to own a self-navigating boat named Sguaba Tuinne ("Wave-sweeper"), a horse Aonbharr which can course over water as well as land, and a deadly strength-sapping sword named Fragarach, though the list does not end there.

Manannán appears also in Scottish and Manx legend, where he is known as Manannan mac y Leir ("little Mannan, son of the sea"). (Mannin) is named after him, while others say he is named after the island. He is cognate with the Welsh figure Manawydan fab Llŷr.

Name

Manannán is given several names, bynames, epithets and surnames. His name is spelt Manandán in Old Irish, Manannán in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and Mannan in Manx Gaelic.

Some of the names equated with Manannan include:

  • Oirbsiu, Oirbsen[4] or Orbsen[5] (See §Merchant Orbsen below)
  • Duartaine O'Duartaine
  • Cathal O'Cein (Cathal is derived from battle and means "great warrior")[6]
  • Gilla de ("Boyservant")
  • Gilla Decair ("Troublesome boyservant")

Etymology

According to some, his name is derived from the Isle of Man with the -an suffix indicating "one from the Isle of Man". This itself may come from a Celtic word for "mountain" or "rise", as the Isle of Man rises from the sea on the horizon.[7] Alternatively, it may come from an earlier Indo-European word for water or wetness.[8] In medieval Irish tradition, it appears that Manannán came to be considered eponymous of the island (rather than vice versa).[9]

Surname and Epithets

The most common epithets for Manannán reinforce his association with war and the sea. Mac Lir means "son of the sea" or "son of Ler".

It has been suggested that his father Ler was a sea god whose role was taken over by Manannán. Manannán's other surname Mac Alloit or Mac Alloid means "son of the soil or land," so that Manannán is effectively son of the sea and land.[10]

In Irish mythology

Manannán appears in all of the four cycles of Irish mythology, although he only plays a prominent role in a limited number of tales.

In the Ulster Cycle tale, Serglige Con Culainn ("The Sickbed of Cúchulainn") Manannán's wife, Fand, has an ill-fated affair with the Irish warrior Cúchulainn. When Fand sees that Cúchulainn's jealous wife, Emer is worthy of him (and accompanied by a troop of armed women), she decides to return to Manannán, who then shakes his cloak (Irish: brat(t)) between Fand and Cúchulainn which causes them not be able to remember each other.[14][15][16] Thus it is a cloak of forgetfulness that Manannán has in his possession.[17]

Characteristics

Manannán rode his chariot over the sea, meeting with Bran and his crew sailing by ship, in the tale Imram Brain ("Voyage of Bran"), considered an early work.[18]

In late sources, Manannán visits the land of the living, his movement is compared to the wind, a hawk or swallow, and sometimes takes the form of a thundering wheel rolling across the landscape, such as in the "Pursuit of the Gilla Decair",[19][20] a 16th-century comic tale.[21] There is also the local lore the Manannán moved like a wheel turning on his three legs, a tradition widespread on the Isle of Man (cf. triskelion), but also found in some eastern Counties of Leinster according to John O'Donovan, though this folklore was unfamiliar to Whitley Stokes.[22]

Abode

Manannán is lord and guardian of the Blessed Isles, Mag Mell, and Emhain Abhlach, the Isle of Apple Trees. Manannán sings a verse describing his sea as Mag Mell (Plain of Delights),[23] in The Voyage of Bran, stating that the steeds on the plain cannot be seen, thus alluding to his concealment of his dwelling using the shroud of invisibility (féth fíada).[a][24] "Emain" was the place of origin of the magical silver apple branch brought to Bran mac Febail.[25]

Manannán is also said to dwell in the Land of Promise (Tír Tairngire), as in the tale "Echtra Cormaic".[26]

Over-king

An over-king's role for Manannán among the Tuatha Dé Danann is described in the narrative Altram Tige Dá Medar ("The Nourishment of the Houses of Two Milk-Vessels") in the 14th to the 15th century manuscript, the Book of Fermoy.[12][13] Máire MacNeill gave a summary of the work.[27][b]

After the Tuatha Dé Danann were defeated by Érimón of the Milesians (humans), Bodb Derg was chosen as king of the TDD, and Manannán as co-king or perhaps the king's overseer.[c] In one passage Manannán declares he has assumed over-kingship above the petty kings of the TDD.[29][30]

Manannán was tasked with allotting which sídhe or fairy mounds the surviving members of the TDD were to be settled.[31] Manannán's own dwelling was at Emain Ablach, in the city of Cruithin na Cuan, as the tale later reveals.[32] Manannán ensured the welfare of the TDD by concealing in the féth fíada or a mist of invisibility,[d][e] holding the Feast of Goibniu (Fleadh Goibhneann) which conferred eternal youth,[35] and feeding them Manannan's Swine (Mucca Mhannanain) which gave an inexhaustible supply of food.[12][36][27][f][g]

Gifts to Cormac mac Airt

Manannán in the tale "Echtra Cormaic" owned two magical items which he gave away to Cormac mac Airt, high king of Tara: a soothing musical silver branch with apples made of gold, and the Goblet of Truth.[26][42][h]

Manannán initially appeared in the guise of a warrior, and described without naming his homeland as a place where old age, sickness, death, decay, and falsehood were unknown. He eventually coaxed the king to arrive as guest to this Land of Promise (Tír Tairngire).[26]

Gifts and Loans to Lugh

Manannán had other magical items according to the Oidheadh Chloinne Tuireann, a romance that only survives in early modern Irish recensions.[44]

