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Alexei Leonov

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For the Russian footballer, see Aleksei Nikolayevich Leonov.
Alexey Leonov
Alexey Leonov in April 1974
Born (1934-05-30) 30 May 1934 (age 90)
Listvyanka, West Siberian Krai, USSR
StatusRetired
NationalitySoviet, Russian
Occupation(s)Fighter pilot, Cosmonaut
AwardsHero of the Soviet Union Hero of the Soviet Union
Space career
Soviet cosmonaut
RankMajor General, Soviet Air Force
Time in space
7d 00h 32 m
SelectionAir Force Group 1
Total EVAs
1
Total EVA time
12 minutes, 9 seconds
MissionsVoskhod 2, Soyuz 19/ASTP
Mission insignia
File:Voskhod-2 patch.svg File:ASTP-patch.png

Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (Russian: Алексе́й Архи́пович Лео́нов, IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksʲej ɐˈrxʲipəvʲɪtɕ lʲɪˈonəf]; born 30 May 1934 in Listvyanka, West Siberian Krai, Soviet Union) is a retired Soviet/Russian cosmonaut and Air Force Major general. On 18 March 1965, he became the first human to conduct extravehicular activity (EVA), exiting the capsule during the Voskhod 2 mission for a 12-minute spacewalk.

Biography

Alexey Leonov (left, back row) with fellow cosmonauts in 1965
File:Apollo-Soyuz - Flickr - NASA on The Commons.jpg
Leonov with Valery Kubasov, his Soyuz 19 crewmate (1975)

Leonov was one of the 20 Soviet Air Force pilots selected to be part of the first cosmonaut group in 1960. Leonov was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (the only cosmonaut that was not was Konstantin Feoktistov). His walk in space was originally to have taken place on the Vostok 1 mission, but this was cancelled, and the historic event happened on the Voskhod 2 flight instead.[1] He was outside the spacecraft for 12 minutes and nine seconds on 18 March 1965, connected to the craft by a 5.35-meter tether. At the end of the spacewalk, Leonov's spacesuit had inflated in the vacuum of space to the point where he could not re-enter the airlock. He opened a valve to allow some of the suit's pressure to bleed off and was barely able to get back inside the capsule. Leonov had spent eighteen months undergoing intensive weightlessness training for the mission.

As of March 2016, Leonov is the last survivor of the five cosmonauts in the Voskhod programme.

In 1968, Leonov was selected to be commander of a circumlunar Soyuz 7K-L1 flight. This was cancelled because of delays in achieving a reliable circumlunar flight (only the later Zond 7 and Zond 8 members of the programme were successful) and the Apollo 8 mission had already achieved that step in the Space Race with the United States gaining that prestige first. He was also selected to be the first Soviet person to land on the Moon, aboard the LOK/N1 spacecraft.[1] This project was also cancelled. (The design required a spacewalk between lunar vehicles, something that contributed to his selection.) Leonov was to have been commander of the 1971 Soyuz 11 mission to Salyut 1, the first manned space station, but his crew was replaced with the backup after one of the members, cosmonaut Valery Kubasov, was suspected to have contracted tuberculosis (the other member was Pyotr Kolodin).

Leonov was to have commanded the next mission to Salyut 1, but this was scrapped after the deaths of the Soyuz 11 crew members, and the space station was lost. The next two Salyuts (actually the military Almaz station) were lost at launch or failed soon after, and Leonov's crew stood by. By the time Salyut 4 reached orbit, Leonov had been switched to a more prestigious project.

Leonov's second trip into space was similarly significant: he commanded the Soviet half of the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission – Soyuz 19 – the first joint space mission between the Soviet Union and the United States.

