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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 47.206.57.127 (talk) at 21:58, 4 August 2020 (→1951-2000). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is a list of African-American newspapers and media outlets.

Print

Extant

Listed chronologically by founding date

19th century

1901-1950

1951-2000

Date unknown

Defunct

  • The Advance, Wilmington, Delaware, 1899-19?[4]
  • Advocate, Charleston, West Virginia[5]
  • The Advocate, Portland, Oregon, 1903
  • African Expositor, Raleigh, North Carolina, 18??-18?[6]
  • Africo-American Presbyterian, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1879-1938[7]
  • The Afro-American Citizen, Charleston, South Carolina, 1899-1902[8]
  • Afro-American Courier, Yazoo City, Mississippi, 1926-19?[9]
  • The Aliened American, Cleveland Ohio, 1852-1856[10]
  • The Anti-Slavery Bugle, New Lisbon, Ohio, 1845-1861
  • The Appeal, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1889-19?[11]
  • The Arizona Gleam, Phoenix, Arizona, 1929-193?[12]
  • Arizona Sun, Phoenix, Arizona, 1942-196?[13]
  • Arizona Tribune, Phoenix, Arizona, 1958-197?[14]
  • The Banner-Enterprise, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1883-18?[15]
  • Beacon Journal (later Beacon Digest and West Virginia Beacon Digest), Charleston, West Virginia, 1957-[5]
  • The Bee, Washington, D.C., 1882-1884[16]
  • The Black Panther, 1967-?
  • Boston Guardian, Boston, Massachusetts, 1901-1950s
  • Breeze, Huntington, West Virginia[5]
  • The Broad Ax, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1895-19?[17]
  • The Bystander, Des Moines, Iowa, 1916-1922[18]
  • California Eagle, Los Angeles, California, 1879-1964[19]
  • Cayton's Monthly, Seattle, Washington, 1921-1921[20]
  • Cayton's Weekly, Seattle, Washington, 1916-1921[21]
  • The Century Voice, Yazoo City, Mississippi, 194?-19?[22]
  • The Charleston Advocate, Charleston, South Carolina, 1867-1868[23]
  • The Chicago Whip, Chicago, Illinois, 1919-19?[24]
  • Chicago World, Chicago, Illinois, 1918-19?[25]
  • Christian Banner, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[26]
  • The Christian Recorder, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1861-[27]
  • The Cleveland Gazette, Cleveland, Ohio, 1883-1945
  • The Colored American, Washington, D.C., 1893-1904
  • The Colored American, New York City, 1837-1842
  • The Colored Citizen, Helena, Montana, 1894-1894[28]
  • The Community Citizen, New Albany, Mississippi, 19??-19?[29]
  • The Concordia Eagle, Vidalia, Louisiana, 1873-1890[30]
  • Connecticut Chronicle, Hartford, Connecticut, 194?-194?[31]
  • The Daily Express, Dayton, Ohio, 1950-1955[32]
  • Daily National Era, Washington, D.C., 1854-1854[33]
  • Daily Record, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1895-1898[34][35]
  • Dallas Express, Dallas, Texas, 1892-1970
  • The Dayton Forum, Dayton, Ohio, 1913-1949[36]
  • The Delta Leader, Greenville, Mississippi, 1939-19?[37]
  • The Denver Star, Denver, Colorado, 1913-1963[38]
  • Detroit Tribune, Detroit, Michigan, 1933-1933[39]
  • The Detroit Tribune, Detroit, Michigan, 1935-1966[40]
  • The Echo, Meridian, Mississippi, 1942-1960[41]
  • Franklin's Paper the Denver Star, Denver, Colorado, 1912-1913[42]
  • Franklin's Paper the Statesman, Denver, Colorado, 1906-1912[43]
  • The Free Citizen, Orangeburg, South Carolina,1874-1876[44]
  • The Free Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 1868-186?[45]
  • Freedom's Journal, New York City, 1827-1829
  • The Forum, Springfield, Illinois, 1904-192?[46]
  • Frost Illustrated, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1968
  • The Future Outlook, Greensboro, North Carolina, 1941-1972[47][48]
  • The Gazette, Raleigh, North Carolina, 18??-1???[49]
  • The Georgetown Planet, Georgetown, South Carolina, 1873-1875[50]
  • The Golden Rule, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1898-19?[51]
  • Harambee News, Los Angeles, California, 1966-1969[52]
  • Hartford Chronicle, Hartford, Connecticut, 194?-1947[53]
  • Hartford-Springfield Chronicle, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1940-194?[54]
  • Huntington Enterprise, Huntington, West Virginia[5]
  • Huntington Times, Huntington, West Virginia[5]
  • The Illinois Times, Champaign, Illinois, 19??-19?[55]
  • Indianapolis Freeman, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1888-1926
  • Indianapolis Leader, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1879-1891
