Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana

Avoyelles Parish
Parish
Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana
Louisiana's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 31°04′N 92°00′W
Country	United States
State	Louisiana
Founded	March 31, 1807
Named for	Avoyel Native Americans
Seat	Marksville
Largest city	Marksville
Area
• Total	866 sq mi (2,240 km2)
• Land	832 sq mi (2,150 km2)
• Water	33 sq mi (90 km2)  3.8%
Population  (2010)
• Total	42,073
• Density	51/sq mi (20/km2)
Time zone	UTC−6 (Central)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district	5th

Avoyelles (Template:Lang-fr) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,073. The parish seat is Marksville. The parish was created in 1807, with the name deriving from the French name for the historic Avoyel people, one of the local Indian tribes at the time of European encounter.

Today the parish is the base of the federally recognized Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe, who have a reservation there. The tribe also has a land-based gambling casino; it is located in Marksville, the parish seat, which is partly within reservation land.

History

Avoyelles Parish is known for its French-speaking history, with Creole traditions in both music and food, which reflect European, African and Native American influences. While having a distinctive history of immigrants directly from Europe, it is considered the most northern of the 22 "Acadiana" parishes,(with the parishes to the south settled by exiles from Acadia). They contributed strongly to the development of Cajun culture in this area, as did Africans and Native Americans. The parish is noted for its brand of Cajun music and its gumbo, a popular soup in this area with roots in the three major ethnicities noted above.

The area was first settled by Native Americans around 300 BC. Varying indigenous cultures flourished there in the following centuries. Today on the banks of the old Mississippi River channel in Marksville, three large burial mounds have been preserved from the Mississippian culture. A museum and a National Park commemorate this early culture. The Tunica people, with bands extending into the central Mississippi Valley at one time, absorbed the remnant Avoyels nearly two centuries ago. They intermarried with the more numerous Biloxi people. Together, they were federally recognized in 1981 and are known as the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe. They are the largest Native American group in Avoyelles Parish. Descendants of other smaller tribes are also enrolled in this tribe.

Records from the Catholic Churches in both Mansura and Marksville document the establishment of a Trading Post and a Catholic School by the French to bring Christianity to the Tunica Tribe. This trading post was located until the mid-1960s near the Tunica Reservation (next to a Native American run Casino). The settlement was called Hydropolis, meaning water city. There is a historic road side markers on LA 1 showing where the Catholic School was located. The central part of Avoyelles Parish sits on a large plateau, which prior to the Great Flood of 1927 and the construction of levees by the Army Corps of Engineers was frequently surrounded by water. The placement of the trading post was to allow French settlers an opportunity to hunt and trade for furs and animal skins with the Tunica Indians. The major mode of transportation was by Indian canoes and piraques (French dug out canoe). Detailed church records show settlers arriving in Avoyelles with a list of their family members, possessions and even in some cases names of slaves. Church records and documentation go from being recorded in French during the first French period, to Spanish during the Spanish Period, and then back to French when France reacquired Louisiana. Sometime after Louisiana was sold to Thomas Jefferson and the United States, the documents began to be recorded in English.

When Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States, The United States sent expeditions to survey the Louisiana Territory. These French soldiers, surveyors and doctors eventually settled in the area.

The French people that settled Avoyelles immigrated from France via New Orleans, which is evidenced by the fact that many of the French words commonly used today date back to terms used during the Napoleon period in France, i.e. they are no longer used in modern French. The Spanish influence in Louisiana was much more dominant in New Iberia — this was named after the Iberian Peninsula, commonly known as Spain and Portugal. There are no Spanish surnames in Avoyelles. A few families from French Canada (Quebec) arrived in Avoyelles. They were from a different geographic area of Canada than the Acadians of present-day Nova Scotia who were expelled by the British from their homeland (Acadie) beginning in 1755. Many deported Acadians eventually made it to Louisiana from 1764 - 1788 after several years of living in exile along the eastern Atlantic seaboard, Canada, St. Pierre and France.

Immigrants from Scotland, Belgium, Italy, and Germany in the nineteenth century also settled here, and together established today's towns and villages. Their direct ties to Europe set them apart from the Acadians (Cajuns) of southern Louisiana. At the turn of the 19th century, free people of color of African-French descent settled in Avoyelles. They included refugees from Haiti and the French West Indies, and others. The blending of these three cultures: Native American, European and African, created a distinct Louisiana Creole culture noted in the local language, food, Catholic religion, and family ties.

Today, the Avoyelles Parish culture is classified as "Cajun" because of the perceived similarities in speech, food, and various folk traditions with southern parishes. But, few families in Avoyelles are of Acadian descent. In the 1800s until the mid 1900s, local Confederate units and local newspaper reports in The Villager always referred to the Avoyelles French families as Creoles, the term then for native-born people of French descent.

In 1906, V.L. Roy served as education superintendent in both Avoyelles and Lafayette parishes. In 1908, he helped with the founding of the Corn Club, later known as the Louisiana 4-H Club.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 866 square miles (2,240 km²), of which 832 square miles (2,150 km²) is land and 33 square miles (85 km²) (3.8%) is water.