From 1976 to 1982, Leonov was the commander of the cosmonaut team ("Chief Cosmonaut") and deputy director of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, where he oversaw crew training. He also edited the cosmonaut newsletter Neptune. He retired in 1992.[1]

Leonov's painting Near the Moon (1967)

Leonov is an accomplished artist whose published books include albums of his artistic works and works he did in collaboration with his friend Andrei Sokolov. Leonov took coloured pencils and paper into space, where he sketched the Earth and drew portraits of the Apollo astronauts who flew with him during the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project.[2] Arthur C. Clarke wrote in his notes to 2010: Odyssey Two that, after a 1968 screening of 2001: A Space Odyssey, Leonov pointed out to him that the alignment of the Moon, Earth, and Sun shown in the opening is essentially the same as that in Leonov's 1967 painting Near the Moon, although the painting's diagonal framing of the scene was not replicated in the film. Clarke kept an autographed sketch of this painting—which Leonov made after the screening, hanging on his office wall.[3]

In 2001, he was a vice president of Moscow-based Alfa-Bank and an adviser to the first deputy of the Board.[4]

In 2004, Leonov and former American astronaut David Scott began work on a dual biography/history of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Titled Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race, it was published in 2006. Neil Armstrong and Tom Hanks both wrote introductions to the book.

Leonov was also a contributor to the 2007 book Into That Silent Sea by Colin Burgess and Francis French, which describes his life and career in space exploration.

Honours and awards

Foreign awards:

  • Hero of Socialist Labour (People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1965)
  • Hero of Vietnam
  • Hero of Labour (Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1966)
  • Order of Karl Marx (German Democratic Republic, 1966)
  • Order of Georgi Dimitrov (People's Republic of Bulgaria)
  • Order of the Banner of the Hungarian People's Republic
  • Order of Merit, 3rd class (Ukraine, 12 April 2011) - for his significant personal contribution to the development of space industry, advances in the creation and implementation of space systems and technologies, professional excellence
  • Medal A. Becker.
  • Order "For Merit", 1st class (Syria, 1966)

Public organizations:

  • "Gold Medal partisan" (Italy, 1967)
  • Ludwig Nobel Prize (2007)
  • Elmer A. Sperry Award (USA, 2008)
  • Order of Saint Constantine the Great (Union of the Golden Knights of the Order of St. Constantine the Great)
  • Order "Golden Star" (Foundation Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of the Russian Federation together with the organizing committee of the International Forum "The potential of the nation").
  • Order the "Pride of Russia" (Foundation for the "Pride of the Fatherland", 2007).
  • National Award "To the glory of the Fatherland" in the "Glory to Russia" (International Academy of Social Sciences and International Academy of patronage, 2008).
  • Order "the glory of the Fatherland", 2nd class (2008)

Other awards and titles

Legacy

Alexey Leonov (right) shares a moment with Anton Shkaplerov (left) in October 2011.

Stamps

Alexey Leonov on 1965 USSR 10 kopek stamp.

1965

  • Alexey Leonov on Soviet Union 1965 Stamp 10 kopeks
  • Soviet Union 1965, 6 kopeks
  • Soviet Union 1965 with Pavel Belyayev
  • Albania 1965 twice 6 and 20, with Pavel Belyayev
  • Albania 1965
  • Bulgaria 1965 with Pavel Belyayev
  • Bulgaria 1965 twice 2 (with Pavel Belyayev) and 20 st
  • Cuba 1965, twice
  • Czechoslovakia 1965 (twice):
  • DDR 1965
  • DDR 1965
  • Hungary 1965
  • Togo 1965
  • Vietnam 1965

1966

  • Bulgaria 1966 13 st, with Pavel Belyayev
  • Ecuador 1966
  • Mali 1966, twice
  • Mauritania 1966, 200f
  • Niger 1966

1967

1969:

  • Mongolia 1969

1972

  • Soviet Union 1972 with Andrew Sokolov, series of six stamps, dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the space age (Soviet Union stamp catalogue #4162-4167) was out.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Hall, Rex; Shayler, David; Vis, Bert (2005). Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin. Chichester, UK: Praxis. pp. 332–3. ISBN 0-387-21894-7.
  2. ^ "Alexei Leonov: winner of the 2005 IAAA Lucien Rudaux Memorial Award". Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Clarke, 2010: Odyssey Two, Author's Note, pp. xvii-xviii. Clarke describes the painting itself on page 76 of the initial hardback edition. (ISBN 0-345-41397-0)
  4. ^ "Aleksei Leonov and Alexander Gafin become members of the American Pushkin Academy of Art". 2001-02-23. Retrieved 2007-07-08.

References

Text and captions in Russian and English; table of contents is in English.
Album of space art.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aleksei Leonov.

Alexeï Léonov, the Spacewalker, Vladimir Kozlov's film, France-Russia, 2011

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