Ancient university

This article is about the oldest universities in Britain and Ireland. For ancient centers of higher education around the world, see Ancient higher-learning institutions.

The University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world

The ancient universities are seven extant British and Irish medieval universities and early modern universities founded before the year 1600. Four of these are located in Scotland, two in England, and one in Ireland. The ancient universities in Britain and Ireland are amongst the oldest extant universities in the world.

Foundation

The surviving ancient universities in England, Scotland and Ireland are, in order of formation:

Year	Name	Contemporary location	Current location	Notes
1096	University of Oxford	Kingdom of England	Oxford, England, UK	"There is no clear date of foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris." Teaching suspended in 1209 (due to town execution of two scholars) and 1355 (due to the St. Scholastica riot).
1209	University of Cambridge	Kingdom of England	Cambridge, England, UK	Founded by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209.
1413	University of St Andrews	Kingdom of Scotland	St Andrews, Scotland, UK	Founded by a Papal Bull building on earlier bodies established between 1410 and 1413
1451	University of Glasgow	Kingdom of Scotland	Glasgow, Scotland, UK	Founded by a Papal Bull
1495	University of Aberdeen	Kingdom of Scotland	Aberdeen, Scotland, UK	King's College was founded in 1495 by Papal Bull and Marischal College in 1593; they merged in 1860
1582	University of Edinburgh	Kingdom of Scotland	Edinburgh, Scotland, UK	Established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI
1592	University of Dublin	Kingdom of Ireland	Dublin, Ireland.	Founded by Charter of Queen Elizabeth I; Trinity College is the only constituent college of the university

These universities often find themselves governed in a quite different fashion to more recent additions. The ancient universities of Scotland also share several distinctive features and are governed by arrangements laid down by the Universities (Scotland) Acts. In addition to these universities, a number of now-obsolete universities were founded during this period, including the University of Northampton (1261–1265), royal attempts to establish universities in Fraserburgh and Durham, plus the predecessor institutions to the University of Aberdeen founded in 1495 and 1593 (noted above).

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  University of Oxford
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  University of Cambridge
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  University of St Andrews
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  University of Glasgow
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  University of Aberdeen
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  University of Edinburgh
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  University of Dublin

Undergraduate Master of Arts degree

Main articles: Master of Arts (Scotland) and Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)

The ancient universities are distinctive in awarding the Magister Artium/Master of Arts (MA) as an undergraduate academic degree. This is commonly known as the Oxbridge MA, Trinity MA (Dublin), or the Scottish MA.

The ancient universities in Scotland confer the MA degree at graduation with honours and a final mark; in contrast, the ancient universities in England and Ireland award the MA purely after a period of good standing following graduation as Bachelor of Arts, usually around three years.

Because they award the MA as an undergraduate Arts degree, the ancient universities award differing titles for their postgraduate master's degrees in the Arts and Humanities, such as the taught Master of Letters ("MLitt (T)"). Some confusion can arise as to whether such degrees are taught degrees or the most established (and advanced) two-year research degrees, although this is often specified.

Universities (Scotland) Acts

The University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland and the third oldest in Britain or Ireland.

Main article: Ancient university governance in Scotland

As mentioned above, the Universities (Scotland) Acts created a distinctive system of governance for the ancient universities in Scotland, the process beginning with the 1858 Act and ending with the 1966 Act. Despite not being founded until after the first in these series of Acts, the University of Dundee shares all the features contained therein.

As a result of these Acts, each of these universities is governed by a tripartite system of General Council, University Court, and Academic Senate.

The chief executive and chief academic is the University Principal who also holds the title of Vice-Chancellor as an honorific. The Chancellor is a titular non-resident head to each university and is elected for life by the respective General Council, although in actuality a good number of Chancellors resign before the end of their 'term of office'.

Each also has a Students' Representative Council as required by statute, although at the University of Aberdeen this has recently been renamed the Students' Association Council.

Later universities

Main article: List of UK universities by date of foundation

Following the creation of the ancient universities, no more universities were created in Britain and Ireland until the 19th century. Precisely which of these 19th-century institutions was the earliest post-ancient university is a matter of debate. In brief, the main university-level foundations after this time are:

• St David's College, Lampeter was established in 1822 (Royal Charter 1828),
• University College London in 1826 (Royal Charter 1836 when it joined with King's College London to form the University of London)
• King's College London in 1829 (Royal Charter 1829)
• University of Durham in 1832 (Royal Charter 1837).

In addition the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow traces its origins back to the Andersonian Institute of 1796, but did not receive a Royal Charter until 1964.

The more recent red brick universities of the later 19th century and early 20th century such as the University of Birmingham were soon to follow. Thereafter in the 1950s and 60s the "plate glass universities" were formed and after the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, polytechnics were granted university status.