He had a self-navigating boat called "Manannán's currach (coracle)" aka Sguaba Tuinne[45] (Scuab-tuinne[46]) or "Wave-sweeper"[47] was self-navigating, as well as a horse that could travel over land or sea called Aonbharr of Manannan,[45][46] translated in popular re-telling as "Enbarr of the Flowing Mane".[47][i] Both the horse and boat were on loan to Lugh Lamhfada, but the Sons of Tuireann managed to borrow the boat.[46]

Manannán also supplied Lugh with a full array of armor and weapon as the Tuatha Dé gathered their host to battle the Fomorians. Lugh rode Manannán's steed Aonbharr, and was girt with Manannán's sword Fragarach ("Retaliator"[48] or "The Answerer"[49]).[51] Any wound this sword gave proved fatal, and its opponent was reduced to the weakness of a woman in childbirth.[52][53]

Lug also wore Manannán's helmet Cathbarr,[50] which O'Curry amends to Cennbhearr, which he regards as a common noun and not a proper name.[54][j] This helm was set with two precious gems on the front and one in the rear.[48] Manannán's lúirech or body armour[56][k] and Manannán's scabal (neck-piece[56] or breastplate[57]) were also part of Lugh's panoply.[52]

Gifts to the Fíana

(Crane-bag)

Manannán was also the owner of the "crane-bag" (Irish: corrbolg) full of treasures,[58] according to the Middle-Irish Fenian lay "The Crane-Bag" (Duanaire Finn Poem VIII) datable to the 13th century,[l]

To Manannán was sent a woman transformed into a shape of crane. She was Aoife, daughter of Dealbhaoth (Irish: Áiffe ingen Dealbhaoíth), and mistress of Ilbhreac of many beauties (Irish: Ilbric Iolchrothaigh).[58] Ilbhreac here may have been Ilbhreac son of Manannán.[60][m] Aoife was transformed by the druidery of her jealous love-rival (Iuchra daughter of Ábartach), whose spell was to last 200 years.[58]

When Aoife died, Manannán crafted her crane's skin into a magical treasure bag, whose contents were only visible when flooded during full tide, and would seem empty when the tide had ebbed.[58][62] The bag was in the possession of Lugh Lamhfada, then taken by Lugh's killers, the three son's of Cermait. Later Manannán endowed it to Conaire Mór the high king at Tara.[58] The crane-bag was eventually owned by Cumhall mac Trénmhóir, as told at the outset of this lay.[63]Macgnímartha Finn. This is assumed[64][65] to be the "treasure-bag" that was lost to Cumhall's "servant-turned-traitor", Liath Luachra,[66] who treacherously wounded Cumall in the Cath Cnucha, but recovered later by Cumhall's son, Finn when he grew up.[67]

(Shield of Finn)

Manannán also commissioned the craftsman Lucra (recté Luchta[62]) to make him a shield to be made of wood, and this later passed on to Finn, according to the lay (duan) "Shield of Fionn". The wood came from a withered hazel tree, on the fork which Lugh had set the severed head of Balor. The venom had penetrated this tree, killing or blinding workers trying uprooting or handling it. Various owners are named, such as Tadg mac Nuadat, but was given by Manannán to Crimall mac Trenmor, Finn's uncle, after the death of Finn's father.[68][69]

Parallels

Manannán is furthermore identified with several trickster figures including the Gilla Decair and the Bodach an Chóta Lachtna ("the churl in the drab coat").[70]

The similarity of Manannan's inexhaustible swine to Odin's boar Sæhrímnir in Scandinavian myth has been noticed.[71][72] Mannanán also owned a speckled cow that he and Aengus retrieved from India along with a dun cow, two golden goblets, and two spancels of silk.[12][73]

Familial relations

Manannán's father is the sea-god Ler ("Sea; Ocean"; Lir is the genitive form), whose role he seems to take over. As Oirbsen, his father is named as Elloth, son of Elatha.[74] In the Altram Tige Dá Medar Manannán calls himself the foster-son of the Dagda.[12]

According to Táin Bó Cúailnge (the Cattle Raid of Cooley), his wife is the beautiful goddess, Fand ("Pearl of Beauty" or "A Tear" – later remembered as a "Fairy Queen", though earlier mentions point to her also being a sea deity). Other sources say his wife was the goddess Áine, though she is at other times said to be his daughter. Manannán had a daughter, whose name was Niamh of the Golden Hair. It is also probable that another daughter was Clíodhna, but sources treat this differently. Either way, she is a young woman from Manannán's lands, whose epithet is "of the Fair Hair". Manannán also had a yellow-haired daughter given the "baptized" name Curcog (meaning "beehive"[75] or "bushy tuft") was given up to be fostered by Aengus.[12]

Manannán is also given sons named Eachdond Mor[12][76][n] and Gaidiar, who raped Becuma Cneisgel.[76]

Another daughter of Manannán's was said to be Saint Athrachta; according to oral legend, she tried to build a causeway across Lough Gara by carrying large stones in her petticoat but was prevented by modesty. In another legend of Athractha, she was said to live at the bottom of Lough Gara and only emerged every seven years to visit her sister Cé (Ké).[78] Athractha cured a woman, and once a dragon with the roar of a lion emerged from the sludge and was vanquished by the Holy Virgin.[79] There is also folklore that Cé (or Céibh) the daughter of Manannan lost her beauty and wits due to an incantation, but recovered her beauty after Oísin provided her hospices after others all shunned her.[80]

In The Voyage of Bran, Manannán prophesied to Bran that a great warrior would be descended from him.[18] Thus Mongán mac Fiachnai becomes a late addition to the mac Lir family tree. The historical Mongán was a son of Fiachnae mac Báetáin, born towards the end of the 6th century. According to legend Fiachnae, who was at war in Scotland, came home with a victory because of a bargain made with Manannán (either by him, or by his wife) to let Manannán have a child by his wife. This child, Mongán, was supposedly taken to the Otherworld when he was very young, to be raised there by Manannán. he 8th-century saga Compert Mongáin tells recounts the deeds of a legendary son,[81][82] In the Dinsenchas Manannán is also described as the father of Ibel, after whose death Manannán cast draughts of grief from his heart that became Loch Ruidi, Loch Cuan, and Loch Dacaech.[83]

Manannán is often seen in the traditional role of foster father, raising a number of foster children including Lugh of the great hand and the children of Deirdre.