  • Ink, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 2001-?
  • Iowa State Bystander, Des Moines, Iowa, 1894-1916[56]
  • The Journal of Industry, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1879-1???[57]
  • The Kansas City Sun, Kansas City, Missouri,1908-1924[58]
  • The Langston City Herald, Langston City, Oklahoma, 1891-1902[59]
  • The Lexington Standard, Lexington, Kentucky, 1892-1912[60]
  • The Liberator, Boston, Massachusetts, 1831-1865
  • The Louisianian, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1870-1871[61]
  • Maryville Republican, Maryville, Tennessee, 1867-187?[62]
  • McDowell Herald, Keystone, West Virginia[5]
  • The McDowell Times, Keystone, West Virginia, 1904-1941[63]
  • Metropolis Weekly Gazette, Metropolis, Illinois, 1???-19?[64]
  • Metropolitan News, Chicago, Illinois, 1935-19?[65]
  • Missionary Record, Charleston, South Carolina, 1868-1879[66]
  • Mojo, New York City, 1968-?
  • The Montana Plaindealer, Helena, Montana, 1906-1911[67]
  • The Muskogee Cimeter, Muskogee, Oklahoma, 1901-19?[68]
  • Nashville Globe, Nashville, Tennessee, 1906-1960[69]
  • National Enquirer and Pennsylvania Freeman, 1836-?
  • The National Era, Washington, D.C., 1847-1860[70]
  • The National Forum, Washington, D.C., 1910-19?[71]
  • National Savings Bank, Washington, D.C., 1868-18?[72]
  • The New Age, Butte, Montana, 1902-190?[73]
  • The New Age, Portland, Oregon, 1896
  • New England Bulletin, Hartford, Connecticut, 1949-19?[74]
  • New Era, Washington, D.C., 1870-1870[75]
  • New National Era, Washington, D.C., 1870-1874[76]
  • North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1885-18?[77]
  • North Carolina Republican, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1879-1880[78]
  • North Star, 1847-1851
  • The Northwestern Bulletin, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1922-1924[79]
  • The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1924-1925[80]
  • The Ohio Daily-Express, Dayton, Ohio, 1946-1950[81]
  • Ohio State News, Columbus, Ohio, 1944-1952[82]
  • The Philadelphia Independent, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1931-1971
  • The People's Recorder, Columbia, South Carolina, 1893-1925[83]
  • The Peoples' Advocate, New Bern, North Carolina, 1886-188?[84]
  • The Phoenix Index, Phoenix, Arizona, 193?-19?[85]
  • Phoenix Tribune, Phoenix, Arizona, 1918-193?[86]
  • Pioneer, Montgomery, West Virginia[5]
  • Pioneer Press, Martinsburg, West Virginia, 1882-19?[5][87]
  • Pittsburgh Courier, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1907-1966
  • The Professional World, Columbia, Missouri, 1901-192?[88]
  • The Republican, Maryville, Tennessee, 187?-187?[89]
  • The Rising Son, Kansas City, Mo, 1896-19?[90]
  • The Robbins Eagle, Robbins, Illinois, 1951-1963[91]
  • The Rock Hill Messenger, Rock Hill, South Carolina, 1896-1921[92]
  • The Seattle Republican, Seattle, Washington, 1???-1915[93]
  • Sedalia Weekly Conservator, Sedalia, Missouri, 1903-1909[94]
  • Semi-Weekly Louisianian, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1871-1872[95]
  • South Carolina Leader, Charleston, South Carolina, 1865-18?[96]
  • The Southern Advocate, Mound Bayou, Mississippi, 1933-19?[97]
  • The Southern Indicator, Columbia, South Carolina, 1903-1925[98]
  • The Southern News, Asheville, North Carolina, 1936-19?[99]
  • The Southland Advocate, Asheville, North Carolina, 19??-????[100]
  • St. Louis Palladium, 1884?-1911?
  • The St. Paul Echo, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1925-1927[101]
  • The statesman. [volume] : (Denver, Colo.) 1889-1906
  • The Topeka Plaindealer, Topeka, Kansas, 1900-1932[102]
  • The Tribune, Roanoke, Virginia, 1951-19?[103]
  • La Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orleans or New Orleans Tribune, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1864-1870
  • The Tribune Independent of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, 1933-1935[104]
  • The Tulsa Star, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1913-1921[105]
  • The Twin City Star, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1910-19?[106]
  • Voice of the People, Laurel, Mississippi, 19??-19?[107]
  • The Washington Bee, Washington, D.C., 1882-1922[108]
  • West Virginia Digest, Charleston, West Virginia[5]
  • West Virginia Eagle, Montgomery, West Virginia[5]
  • West Virginia Enterprise, Charleston, West Virginia[5]
  • West Virginia Spokesman, Huntington, West Virginia[5]
  • West Virginia Weekly, Charleston, West Virginia[5]

