List of orogenies

Geologic provinces of the world (USGS)

  Shield

  Platform

  Orogen

  Basin

  Large igneous province

  Extended crust

Oceanic crust:

  0–20 Ma

  20–65 Ma

  >65 Ma

The following is a list of known orogenies organised by continent, starting with the oldest at the top. The organization of this article is along present-day continents that do not necessarily reflect the geography contemporary to the orogenies. Note that some orogenies encompass more than one continent and might have different names in each continent. Likewise some very large orogenies include a number of sub-orogenies. As with other geological phenomena orogenies are often subject to different and changing interpretations regarding to their age, type and associated paleogeography.

African orogenies

• Pan-African orogeny – Series of major mountain-forming events in the Neoproterozoic (550 Ma) (Neoproterozoic)
• Damara orogeny – Mountain building event at the intersection of the Congo and the Kalahari cratons.
• Kibaran orogeny – Mountain building event in what is now Africa
• Eburnean orogeny – Mountain building event in what is now West Africa
• East African Orogeny – Main stage in the Neoproterozoic assembly of East and West Gondwana
• Mauritanide Orogeny – Ancient orogen parallel to the west coast of Africa from Morocco to Guinea-Bissau
• Mozambique Orogeny – Band in the Earth's crust from East Antarctica through East Africa up to the Arabian-Nubian Shield
• Zambezian Orogeny – Area of mountain building now in southern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe

Antarctic orogenies

Orogenies affecting Antarctica include:

• Napier orogeny – Mountain range in East Antarctica (4000 ± 200 Ma)
• Rayner orogeny (~ 3500 Ma)
• Humboldt orogeny – Geologic formation in Antarctica (~ 3000 Ma)
• Insel orogeny (2650 ± 150 Ma)
• Early Ruker orogeny (2000–1700 Ma)
• Late Ruker orogeny (Also known as the Nimrod orogeny)(1000 ± 150 Ma)
• Beardmore orogeny (633–620 Ma)
• Ross orogeny – Paleozoic mountain building event in Antarctica (~550 to ~480 Ma)
• Borchgrevink orogeny
• Peninsula orogeny

Asian orogenies

Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny in Eurasian Plate

• The Aravalli-Delhi Orogen (precambrian)
• The Altaid Orogeny (Paleozoic)
• The Cimmerian and Cathaysian orogenies
  • Active through Triassic and Jurassic Periods along south and southeast Asia.
• Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny (Cenozoic), caused by the continuing collision of the Arabian and Indian Plates with the Eurasian Plate, encompassing:
  • The Himalayan orogeny, forming the Himalaya Mountains, as a result of the ongoing collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate.
• The Dabie-Sulu orogeny (Mesozoic)
• Uralian orogeny – Long series of linear deformation and mountain building events that raised the Ural Mountains Formation of the Ural Mountains, Eurasia, during the Permian Period.

