Antarctilamna

Antarctilamna; Temporal range: Devonian; ~416–360 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Restorations of A.prisca from Middle Devonian of Antarctica and A. ultima from Late Devonian of South Africa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Superorder:	Selachimorpha
Genus:	Antarctilamna; Young, 1982
Species
	A. prisca; A. ultima;

Antarctilamna is an extinct genus of Devonian shark originally exemplified by Antarctilamna prisca ^[1] from South Eastern Australia and Antarctica. The latest occurring described species is Antarctilamna ultima ^[2] from the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte in South Africa. Antarctilamna has robust ctenacanthid-like spines which lack a deep insertion area, and are borne in front of the first dorsal fin; in addition to distinctive diplodont teeth with small intermediate cusps. Antarctilamna-like spines, known from the Bunga Beds locality in Australia have been ascribed to A. Prisca.^[3]^[4]

Distribution

Fossils of Antarctilamna have been found in Antarctica and Australia.^[5] Similar dissociated spines from the Devonian are often referred to as Antarctilamna sp.(for example from Bolivia (Catavi Formation), Colombia (Cuche Formation, Boyacá),[2] and Pont de Suert, Spain.[4] Many of these tentative diagnoses may not be congeneric, as other early sharks bore similar spines – early Devonian Doliodus for example bore similar looking spines on both the dorsal and paired fins.^[6]^[7]

Species

Antarctilamna prisca (sp. nov.)

The description of Antarctilamna prisca includes material derived from both Antarctic and New South Wales localities, the prior comprising the holotype, a partial decayed carcass with dermal denticles, a fin spine and teeth preserved. Material from New South Wales comprises isolated spines. On this basis the authors proposed a tentative correlation between the lower part of the Aztec Siltstone of South Victoria and the Bunga Beds of the New South Wales south coast.^[8]

Antarctilamna ultima (sp. nov.)

Antarctilamna ultima is one of two shark species diagnosed from the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte in South Africa. ^[9] It is described from an assemblage of elements including a dorsal ﬁn spine, jaws and diplodont teeth derived from an individual that was approximately 1m long. A number of isolated spines, larger isolated teeth, and a partial skull are also presumed to be long to this species. A rough estimate assuming a constant relationship between tooth width, mandibular length and body length suggests that Antarctilamna ultima reached several metres in length. ^[10] Antarctilamna ultima are known from dorsal fin spines, teeth, cartilaginous elements, skin impressions and a small whole-bodied impression^[11] Antarctilamna ultima is the ﬁrst recorded Devonian chondrichthyan known from a juvenile specimen,^[12] and the latter’s juvenile status is supported not just by its extremely small size, but also by its very large head and branchial region, which together exceeded a quarter of its body length. ^[13] Studies suggests that large sharks frequently entered the Waterloo Farm estuary from the sea when the mouth was open, in order to forage, but it is also possible that they gave birth within the estuarine lake which acted as a nursery area for these species. ^[14]

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File:Reconstruction of Antarctilamna ultima hunting at the Waterloo Farm lagerstatte by Maggie Newman (2).jpg

Reconstruction of Antarctilamna ultima hunting at the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte by Maggie Newman.

References

^ Young,G.C., 1982.Devonian sharks from South-Eastern Australia and Antarctica. Palaeontology, 25 (4): 817–843)
^ Gess, R. W. & Coates, M. I. (2015b). High latitude Chondrichthyans from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Witpoort formation of South Africa. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 89, 147–169.
^ Young, G. C., 1982. Devonian sharks from South-Eastern Australia and Antarctica. Palaeontology, 25 (4): 817–843)
^ Murray, A.M. (June 2000). "The Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa". Fish and Fisheries. 1 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00015.x.
^ Young,G.C., 1982.Devonian sharks from South-Eastern Australia and Antarctica. Palaeontology, 25 (4): 817–843)
^ Miller, R. F., Cloutier, R. and Turner, S. 2003. The oldest articulated chondrichthyan from the earliest Devonian period. Nature, 425, 501-504.
^ Antarctilamna at Fossilworks.org
^ Young,G.C., 1982.Devonian sharks from South-Eastern Australia and Antarctica. Palaeontology, 25 (4): 817–843)
^ Gess, R. W. & Coates, M. I. (2015b). High latitude Chondrichthyans from the Late Devonian(Famennian) Witpoort formation of South Africa. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 89, 147–169.
^ GESS, R. W. & COATES, M. I. (2015b). High latitude Chondrichthyans from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Witpoort formation of South Africa. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 89, 147–169.
^ GESS, R. W. & COATES, M. I. (2015b) High latitude Chondrichthyans from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Witpoort formation of South Africa. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 89, 147–169.
^ CLOUTIER, R. (2010). The fossil record of fish ontogenies: insights into developmental patterns and processes. Seminars in Cell and Development Biology 21, 400–413.
^ Gess, R. W. & Coates, M. I. (2015b). High latitude Chondrichthyans from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Witpoort formation of South Africa. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 89, 147–169.
^ Gess, Robert W.; Whitfield, Alan K. (August 22, 2020). "Estuarine fish and tetrapod evolution: insights from a Late Devonian (Famennian) Gondwanan estuarine lake and a southern African Holocene equivalent". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 865–888. doi:10.1111/brv.12590 – via Wiley Online Library.