Online

See also

References

  1. ^ Family Business (2012-01-12). ""Recap: Alexis Scott Shares Atlanta Daily World History on Family Business Radio", Family Business Radio, January 12, 2012". Familybusinessradio.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-04. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ "The Wilmington Journal". Wilmingtonjournal.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  3. ^ "The AC Phoenix News (Winston-Salem, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  4. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Advance. [volume]". ISSN 2637-8205. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Powell Hart, Betty L. (1991). "The Black Press in West Virginia: A Brief History," in Honoring Our Past : Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History, ed. Joe William Trotter, Jr., and Ancella Radford Bickley. Charleston, WV: Alliance for the Collection, Preservation and Dissemination of West Virginia's Black History. pp. 156–179.
  6. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "African Expositor. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  7. ^ "Africo-American Presbyterian (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  8. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Afro-American Citizen. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1669. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  9. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Afro-American Courier". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  10. ^ Gore, Jr., George William (1922). Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and the Present Condition of the Negro Press. Greencastle, IN: Journalism Press. p. 8.
  11. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Appeal. [volume]". ISSN 2163-7075. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  12. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Arizona Gleam. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  13. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Arizona Sun. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  14. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Arizona Tribune. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  15. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Banner-Enterprise. [volume]". ISSN 2576-6902. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  16. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Bee. [volume]". ISSN 2157-3298. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  17. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Broad Ax. [volume]". ISSN 2163-7202. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  18. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Bystander. [volume]". ISSN 2332-4554. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  19. ^ "Charlotta Bass / California Eagle Photograph Collection, 1870-1960". digitallibrary.usc.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  20. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Cayton's Monthly". ISSN 2159-5569. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Cayton's Weekly". ISSN 2158-4699. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  22. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Century Voice". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  23. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Charleston Advocate. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1707. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  24. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Chicago Whip". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Chicago World". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  26. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2018-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ "The Christian Recorder collection: 1861–1902". Accessible Archives.
  28. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Colored Citizen. [volume]". ISSN 2326-9685. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  29. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Community Citizen". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  30. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Concordia Eagle. [volume]". ISSN 2163-7040. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  31. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Connecticut Chronicle". ISSN 2642-7109. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  32. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Daily Express". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  33. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Daily National Era. [volume]". ISSN 2471-5328. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  34. ^ "Wilmington Daily Record and the Wilmington Journal". African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington.
  35. ^ "The Daily Record (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  36. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Dayton Forum. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  37. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Delta Leader". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  38. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Denver Star. [volume]". ISSN 2577-2376. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  39. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Detroit Tribune [volume]". ISSN 2577-2538. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  40. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Detroit Tribune". ISSN 2577-350X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  41. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Echo". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  42. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Franklin's Paper the Denver Star". ISSN 2577-235X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  43. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Franklin's Paper the Statesman". ISSN 2577-2333. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  44. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Free Citizen". ISSN 2165-7742. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  45. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Free Press. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1715. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  46. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Forum. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  47. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Future Outlook. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  48. ^ "The Future Outlook (Greensboro, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  49. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Gazette. [volume]". ISSN 2474-3143. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  50. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Georgetown Planet. [volume]". ISSN 2166-174X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  51. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Golden Rule. [volume]". ISSN 2576-4667. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  52. ^ Smith, Jessie; Bracks, Lean'tin; Wynn, Linda T. (2012). The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History. Visible Ink Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-1-57859-536-5.