Two brothers of Manannán are named, after whom cleared plains were named - Bron, who it is implied was slain by Fergus and Ceite.[84][85] Similarly, in Welsh folklore Brân the Blessed is the brother of Manawydan.

Folklore

Merchant Orbsen

The 9th century Sanas Cormaic (Cormac's Glossary) euhemerizes Manannán as "a famous merchant" of the Isle of Man and the best sailor in western Europe, who knew by "studying the heavens" when the weather would be good and bad.[22] O'Donovan's annotation remarks that this merchant went by another name, Orbsen, son of Allot,[22] and it is stated thus in Roderick O'Flaherty's Ogygia (1685).[5]

However, the Yellow Book of Lecan (written c. 1400) separates these figures, stating there were four individuals called Manandán who lived at different times. They are: Manandán mac Alloit, a "druid of the Tuath Dé Danann" whose "proper name was Oirbsen"; Manandán mac Lir, a great sailor, merchant and druid; Manandán mac Cirp, king of the Isles and Mann; and Manandán mac Atgnai, who took in the sons of Uisnech and sailed to Ireland to avenge their deaths.[4][4]

Tradition has it that Orbsen engaged in the battle of Moycullin in Co. Galway, and fell on the brink of Lake Orbsen;[86] the lake, named after him, is the present-day Lough Corrib.[22] The conflict in which Manannan mac Alloid was slain by Ullinn was recorded in verse by 11th century poet Flann Mainistrech.[86] There is a great stone pillar erected in the field of Moycullin, possibly marking the battle location.[87][88]

Manx folklore

South Barrule, reputed home of Manannán on the Isle of Man

Manannán according to the local lore of the Isle of Man was its first ruler.

First ruler

A document called the "Supposed True Chronicle of Man" (16th century) asserts that Manannan was the first "ruler of Mann" and "was as paynim (pagan), and kept, by necromancy, the Land of Man under mists", and imposed as tax a bundle of green rushes, which was due every Midsummer Eve at a place called Warfield (the present-day South Barrule).[89] More or less the same thing is stated in verse within "The Traditionary Ballad" aka "Manannan beg va Mac y Leirr" (1504), whose third quatrain ran:[90][o]

The poem thus identified the king of the island as one Manannan-beg-mac-y-Lheirr, "little Manannan, son of the Sea" (or, "son of Leir"). Manannan was later banished by Saint Patrick according to the poem.[90][p]

As to the Manx offering rushes to Manannán, there is evidence these wild plants—which typically grow in wetlands—were sacred to him.[95]

Illusory magic

According to tradition, Manannan once held Peel Castle, and cause a single man guarding its battlements to appear as a force of a thousand, thus succeeding in driving out his enemies.[96] Manx storyteller Sophia Morrison repeats this story except reducing the amplification to hundredfold men, and referring to the rampart "a great stone fort on Peel Island".[92] She also appends a story that Manannan once crafted makeshift boats out of sedges, creating an illusion of a larger fleet, causing the Viking invaders to flee in terror from the bay of Peel Island.[92]

O'Donnell's Kern

In O'Donnell's Kern, Manannan appears as a kern or serving man at the courts of various historical personages from 16th Century Ireland. As a kern, Manannan is repeatedly described as wearing thinly striped clothing and leather brogues (shoes) soaking with water, having ears and half his sword protruding from his mantle, and carrying three scorched holly javelins (elsewhere described as a single javelin) in his right hand. In this guise, he again appears as a trickster, walking into his hosts' homes uninvited and undetected by the guardsmen.

At Black Hugh O'Donnell's home in Ballyshannon, Manannan challenges the court musicians to a competition, and with a harp plays music so sweetly melodious that it can put anyone to sleep – including the suffering and dying. O'Donnell declares he has never heard such beautiful music and offers the kern new clothing; the kern refuses O'Donnell's gift and also refuses to stay in his court (indicating he must go to Cnoc Aine the next day), so O'Donnell has his men surround the kern to prevent his departure. Manannan again plays music, but this time the strain causes O'Donnell's men to hack each other to pieces with axes. When he leaves O'Donnell, Manannan extracts a fine of twenty cattle and land, and in exchange, rubs a magic herb on the gums of O'Donnell's slaughtered men that revives them to life.

At the kern's next stop near Limerick, Shane Mac an Iarla invites the kern into his home, having heard of Manannan's reputation with reading and music, to which Manannan declares he is not impotent. However, when Shane brings the kern an instrument and a book, the kern is unable to read or play until Shane lampoons him. When Shane asks Manannan whether he has visited Desmond before, he declares that he was there with the Fianna, several millennia earlier.

