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Nanzhao

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For other uses, see Nanzhao (disambiguation).

Nanzhao
738–937
Kingdom of Nanzhao as of 879 AD
Kingdom of Nanzhao as of 879 AD
StatusKingdom
CapitalTaihe (also named Yangxiemie, near present day Dali)
Religion
Buddhism
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
738
• Overthrown
937
 Succeeded by
Dali Kingdom
Today part ofChina
Laos
Myanmar
Nanzhao
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese南詔
Simplified Chinese南诏
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinNánzhào
Wade–GilesNan-chao
Tibetan name
Tibetanལྗང
Transcriptions
WylieJang[1]
Thai name
Thaiน่านเจ้า
RTGSNanchao
Lao name
Laoໜານເຈົ້າ, ນ່ານເຈົ້າ, ນ່ານເຈົ່າ, ໜອງແສ (/nǎːn.tɕâw, nāːn.tɕâw, nāːn.tɕāw, nɔ̌ːŋ.sɛ̌ː/)
Shan name
Shanလၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ (lâan tsāw)
Extract of Nanzhao Tujuan scroll

Nanzhao, also spelled Nanchao or Nan Chao, was a kingdom that flourished in what is now southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China.

History

Founding and ethnography

Nanzhao encompassed many ethnic and linguistic groups. Some historians believe that the majority of the population were of the Bai people,[2] but that the elite spoke a variant of Nuosu (also called Yi), a Tibeto-Burman language closely related to Burmese.[3] The Cuanman people came to power in Yunnan during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they had gained control of the region, but they rebelled against the Sui dynasty in 593 and were destroyed by a retaliatory expedition in 602. The Cuan split into two groups known as the Black and White Mywa.[4] The White Mywa tribes settled on the fertile land around the alpine fault lake Erhai. These tribes were called Mengshe (蒙舍), Mengxi (蒙嶲), Langqiong (浪穹), Tengtan (邆賧), Shilang (施浪), and Yuexi (越析). Each tribe had its own kingdom, known as a zhao. In 704 the Tibetan Empire made these kingdoms into vassals or tributaries.[4] In the year 737 AD, with the support of the Tang dynasty of China, Piluoge (皮羅閣) of Mengshe united the six zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao (Mandarin, "Southern Zhao"). The capital was established in 738 at Taihe, (the site of modern-day Taihe village, a few miles south of Dali). Located in the heart of the Erhai valley, the site was ideal: it could be easily defended against attack and it was in the midst of rich farmland.[5]

In academia, the ethnic composition of the Nanzhao kingdom's population has been debated for a century. Chinese scholars tend to favour the theory that the rulers came from the aforementioned Bai or Yi groups, while some non-Chinese scholars subscribed to the theory that the Thai ethnic group was a major component, that later moved south into modern-day Thailand and Laos.[6]

Expansion

Piluoge died in 748, and was succeeded by his son Geluofeng (閣羅鳳).[5] When the Chinese prefect of Yunnan attempted to rob Nanzhao envoys in 750, Geluofeng attacked, killing the prefect and seizing nearby Tang territory. In retaliation, the Tang governor of Jiannan (modern Sichuan), Xianyu Zhongtong, attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers in 751. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏) with heavy losses (many due to disease) at Xiaguan.[7][8] Duan Jianwei's grave is two kilometres west of Xiaguan, and the Tomb of Ten Thousand Soldiers is located in Tianbao Park. In 754, another Tang army of 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), approached the kingdom from the north, but never made it past Mu'ege. By the end of 754, Geluofeng had established an alliance with the Tibetans against the Tang that would last until 794.[7]

In 801 Nanzhao and Tang forces defeated a contingent of Tibetan and Abbasid slave soldiers.[9]

Bolstered by these successes, Nanzhao expanded rapidly into Burma,[10] conquering the Pyu city-states in the 820s, finally eliminating them in 832.[11] In 829, they attacked Chengdu, but withdrew the following year.[12] In the 830s, they conquered the neighboring kingdoms of Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.[13]

In 846, Nanzhao raided the southern Tang circuit of Annam.[13] Relations with the Tang broke down after the death of Emperor Xuanzong in 859, when the Nanzhao king Shilong treated Tang envoys sent to receive his condolences with contempt, and launched raids on Bozhou and Annam.[14] Shilong attacked Annam again in 863, occupying it for three years.[15] In 869, he laid siege to Chengdu but failed to capture it.[15]

Decline

By 873, Nanzhao had been expelled from Sichuan. They were driven from the Bozhou region, modern Guizhou, in 877 by a local military force organized by the Yang family from Shanxi.[15] They retreated to Yunnan, after which the kingdom slowly declined. In 902, the dynasty came to a bloody end when the chief minister murdered all of the key members of the royal family, including the heir apparent. Three other dynasties followed in quick succession: Da Changhe (902–928), Da Tianxing (928–929) and Da Yining (929–937). Finally Duan Siping seized power in 937 and established the Dali Kingdom.