European orogenies

• Saamian orogeny Formation of an extensive area of tonalitic-trondhjemitic crust in Fennoscandia, from 3.1 Ga to 2.9 Ga
• Lopian orogeny – Archean orogeny Formation of two different types of terrain compatible with plate tectonic concepts. One is a belt of high-grade gneisses formed in a regime of strong mobility, while the other is a region of granitoid intrusions and greenstone belts surrounded by the remnants of a Saamian substratum, from 2.9 Ga to 2.6 Ga.
• Svecofennian orogeny, also known as Svecokarelian orogeny – Geological process that resulted in formation of continental crust in Sweden, Finland and Russia, from 2.0 Ga to 1.75 Ga.
• Gothian orogeny Formation of tonalitic-granodioritic plutonic rocks and calc-alkaline volcanites (like the Svecofennian orogeny) from 1.75 Ga to 1.5 Ga.
• Sveconorwegian orogeny – Orogenic belt in southwestern Sweden and southern Norway Essentially reworking of previously formed crust, from 1.25 Ga to 900 Ma.
• Timanide orogeny – Orogen that formed during the NeoproterozoicPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets affecting the northern Baltic Shield during the Neoproterozoic Era, from 620 Ma to 550 Ma.
• Cadomian orogeny on the north coast of Armorica in the Ediacaran/Cambrian from 660 Ma to 540 Ma.
• Caledonian orogeny – Mountain building event caused by the collision of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia Deformation of the western Scandinavian Peninsula, Britain and Ireland in the Ordovician Grampian phase and the Silurian Scandian phase.
• Uralian orogeny – Long series of linear deformation and mountain building events that raised the Ural Mountains, during the Permian Period.
• Variscan orogeny, also known as Hercynian orogeny – Collision of tectonic plates resulting in the creation of mountains Deformation in western Iberia, SW Ireland, SW England, central and western France, southern Germany and Czech Republic during the Devonian and Carboniferous Periods.
• Alpine orogeny – Formation of the Alpine mountain ranges of Europe, the Middle East and northwest Africa, encompassing:
  • the Formation of the Alps during the Eocene through Miocene Periods.
  • Carpathian orogeny building the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe during the Jurassic-Cretaceous to Miocene Period.
  • Hellenic orogeny – Collective Noun in Greece and the Aegean area during Eocene through Miocene Periods.
• Mediterranean Ridge – Seabed ridge south of Greece

North American orogenies

Taconic orogeny

• Algoman orogeny, also known as Kenoran orogeny – Late Archaean episode of mountain building in what is now North America, Superior province, South Dakota to Lake Huron, Late Archean 2700-2500 Ma.
• Wopmay orogeny – Mountain-building event in northern Canada, Along western edge of Canadian shield, 2100–1900 Ma.
• Trans-Hudson orogeny, also known as Hudsonian orogeny – Mountain-building event in North America, Extends from Hudson Bay west into Saskatchewan then south through the western Dakotas and Nebraska. Result of the collision of the Superior craton with the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton during the Proterozoic. Lasted from 2000–1800 Ma.
• Nagssugtoqidian orogeny – Late Paleoproterozoic mountain-building event in Greenland, 1910–1770 Ma.
• Ketilidian orogeny, late Paleoproterozoic collision at the southern margin of the North Atlantic Craton, 1850–1720 Ma
• Penokean orogeny Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan, U. S. A. and southern Ontario, Canada, 1850-1840 Ma.
• Great Falls orogeny – Mountain building eventPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback (Also known as the Big Sky orogeny) Proterozoic collision between the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton in southwest Montana, 1770 Ma.
• Ivanpah orogeny Mojave province, south western USA
• Yavapai orogeny – Mountain building event 1.7 billion years ago in the southwestern United States, mid to south western USA, 1710-1700 Ma.
• Mazatzal orogeny – Mountain-building event in North America, mid to south western USA, 1675-1650 Ma.
• Picuris orogeny – Mountain-building event in what is now the Southwestern US, mid to south western USA, 1430-1300 Ma.
• Grenville orogeny – Mesoproterozoic mountain-building event Worldwide during the late Proterozoic, 1300–1000 Ma. Associated with the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. Formed folded mountains in Eastern North America from Newfoundland to North Carolina, 1100–1000 Ma.
• Caledonian orogeny – Mountain building event caused by the collision of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia, including:
  • East Greenland Orogen, formed from Cryogenian to Devonian
  • Taconic phase – Mountain-building period that affected most of New England in the NE U.S. and Canada during the Ordovician Period.
  • Acadian phase – North American orogeny in the Eastern U.S. during Silurian and Devonian Periods.
• Appalachian orogeny – Mountain-forming event that formed the Appalachian and Allegheny Mountains, usually seen as the same as the Variscan orogeny in Europe.
  • Appalachian Mountains is a well studied orogenic belt resulting from a late Paleozoic collision between North America and Africa.
  • Taconic orogeny – Mountain-building period that affected most of New England
  • Acadian orogeny – North American orogeny
  • Alleghanian orogeny – Mountain-forming event that formed the Appalachian and Allegheny Mountains
• Ouachita orogeny – Mountain-building event that resulted in the Ouachita Mountains, Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic Era and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment - Reelfoot Rift zone.
• Antler orogeny – Tectonic event from the Late Devonian into the Mississippian and early Pennsylvanian, Ancestral Sierra Nevada western United States. Late Devonian - early Mississippian.
• Innuitian orogeny, also known as Ellesmerian orogeny – Major tectonic episode in the Canadian Arctic and Northernmost Greenland, Innuitian Mountains, Canadian Arctic, extending from Ellesmere Island to Melville Island, Mississippian 345 Ma.
• Sonoma orogeny – period of mountain building in western North AmericaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, Rocky Mountains, western North America, 270–240 Ma.
• Nevadan orogeny – Mountain building event in North America, Developed along western North America during the Jurassic Period.
• Sevier orogeny – Mountain-building episode in North America, Rocky Mountains, western North America, 140–50 Ma.
• Laramide orogeny – Period of mountain building in North America, Rocky Mountains, western North America, 40–70 Ma.
• Pasadena orogeny, Transverse Ranges, western North America, Pleistocene to present day