Next, the kern travels to Leinster to visit MacEochaidh, who is incapacitated with a broken leg and blood poisoning. When asked about his art, the kern declares that he is a healer and tells MacEochaidh that if he will put his stingy, churlish behavior past him he would be healed. Manannan then dresses MacEochaidh's leg with a healing herb, who immediately recovers from his affliction. MacEochaidh then throws a feast for Manannan and offers him his buxom daughter along with three hundred each of cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs. Before he can receive his reward, however, the kern flees MacEochaidh's house to his next destination.

He goes to Sligo where he encounters O'Conner, who is about to make war with Munster. After some ridicule from O'Conner's men, the kern offers his military services to O'Conner if he agrees that nothing unfair will be done to the kern. O'Conner's men engage in cattle raiding, and when the men of Munster attempt to steal them back, Manannan kills them with a bow and 24 arrows. He then drives all the cattle across the Shannon and back to O'Conner in Sligo. At a feast to celebrate the victory, O'Conner slights Manannan by drinking the first toast without a thought to the kern, so Manannan recites some verses indicating his displeasure and then vanishes from the company.

Then, the kern goes to Teigue O'Kelly's home and describes his art as conjuring. He bluffs O'Kelly with two spurious tricks (wagging an ear and making a reed disappear), then from a bag conjures a thread that he throws into the air and fixes to a cloud, a hare, a beagle, and a dog boy. From another bag he pulls a woman, and all the characters go running up the thread into the clouds. The king remarks that something bad will happen, such as the boy ending up with the woman, and the dog eating the hare. When Manannan reels in his thread, this is indeed, exactly what the men discover has happened, and O'Kelly, in anger, beheads the dogboy. The kern then replaces the dog boy's head backward, but after O'Kelly's complaints turns it back to the right side.

Finally, the kern visits the King of Leinster, whose musicians he declares sound worse than the sledgehammer's thunder in the lowest regions of hell. The King's musicians and men then jump the kern, but each blow they make on the kern inflicts the same wound on themselves. In retaliation, the King has the kern taken out 3 times to the gallows to be hanged, but each time, they find in the kern's place one of the king's confidants at the end of the rope. The following day at sunrise, the kern returns to the king's castle and offers to heal all the men who were killed the previous day, which he revives with a healing herb.

It is only at the end of the tale that the kern is revealed as Manannan, who is offered a dish of crabapples and bonnyclabber at Shane O'Donnellan's house in Meath. As the kern, Manannan repeatedly calls himself sweet one day and bitter or sour the next and describes himself as a stroller or traveler who was born in “Ellach of the kings.” He also gives the following names for himself “Duartaine O'Duartaine,” “Cathal O'Cein,” “Gilla de” and “Gilla Decair” during his travels. O'Donnell's Kern is an example of the folk memory of the Irish gods long after Christianization.[97][98]

The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and His Horse

As the Gilla Decair, a name also referenced in “O'Donnell's Kern,” Manannan appears in the Fenian story “The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his Horse.” In this tale the Fianna encounter the Gilla on Samhain while pursuing the hunt through the forests of Ballachgowan in Munster. The Gilla is described as a gigantic, virile ruffian with black limbs, devilish, misshapen, and ugly, leading a gaunt horse with grey hindquarters and thin legs with an iron chain. Additionally, the Gilla is dressed as a warrior with a convex, black shield hanging from his back, a wide grooved sword at his left thigh, two long javelins at his shoulder, and a limp mantle about him, all reminiscent of Manannan's description in “O'Donnell's Kern.” After greeting Finn with a lay that begins, “May the gods bless thee, Finn, O man of affable discourse..,” the Gilla tells Finn that he is a Fomorian who visits the kings of Christendom to earn a wage, and that his name was given because of the great personal sacrifices he makes on behalf of his retainers. The Gilla then asks Finn if he will hire him as a horseman, to which Finn assents, and then asks to release his horse to graze with those of the Fianna. When Finn grants his permission, the Gilla unbridles his horse to graze with the others and proceeds to mutilate and kill all the horses of the Fianna.

After seeking the Fianna's counsel, Finn tells Conán mac Morna to mount the Gilla's horse and ride him to death, but though he tries violently to make the horse move, he won't budge. Thirteen other Fianna then mount the horse in an attempt to weigh the horse down as much as the Gilla, but still the horses refuses to budge. The Gilla then tells Finn and the Fianna that were he to serve the rest of his term under Finn's contemptuous frivolity, he would be pitied and mocked, so he tells them that he will be parting, and leaves the Fianna with such a fierce, thundering rapidity that it is compared to the speed of swallow and noise of a March wind over a mountain. As soon as the Gilla's horse loses sight of his master, he speeds off after him with fourteen of the Fianna on his back. Finn and the remaining Fianna then track the Gilla and his horse until they arrive at the sea, where another of the Fianna grabs the horse's tail as it alights over the water with the fifteen men.

Finn then travels to Ben-Adar, where the Tuatha Dé Danann promised the children of the Gael that should they ever need to leave Ireland, they would encounter a ship outfit for them. As the Fianna approach the sea, Finn encounters a pair of men, described as “bulkiest of heroes, most powerful of fighting men, hardiest of champions.” Both men bear shields with lions, leopards, and griffins, “terrible” swords, crimson cloaks with gold fibulae, gold sandals, and gold bands on their heads. They bow to Finn and tell him they are the sons of the King of India, who have the ability to create ships with three fells of the axe and can carry the ships over land and sea. One of the brothers tells Finn that his name is Feradach.