Religion

The Three Pagodas, built by King Quan Fengyou (劝丰佑) of Nanzhao

The area had a strong connection with Tantric Buddhism, which has survived to this day[16] at Jianchuan and neighboring areas. The worship of Guanyin and Mahākāla is very different from other forms of Chinese Buddhism.[17] Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom in what is today Myanmar, as well as Tibet and Bengal (see Pala Empire).[18]

The particular form of Buddhism practiced in Nanzhao and the Dali Kingdom was known as Azhali, founded around 821-824 by a monk from India called Li Xian Maishun. More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and built a temple in Heqing.[19] The last king of Nanzhao established Buddhism as the official state religion.[20]

Nanzhao Kings family tree

Family of Nanzhao
Meng Xinuluo 蒙細奴邏
Duluo 獨羅
b.617-d.674; r.649-674
Meng Luosheng 蒙邏盛
b.634-d.712; r.674-712
Meng Shengluopi 蒙盛邏皮
b.673-d.728; r.712-728		Yangé 炎阁
?-712
Meng Piluoge 蒙皮邏閣
b.697-d748
r.(728-)738-748
Meng Geluofeng 蒙閣羅鳳
b.712-d.779; r.748-779
Fengjiayi 鳳迦異
Meng Yimouxun 蒙異牟尋
b.754-d.808; r.779-808
Meng Xungequan 蒙尋閣勸
b.778-d.809; r.808-809
Meng Quanlongcheng 蒙勸隆晟
b.798-d.816; r.809-816		Meng Quanli(sheng) 蒙勸利(晟)
b.802-d.823; r.816-823		Meng Quanfengyou 蒙勸豐祐
d.859; r.823-859
Meng Shilong 蒙世隆
b.844-d.877; r.859-877
Meng "Dafengmin"
Longshun 蒙大封民隆舜
d.897; r.878-897
Meng Shunhuazhen 蒙舜化貞
b.877-d.902; r.897-902

References

  1. ^ Stein, R. A. (1972) Tibetan Civilization, p. 63. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (pbk)
  2. ^ Joe Cummings, Robert Storey (1991). China, Volume 10 (3, illustrated ed.). the University of California: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 705. ISBN 0-86442-123-0. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  3. ^ C. X. George Wei (2002). Exploring nationalisms of China: themes and conflicts. Indiana University: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 0-313-31512-4. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  4. ^ a b Beckwith 1987, p. 65.
  5. ^ a b Blackmore 1960.
  6. ^ Zhou, Zhenhe; You, Rujie (8 September 2017). Chinese Dialects and Culture. American Academic Press. p. 187. ISBN 9781631818844.
  7. ^ a b Herman 2007, p. 30.
  8. ^ Twitchett 1979, pp. 444–445.
  9. ^ Beckwith 1987, p. 157.
  10. ^ Coedès 1968, pp. 95, 104–105.
  11. ^ Herman 2007, p. 33, 36.
  12. ^ Herman 2007, p. 33, 35.
  13. ^ a b Herman 2007, p. 35.
  14. ^ Herman 2007, p. 36.
  15. ^ a b c Herman 2007, p. 37.
  16. ^ Megan Bryson, "Baijie and the Bai: Gender and Ethnic Religion in Dali, Yunnan", Asian Ethnology 72, 2013, pp. 3-31
  17. ^ Megan Bryson, "Mahākāla worship in the Dali kingdom (937-1253) – A study and translation of the Dahei tianshen daochang yi", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 35, 2012, pp. 3-69
  18. ^ Thant Myint-U, Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia, Part 3
  19. ^ Howard, Angela F. "The Dhāraṇī pillar of Kunming, Yunnan: A legacy of esoteric Buddhism and burial rites of the Bai people in the kingdom of Dali, 937–1253", Artibus Asiae 57, 1997, pp. 33-72 (see pp. 43–44).
  20. ^ "Nanzhao State and Dali State". City of Dali. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006.

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Further reading

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