  53. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Hartford Chronicle". ISSN 2642-7125. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  54. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Hartford-Springfield Chronicle. [volume]". ISSN 2688-9102. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  55. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Illinois Times". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  56. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Iowa State Bystander. [volume]". ISSN 2332-452X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  57. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Journal of Industry. [volume]". ISSN 2475-0654. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  58. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Kansas City Sun". ISSN 2166-8329. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  59. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Langston City Herald. [volume]". ISSN 2158-8929. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  60. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Lexington Standard. [volume]". ISSN 2157-1384. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  61. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Louisianian. [volume]". ISSN 2326-6287. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  62. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Maryville Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2331-026X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  63. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The McDowell Times. [volume]". ISSN 2640-3471. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  64. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Metropolis Weekly Gazette". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  65. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Metropolitan News". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  66. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Missionary Record. [volume]". ISSN 2165-9419. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  67. ^ "The Montana Plaindealer". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  68. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Muskogee Cimeter. [volume]". ISSN 2158-8937. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  69. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Nashville Globe. [volume]". ISSN 2373-4892. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  70. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The National Era. [volume]". ISSN 2471-5301. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  71. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The National Forum. [volume]". ISSN 1940-7327. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  72. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "National Savings Bank. [online resource]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  73. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The New Age. [volume]". ISSN 2326-9650. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  74. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "New England Bulletin". ISSN 2643-5004. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  75. ^ "New Era. [volume]". National Endowment for the Humanities. ISSN 2471-6316. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  76. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "New National Era. [volume]". ISSN 2471-6340. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  77. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "North Carolina Gazette". ISSN 2475-0638. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  78. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "North Carolina Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2474-4492. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  79. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Northwestern Bulletin. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  80. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  81. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Ohio Daily-Express". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  82. ^ "Ohio State News Collection 1944-1952". Ohio History Connection.
  83. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The People's Recorder. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1731. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  84. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Peoples' Advocate. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  85. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Phoenix Index". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  86. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Phoenix Tribune. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  87. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Pioneer Press [volume]". ISSN 2640-3714. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  88. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Professional World". ISSN 2326-8530. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  89. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2331-3021. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  90. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Rising son. [volume]". ISSN 2165-929X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  91. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Robbins Eagle". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  92. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Rock Hill Messenger. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1723. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  93. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Seattle Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2157-3271. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  94. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Sedalia weekly Conservator". ISSN 2166-8264. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  95. ^ Fortier, Alcee (July 1888). "Louisianian Nursery-Tales". The Journal of American Folklore. 1 (2): 140. doi:10.2307/533818. ISSN 0021-8715.
  96. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "South Carolina Leader [volume]". ISSN 2166-1693. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  97. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southern Advocate". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  98. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southern Indicator [volume]". ISSN 2166-1758. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  99. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southern News. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  100. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southland Advocate. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  101. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The St. Paul Echo. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  102. ^ "The Topeka Plaindealer. [volume]". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  103. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Tribune. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  104. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Tribune Independent of Michigan. [volume]". ISSN 2577-2562. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  105. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Tulsa Star. [volume]". ISSN 2163-4866. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  106. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Twin City Star. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  107. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Voice of the People". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  108. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Washington Bee. [volume]". ISSN 1940-7424. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  109. ^ "Black News". Black News. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  110. ^ The North Star
  111. ^ "Activist Shaun King On Why He's Reviving Frederick Douglass' 'North Star' Paper". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  112. ^ Black Report
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