After three days on Feradach's ships without seeing any land or coastline, the Fianna reach a craggy island where they spot the Gilla's tracks. Here it is determined that Dermot, who was fostered by Manannan and Aengus Og, is shamed into vaulting onto the island using the javelins of Manannan, which he possessed. Dermot leaves the Fianna behind and ventures a beautiful forested land, filled with buzzing bees and birds. In the midst of the forested plain, Dermot beholds a massive tree with interlacing branches, beneath which is a well of pure water with an ornamented drinking horn suspended above it. Dermot lusts after the water in the well, pursues it and is confronted with a loud rumbling noise indicating that none should drink of its waters. Dermot drinks the water, and a hostile wizard appears who upbraids Dermot for roaming his forests and drinking his water. Dermot and the wizard battle each other, and the wizard jumps into the well, leaving Dermot behind. Dermot then kills a stag with his javelin, cooks it, and falls asleep. The next day, he finds the wizard, and the two continue their fight for three days with the wizard jumping into his well at the end of each day. On the third day, Dermot follows the wizard into the well and finds upon his emergence, a wide open flowery plain with a regal city. He follows the wizard into the city where he fights the host until he is bleeding, injured, and on the ground. When Dermot awakens, a burly wizard kicks him in the back and explains that he is not there to do Dermot harm but to explain that he is in a dangerous place of enemies. The wizard then takes Dermot on a long journey to a towering fortress, where his wounds are healed with herbs, and he is taken to feasting with the wizard's men.

When Dermot asks where he is and whom he is, the wizard tells him he is in Tir fo Thuinn, that he is the Wizard of Chivalry who is an enemy of the Wizard of the Well, with whom Dermot had fought, and that he was hired o work under Finn for a year. While Dermot is detained with the Wizard of Chivalry, Finn and the Fianna craft rope ladders and also scale the cliffs onto the island. There they encounter a king on horseback who takes them to his kingdom where they enjoy feasting. The Fianna wage war with the king against the King of Greece, who is attempting to invade the island. After winning the war, there is a great celebration with the kings of other lands, and there Finn is reunited with Dermot. Dermot explains that the Gilla's true name is Abartach son of Allchad, and he lives in the Land of Promise.

The daughter of the King of Greece promised herself to Finn prior to the King's defeat, so the Fianna split into groups again, one to pursue Abartach, and the other to Greece. The Fianna retrieve the King of Greece's daughter Taise for Finn, and return to the Land of Promise. Their they reunite with Finn, who has found Abartach. Abartach challenges Finn to determine what debt is owed for the long journeys, adventures, and victories of the Fianna, to which Goll demands payment in the form of fourteen women from the Land of Promise along with Abartach's own wife, who are to ride on his horse, as the Fianna had, back to Ireland. Abartach agrees to the terms, vanishes before the Fianna, and the company returns to Ireland.

Although none of the characters in the story are explicitly called Manannan, the setting of the tale in Tir fo Thuinn, the use of the name Gilla Decair, which is explicitly one of Manannan's bynames in O'Donnell's Kern, and the description of the Gilla's behavior all clearly point to his being the central character on the island.[19] Additionally, the name Abartach is used in the context of Manannan's family as the right-hand man of Manannan's son Eachdond Mor.[12] In the Book of Lecan Abartach and Manannan are listed together as two celebrated chiefs of the Tuatha De known for being, respectively, a great musician and a great navigator.[99] Elsewhere Abartach, whose name means dwarf, and who also goes by the name Averty, was a magician of dwarfish size that terrorized part of Ireland. Abartach was only vulnerable in one part of his body, and Fionn mac Cumhaill was able to slay him by sticking his thumb into his mouth to determine the vulnerable spot before spearing him. Abartach was then buried upside down in his grave to prevent his rising from the dead.

O'Neill's Horse Race

There is a folk tale that an English horse racer challenges one of the O'Neills to a horse race. Manannán wants to defend the character of the Irish and knows that none of O'Neill's horses stands a chance against the Englishman's, so he appears in the form of a beggar and challenges the Englishman to a race that he himself runs from Shane's Castle to Dublin. By his enchantments, he wins the race and defends the pride of Ireland and the O'Neill clan.[100] The tale bears some resemblance to the horse race of Macha and also the Roman tradition in which Neptune Equester oversaw horse races.