Oceania orogenies

Australian orogenies

• Sleaford orogeny, (2440–2420 Ma), Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Glenburgh orogeny, (c. 2005–1920 Ma), Glenburgh Terrane, Western Australia.
• Kimban orogeny, (c. 1845–1700 Ma), Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Cornian orogeny, Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Miltalie orogeny, Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Yapungku orogeny, (c. 1765 Ma), North Yilgarn craton margin, Western Australia
• Mangaroon orogeny, (c.1680–1620 Ma), Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia.
• Kararan orogeny, (1650– Ma), Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Barramundi orogeny, (c. 1870 - 1800 Ma), MacArthur Basin, northern Australia
• Albany-Fraser orogeny – Mountain-forming period in Australia, (c. 1710–1020 Ma), Western Australia
• Isan orogeny, c. 1600 Ma, Mount Isa Block, Queensland
• Olarian orogeny, Olary Block, South Australia
• Capricorn orogeny, Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia
• Musgrave orogeny, (c. 1080 Ma), Musgrave Block, Central Australia.
• Edmundian orogeny, (c. 920–850 Ma), Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia.
• Petermann orogeny, (c. 550–535 Ma late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian), Central Australia
• Delamerian Orogeny – Major geological province in central South AustraliaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets, (ca. 514 - 510 Ma) South Australia and Victoria, Australia, Ordovician
• Lachlan Orogeny – geological feature in AustraliaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, c. 540 and 440 Ma., Victoria and New South Wales
• Thomson Orogeny, northern continuation of the Lachlan Orogeny
• Kanimblan Orogeny – Ancient Australian mountain-building event, (c. 318 Ma.), Carboniferous, Victoria and New South Wales
• Alice Springs Orogeny – Australian mountain building eventPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, (450 - 300 MA) in central Australia, Early Carboniferous
• Hunter-Bowen orogeny, also known as New England Orogeny, (c. 260–225 Ma) Permian to Triassic, Queensland and New South Wales

New Zealand orogenies

• Tuhua Orogeny – Mountain-building process in New ZealandPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets, (370–330 Ma)
• Rangitata Orogeny – long period of uplift and collision in New ZealandPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, (142–99 Ma)
• Kaikoura Orogeny – Seismic formation eventPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets, (24 Ma–present)

South American orogenies

• Transamazonian orogeny, (Paleoproterozoic)
• Guriense orogeny
• Sunsás orogeny – Ancient orogeny
• Cariri Velhos orogeny – Belt of rocks in Brazil
• Brasiliano-Pan African orogeny, Brasilia Belt
  • Pampean orogeny, Paraguai Belt
• Chonide orogeny
• Terra Australis Orogeny
  • Pampean orogeny
  • Famatinian orogeny – Paleozoic geological event in South America
• San Rafael orogeny
• Gondwanide orogeny – Permian mountain forming tectonic event, Sierra de la Ventana
• Toco orogeny, Chilean Coast Range 300–330 Ma.
• Andean orogeny – Ongoing mountain-forming process in South America, Andes Mountains, 0–200 Ma.