Gallery of named graphs

Some of the finite structures considered in graph theory have names, sometimes inspired by the graph's topology, and sometimes after their discoverer. A famous example is the Petersen graph, a concrete graph on 10 vertices that appears as a minimal example or counterexample in many different contexts.

Individual graphs

Highly symmetric graphs

Strongly regular graphs

The strongly regular graph on v vertices and rank k is usually denoted srg(v,k,λ,μ).

Symmetric graphs

A symmetric graph is one in which there is a symmetry (graph automorphism) taking any ordered pair of adjacent vertices to any other ordered pair; the Foster census lists all small symmetric 3-regular graphs. Every strongly regular graph is symmetric, but not vice versa.

Semi-symmetric graphs

Graph families

Complete graphs

The complete graph on $n$ vertices is often called the $n$ -clique and usually denoted $K_{n}$ , from German komplett.^[1]

$K_{1}$
$K_{2}$
$K_{3}$
$K_{4}$
$K_{5}$
$K_{6}$
$K_{7}$
$K_{8}$

Complete bipartite graphs

The complete bipartite graph is usually denoted $K_{n,m}$ . For $n=1$ see the section on star graphs. The graph $K_{2,2}$ equals the 4-cycle $C_{4}$ (the square) introduced below.

$K_{2,3}$
$K_{3,3}$ , the utility graph
$K_{2,4}$
$K_{3,4}$

Cycles

The cycle graph on $n$ vertices is called the n-cycle and usually denoted $C_{n}$ . It is also called a cyclic graph, a polygon or the n-gon. Special cases are the triangle $C_{3}$ , the square $C_{4}$ , and then several with Greek naming pentagon $C_{5}$ , hexagon $C_{6}$ , etc.

$C_{3}$
$C_{4}$
$C_{5}$
$C_{6}$

Friendship graphs

The friendship graph F_n can be constructed by joining n copies of the cycle graph C₃ with a common vertex.^[2]

Fullerene graphs

In graph theory, the term fullerene refers to any 3-regular, planar graph with all faces of size 5 or 6 (including the external face). It follows from Euler's polyhedron formula, V – E + F = 2 (where V, E, F indicate the number of vertices, edges, and faces), that there are exactly 12 pentagons in a fullerene and h = V/2 – 10 hexagons. Therefore V = 20 + 2h; E = 30 + 3h. Fullerene graphs are the Schlegel representations of the corresponding fullerene compounds.

20-fullerene (dodecahedral graph)
24-fullerene (Hexagonal truncated trapezohedron graph)
26-fullerene graph
60-fullerene (truncated icosahedral graph)
70-fullerene

An algorithm to generate all the non-isomorphic fullerens with a given number of hexagonal faces has been developed by G. Brinkmann and A. Dress.^[3] G. Brinkmann also provided a freely available implementation, called fullgen.

Platonic solids

The complete graph on four vertices forms the skeleton of the tetrahedron, and more generally the complete graphs form skeletons of simplices. The hypercube graphs are also skeletons of higher-dimensional regular polytopes.

Cube
$n=8$ , $m=12$
Octahedron
$n=6$ , $m=12$
Dodecahedron
$n=20$ , $m=30$
Icosahedron
$n=12$ , $m=30$

Truncated solids

Snarks

A snark is a bridgeless cubic graph that requires four colors in any proper edge coloring. The smallest snark is the Petersen graph, already listed above.

Star

A star S_k is the complete bipartite graph K_1,k. The star S₃ is called the claw graph.

Wheel graphs

The wheel graph W_n is a graph on n vertices constructed by connecting a single vertex to every vertex in an (n − 1)-cycle.

References

^ David Gries and Fred B. Schneider, A Logical Approach to Discrete Math, Springer, 1993, p 436.
^ Gallian, J. A. "Dynamic Survey DS6: Graph Labeling." Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, DS6, 1-58, January 3, 2007. [1] Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Brinkmann, Gunnar; Dress, Andreas W.M (1997). "A Constructive Enumeration of Fullerenes". Journal of Algorithms. 23 (2): 345–358. doi:10.1006/jagm.1996.0806. MR 1441972.

[1] David Gries and Fred B. Schneider, A Logical Approach to Discrete Math, Springer, 1993, p 436.

[2] Gallian, J. A. "Dynamic Survey DS6: Graph Labeling." Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, DS6, 1-58, January 3, 2007. [1] Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine.

[3] Brinkmann, Gunnar; Dress, Andreas W.M (1997). "A Constructive Enumeration of Fullerenes". Journal of Algorithms. 23 (2): 345–358. doi:10.1006/jagm.1996.0806. MR 1441972.

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