Toponomy

There are places named after Manannán in Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. In Ireland, most of them are on the coast or contain water features.[101] They include Mannin Lake (Loch Mhanainn) in County Mayo,[102] Mannin Bay (Cuan Mhanainn) in County Galway,[103] Mannin Island (Manainn) in County Cork,[104] Cashelmanannan (Caiseal Mhanannáin, "Manannán's ringfort")[105] and Sheevannan (Sí Mhanannáin, "Manannán's fairy mound")[106] in County Roscommon, Derrymannin (Doire Mhanainn, "Manann's oak") in County Mayo,[107] and Carrickmannan (Carraig Mhanainn, "Manann's rock") in County Down.[101] Also in Ireland Lough Corrib takes its name from Manannán's alternate name Oirbsiu or Oirbsen.[108] The placenames Clackmannan (Clach Mhanainn) and Slamannan (Sliabh Mhanainn) in Scotland may also refer to Manann.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ "In Mag Mell of many flowers/ There are many steeds on its surface / Though them thou seest not".
  2. ^ Manx writer Arthur William Moore gave a crude paraphrase from the Book of Fermoy as follows: "he was a pagan, a lawgiver among the Tuatha Dé Danann, and a necromancer possessed of power to envelope himself and others in a mist, so that they could not be seen by their enemies".[28]
  3. ^ "Bodb Derg was made king by the men and Manannán... over them" (Duncan tr., p. 207)
  4. ^ Cf. Manannan's poem re Mag Mell in Imram Brain, below.
  5. ^ Cf. also O'Curry's copious notes for Feth Fiadha (n15), Fleagh Ghoibhneann or "Goibhneann's Banquet" and "Manannan's Pigs" (n17), , in his recapitualation of this portion of the tale (which he calls the "Tale of Curchóg").[33]
  6. ^ Such revivifying pig is also mentioned in Echtra Chormaic,[26] and in the modern version,[37] seven such pigs belong to the youth who is Manannan in disguise.[38] Arbois de Jubainville stated that these seven pigs here and Manannan's Swine of the ancient text parallel each other.[39] The routine for reviving the seven pigs was to put the bones in the sty (or manger).[40] John and Caitlin Matthews have extrapolated that in order for Manannan's Swine to perpetuate, it was necessarily not to damage the bones while consuming it.[41]
  7. ^ Cf. Sæhrímnir; see §Parallels below.
  8. ^ This tale exists in several manuscripts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; i. e. Book of Ballymote, and Yellow Book of Lecan, as edited and translated by Stokes. There are also other recensions, edited from the Book of Fermoy by Vernam Hall, and from an unknown modern manuscript by Standish H. O'Grady.[43][37]
  9. ^ Note that Scuab-tuinné is not in O'Curry's Irish text and is interpolated by him. He glosses Scuab-tuinné as the 'besom or the sweeper of the waves'.
  10. ^ "Canbarr" in Joyce's retelling.[55]
  11. ^ O'Curry (1863), pp. 162–163: "Manannan's Lorica"; O'Duffy (1888), p. 71 "armour of Manannain" (note genitive).
  12. ^ Duanaire Finn was copied by Aodh Ó Dochartaigh (O'Doherty) dated 12 February 1627.[59]
  13. ^ Although he does not directly address Ilbhreac "of many beauties" of this crane-bag episode, George Lyman Kittredge remarks that Ilbhreac son of Manannán is mentioned in the Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada, and that his name meaning "the variously spotted one" is connected with shape-shifting.[61] Ilbrec's nickname in the crane-bag lay is shared by the protagonist of the werewolf tale, Eachtra Iollainn iolchrothaigh. Kittredge also says another name mentioned alongside in the Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada Ábartach mac Alchaid Ioldathach (whose nickname means "of the Many-Colored Raiment"), also to be connected with shape-shifting.[61] It is Iuchra daughter of Ábartach, the rival, who transforms Aoife into the crane. Ábartach also figures prominently in the Gilla Decair story (cf. infra).
  14. ^ Eachdonn the great, son of Mananna.[77]
  15. ^ A. W. Moore edited and gave a different translation to 6 strophes relevant to Manannan.[91] Sophia Morrison reprinted Moore's translation as old ballad.[92]
  16. ^ Sophia Morrison also prints a prayer invoking Manannan Beg that was known to her.[92] W. Y. Evans-Wentz remarked this prayer was a product of substituting St. Patrick's name with Manannan's.[94]

References

Citations
  1. ^ The return of sea god sculpture Manannán Mac Lir Archived 13 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Derry Journal, 26 June 2015.
  2. ^ Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall eds. Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities, 2002, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, p. 138.
  3. ^ Charles Squire. Celtic Myth and Legend
  4. ^ a b c Skene, William F. (1868) "Chapter VI. Manau Gododin and the Picts", The Four Ancient Books of Wales 1, pp. 78–79. e-text via Internet Archive
  5. ^ a b O'Flaherty, Roderic (1793). "Part III, Chapter XIV". Ogygia, or, A chronological account of Irish events. Vol. 2. tr. by Rev. James Hely. pp. 25–26. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help): "Allad had three sons, Orbsen, Broin.. and Keat.. The merchant, Orbsen.. was commonly called Manannan Mac Lir."
  6. ^ "Cathal". Baby Names of Ireland. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  7. ^ Kneale, Victor (2006). "Ellan Vannin (Isle of Man). Britonia". In Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 676. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) If the name of Man reflects the generic word for "mountain", it is impossible to distinguish this from a generic "he of the mountain"; but the patronymic mac Lir, interpreted as "son of the Sea", is taken to reinforce the association with the island. e.g. Wagner, Heinrich. "Origins of Pagan Irish Religion". Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie. v. 38. 1-28.
  8. ^ Olmsted, Garrett. The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans. University of Innsbruck, 1994. p.306
  9. ^ Moore (1891), p. 2, invoking John Rhys.
  10. ^ Bourke, Ulick J. (1887). Pre-Christian Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Browne & Nolan. p. 47. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  11. ^ Serglige Con Culainn, ed. Myles Dillon (1953). Serglige Con Culainn. Mediaeval and Modern Irish Series 14. Dublin: DIAS.; tr. Jeffrey Gantz (1981). Early Irish Myths and Sagas. London: Penguin. pp. 155–78.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Dobs, Maighréad Ní C. (1930), "Altromh Tighi da Medar" [The Fosterage of the House of the Two Goblets], Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, 18 (1): 189–230, doi:10.1515/zcph.1930.18.1.189; re-edited/re-titled as "The Fosterage of the House of the Two Pails" via CTC
  13. ^ a b Duncan, Lilian (1932), "Altram Tige Dá Medar" [The Nurture of the Houses of two Methers], Ériu, 11: 184–225, JSTOR 30008101
  14. ^ "Serglige Con Culainn", Corpus of Electronic Texts Edition
  15. ^ The Sick-Bed of Cuchulain transcribed from The Lost Yellow Book of SlaneBy Maelmuiri mac Ceileachair into the Leabhar na h-Uidhri in the Eleventh Century
  16. ^ Arbois de Jubainville (1892), pp. 215–216.
  17. ^ Paton, Lucy Allen (1903), "Merlin and Ganieda", Modern Language Notes, 18 (6): 165
  18. ^ a b Meyer, Kuno, ed. (1895), Voyage of Bran, vol. 1, London: D. Nutt {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help), §32 pp. 16–17, str. 49–57 pp. 24–27, commentary by Alfred Nutt, pp. 136–139
  19. ^ a b "The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and His Horse"
  20. ^ Scél Baili Binnbérlaig
  21. ^ "Tóraigheacht an Ghiolla Dhecair", Mackillop (1998) ed., Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology.
  22. ^ a b c d O'Donovan, John, ed. (1868), "Manannan mac Lir", Cormac's Glossary, notes and index by Whitley Stokes, Calcutta: O.T. Cutter, p. 114 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Mac Mathúma, Séamus (2006). "Imram Brain maic Febail". In Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Denver, and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 959.
  24. ^ Meyer (1895), 1, str. 39, pp. 20–21. commentary by Alfred Nutt, p. 149.
  25. ^ Meyer (1895), 1, pp. 2–5 and str. 3, Voyage of Bran.
  26. ^ a b c d Stokes, Whitley, ed. (1891), "Echtra Cormaic i Tir Tairngiri ocus Ceart Claidib Cormaic" [The Tale of the Ordeals, Cormac’s Adventure in the Land of Promise, and the Decision as to Cormac’s Sword], Irische Texte, vol. 3, S. Hirzel {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help), pp. 185–202 (text); 203–221 (translation); 222–229 (notes)
  27. ^ a b MacNeill, Máire (1949), "The Legends of the False God's Daughter", The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 79 (1/2): 102–103, JSTOR 25510690
  28. ^ Moore (1891), p. 3.
  29. ^ Duncan (1932), p. 184–185: "Manannan.. appears to have, and indeed claims, an overlordship over all the Tuatha De Danann kings".
  30. ^ Duncan (1932), p. 209: "I am over-king of your kings".
  31. ^ Duncan (1932), pp. 206–207.
  32. ^ Duncan (1932), pp. 215, 217.
  33. ^ Summary of a portion of The "Tale of Curchóg" in: O'Curry, Eugene, ed. (1862), "Mr. O'Curry on "The Exile of the Children of Uisnech"", Atlantis, III: 384–389
  34. ^ Brown (1910), p. 38.
  35. ^ A. C. L. Brown considered this to be the "ale of Góibniu the Smith".[34]
  36. ^ Duncan (1932), p. 207.
  37. ^ a b O'Grady, Standish Hayes, ed. (1857), "Faghail Craoibhe Chormaic mhic Airt" [How Cormac mac Airt Got his Branch], Toruigheacht Dhiarmuda Agus Ghrainne, Or The Pursuit After Diarmuid O'Duibhne and Grainne, the Daughter of Cormac Mac Airt, King of Ireland in the Third Century, Transactions of the Ossianic Society 3, pp. 212–229 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ O'Grady (1857), pp. 220–223.
  39. ^ Arbois de Jubainville (1903), p. 187 and note 2.
  40. ^ O'Grady (1857), pp. 220–223; Arbois de Jubainville (1903), p. 187
  41. ^ Matthews, Caitlín; Matthews, John (2019). The Lost Book of the Grail: The Sevenfold Path of the Grail and the Restoration of the Faery Accord. Simon and Schuster. p. 195. ISBN 9781620558300. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  42. ^ Meyer (1895), 1, pp. 190–192, summary of "Cormac in Fairy".
  43. ^ Hull, Vernam, ed. (September 1949), "Echtra Cormaic Maic Airt, 'The Adventure of Cormac Mac Airt'", PMLA, 64 (4): 871–883, JSTOR 459637 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |editorlink= (help)
  44. ^ Bruford (1966), p. 264.
  45. ^ a b O'Duffy (1888), ¶35 pp. 29–30, 98–99
  46. ^ a b c O'Curry (1863), pp. 191–192.
  47. ^ a b Joyce, Patrick Weston (1894), "The Fate of the Children of Turenn; or, the Quest for the Eric-Fine", Old Celtic Romances, D. Nutt, pp. 60–61 (37–96) {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  48. ^ a b O'Curry (1863), pp. 162–163.
  49. ^ Joyce (1894), p. 38.
  50. ^ a b O'Duffy (1888), ¶5 pp. 3–5, 70–72. Aonbharr. Freagarthach, Cathbarr.
  51. ^ Only rendered into English as "Freagarthach" by O'Duffy.[50]
  52. ^ a b O'Curry (1863), pp. 162–163, O'Duffy (1888), p. 71, Joyce (1894), p. 38
  53. ^ Spaan (1965), p. 176.
  54. ^ O'Curry (1863), pp. 162 (Irish only); 176–177; note 177.
  55. ^ Joyce (1894), p. 49.
  56. ^ a b eDIL s.v. "lúirech". (a) breastplate, cuirass, corselet
  57. ^ O'Curry (1863), pp. 162–163; O'Duffy (1888), p. 71
  58. ^ a b c d e Duanaire Finn Poem VIII "The Crane-bag", ed. MacNeill (1908), ed. pp. 21–22, tr. pp. 118–120
  59. ^ MacNeill (1908), pp. xix–xx, xxiv, 135, Murphy (1953), p. 165: "the scribe".
  60. ^ Matthews, Caitlín (1995). "Crane bag". British and Irish mythology: an encyclopedia of myth and legend. Diamond Books. p. 195. ISBN 9780261666511. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help): "Crane Bag..formed from the skin of Aoife, Manannan's son's mistress".
  61. ^ a b Kittredge, George Lyman (1903). Arthur and Gorlagon. Harvard studies and notes in philology and literature 8. Boston: Ginn and Company. p. 106, n1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  62. ^ a b Spaan (1965), p. 182.
  63. ^ "The Crane-bag", str. 1. MacNeill (1908) ed. p. 21, tr. p. 118.
  64. ^ MacNeill (1908), p. ix.
  65. ^ Brown (1910), p. 39.
  66. ^ Breatnach, Padraig (1930), "Review of Joseph Falaky Nagy, The Wisdom of the Outlaw: Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition", Éigse, 24: 163
  67. ^ Meyer, Kuno (1904), "The Boyish Exploits of Finn" [tr. of Macgnimartha Find], Ériu, 1, ¶2, p. 180; ¶16, p. 185
  68. ^ Duanaire Finn Poem XVI "The Shield of Fionn", ed. MacNeill (1908), ed. pp. 34–38, tr. pp. 134–139
  69. ^ Buttimer, Cornelius G. (1981), "Loegaire Mac Néill in the Bórama", Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, 1, JSTOR 20557103
  70. ^ Bodach an Chóta Lachtna in the Oxford Dictionary of Irish Mythology. Eachtra Bhodaigh an Chóta Lachtna ("Tale of the Carle in the Drab Coat") is the title of a 17th-century Fenian tale.
  71. ^ Spaan (1965), p. 185.
  72. ^ Celtic Myths (University of Texas Press, 1995), p. 17 online. See also Oosten, J. G. (1985) The War of the Gods, Routledge, p. 73
  73. ^ Duncan (1932), pp. 214–215.
  74. ^ Lebor Gabála Érenn §64 Archived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
  75. ^ Duncan (1932), p. 212.
  76. ^ a b unknown. "The Adventures of Art son of Conn". The Celtic Literature Collective. MaryJones. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  77. ^ Duncan (1932), p. 20.
  78. ^ Borlase (1897), p. 788, citing O'Donovan, O.S.L. [Ordnance Survey Letters] Co. Sligo pp. 233, 238, 419
  79. ^ Borlase (1897), p. 788
  80. ^ O'Donovan, Ordnance Survey Letters, Co. Sligo, pp. 412–413. cited by: Hennessy, William Maunsell, ed. (1871), The Annals of Loch Cé: A Chronicle of Irish Affairs from A.D. 1014 to A.D. 1590, vol. 1, London: Longman, pp. xxxv–xxxvi
  81. ^ White, Nora (2006). Compert Mongáin and Three Other Early Mongán Tales: A Critical Edition with Introduction, Translation, Textual Notes, Bibliography and Vocabulary. Department of Old and Middle Irish, National University of Ireland. ISBN 978-0-901519-66-5.
  82. ^ Jomes, Mary. "The Conception of Mongan and Dub-Lacha's Love for Mongán". Celtic Literature Collective. Mary Jones. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  83. ^ [1]
  84. ^ The Metrical Dindsenchas "Carn Amalgaid" Poem 78
  85. ^ "Dinda HÚa n-Amalgada"
  86. ^ a b O'Flaherty (1793), pp. 26–27.
  87. ^ group-lower-alpha
  88. ^ Borlase (1897), p. 795 and note ††, citing O'Donovan, O.S.L. [Ordnance Survey Letters] p. 152, 157, 164
  89. ^ Moore (1891), p. 6.
  90. ^ a b c Train, Joseph (1845), "Manannan beg va Mac y Leirr; ny, slane coontey jer Ellan Vannin" [Little Mannannan son of Leirr; or an account of the Isle of Man], An Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man, vol. 1, Douglas, Isle of Man: Quiggin, pp. 50–55 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  91. ^ Moore (1895), pp. 41–42.
  92. ^ a b c d Morrison, Sophia (1911). Manannan Mac Y Leirr. London: D. Nutt. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help), "Old Ballad" pp. 169–170; prose tale pp. 171–173
  93. ^ The Dublin Review 57 (1865), 83f.
  94. ^ Evans-Wentz, W.Y. "IV. In the Isle of Man" in The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries (1911).
  95. ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. pp.286-288
  96. ^ Moore (1895), p. 43.
  97. ^ MacCulloch, John Arnott (1916-1932) online "Chapter 4: Mythic Powers of the Gods" in The Mythology of All Races.
  98. ^ O'Donnell's Kern
  99. ^ Borlase (1897), p. 826, citing the Book of Lecan
  100. ^ Borlase (1897), p. 825, citing O'Donovan, O.S.L. [Ordnance Survey Letters] Co. Londonderry p. 30.
  101. ^ a b Carrickmannan. Place-Names NI.
  102. ^ Mannin Lake. Placenames Database of Ireland.
  103. ^ Mannin Bay. Placenames Database of Ireland.
  104. ^ Mannin Island. Placenames Database of Ireland.
  105. ^ Cashelmanannan. Placenames Database of Ireland.
  106. ^ Sheevannan. Placenames Database of Ireland.
  107. ^ Derrymannin. Placenames Database of Ireland.
  108. ^ by misdivision from Loch Oirbsean. Macalister, Vol. 4 (1941), p. 104.
Bibliography
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