Major highways

• Interstate 49
• U.S. Highway 71
• Louisiana Highway 1
• Louisiana Highway 29
• Louisiana Highway 107
• Louisiana Highway 2

Adjacent parishes

• La Salle Parish (north)
• Catahoula Parish (north)
• Concordia Parish (northeast)
• West Feliciana Parish (east)
• Pointe Coupee Parish (southeast)
• St. Landry Parish (south)
• Evangeline Parish (southwest)
• Rapides Parish (west)

National protected areas

• Grand Cote National Wildlife Refuge (part)
• Lake Ophelia National Wildlife Refuge

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1810	1,209		—
1820	2,245		85.7%
1830	3,484		55.2%
1840	6,616		89.9%
1850	9,326		41.0%
1860	13,167		41.2%
1870	12,926		−1.8%
1880	16,747		29.6%
1890	25,112		49.9%
1900	29,701		18.3%
1910	34,102		14.8%
1920	35,300		3.5%
1930	34,926		−1.1%
1940	39,256		12.4%
1950	38,031		−3.1%
1960	37,606		−1.1%
1970	37,751		0.4%
1980	41,393		9.6%
1990	39,159		−5.4%
2000	41,481		5.9%
2010	42,073		1.4%
2014 (est.)	41,145		−2.2%
U.S. Decennial Census 1790–1960 1900–1990 1990–2000 2010–2013

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 42,073 people residing in the parish. 67.0% were White, 29.5% Black or African American, 1.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.4% of some other race and 1.6% of two or more races. 1.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 34.6% were of French, French Canadian or Cajun and 11.3% American ancestry.

As of the census of 2000, there were 41,481 people, 14,736 households, and 10,580 families residing in the parish. The population density was 50 people per square mile (19/km²). There were 16,576 housing units at an average density of 20 per square mile (8/km²). The racial makeup of the parish was 68.47% White, 29.49% Black or African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. 0.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 17.64% reported speaking French or Cajun French at home, while 2.12% speak Spanish.

There were 14,736 households out of which 36.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.70% were married couples living together, 15.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the parish the population was spread out with 26.80% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 29.00% from 25 to 44, 21.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.90 males.

The median income for a household in the parish was $23,851, and the median income for a family was $29,389. Males had a median income of $27,122 versus $18,250 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $12,146. About 21.70% of families and 25.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.50% of those under age 18 and 25.00% of those age 65 or over.

Education

All primary public schools are run by the Avoyelles Parish School Board. It operates 10 schools with an enrollment over 6,000 students. The school board website is http://www.avoyellespsb.com/.

Elementary

• Cottonport Elementary
• Bunkie Elementary
• Lafargue Elementary
• Marksville Elementary
• Plaucheville Elementary
• Riverside Elementary

High school

• Avoyelles High School
• Avoyelles Public Charter School
• Bunkie High School
• LASAS (Louisiana School for the Agricultural Sciences)
• Marksville High School
• St. Joseph's High School of Plaucheville

National Guard

The 1020th Engineer Company (Vertical) of the 527th Engineer Battalion of the 225th Engineer Brigade is located in Marksville, Louisiana. The 1086TH Transportation Company of the 165TH CSS (Combat Service Support) Battalion of the 139TH RSG (Regional Support Group) resides in Bunkie, Louisiana.

Communities

Map of Avoyelles Parish with municipal labels

• Bordelonville
• Bunkie
• Center Point
• Cottonport
• Dupont
• Evergreen
• Hessmer
• Mansura
• Marksville (parish seat)
• Moreauville
• Plaucheville
• Simmesport

Notable residents

Political leaders:

• Bill Callegari, Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from Harris County; engineer and businessman in Katy, Texas, born in Cottonport in 1941
• F.O. "Potch" Didier, sheriff of Avoyelles Parish, 1956–1980
• Edwin Washington Edwards, four-term governor of Louisiana.
• Elaine Schwartzenburg Edwards, first wife of Edwin Edwards and appointed U.S. Senator, serving August–November 1972
• Harvey Fields, Avoyelles Parish native, state senator for Union and Morehouse parishes from 1916 to 1920, member of the Louisiana Public Service Commission from 1927 to 1936; former law partner and political ally of Huey Pierce Long, Jr.
• Donald E. Hines, physician in Bunkie, politician and president of the Louisiana State Senate from 2004 to 2008
• Jeannette Theriot Knoll, associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, a resident of Marksville
• Adras LaBorde, longtime managing editor and political columnist of the Alexandria Daily Town Talk
• Raymond Laborde, mayor of Marksville (1958–1970), state representative (1972–1992), commissioner of administration (1992–1996)
• Adolphe Lafargue, Marksville native, newspaper publisher, state legislator from 1892 to 1899, and judge from 1899 to 1917
• Alvan Lafargue, Marksville native, physician, and the mayor of Sulphur from 1926 to 1932
• Malcolm Lafargue, Marksville native, U.S. attorney in Shreveport in 1940s; unsuccessful Senate candidate in 1950 against Russell B. Long
• James Nelson Lee, judge of the Bunkie City Court 1956–1978 and the 12th Judicial District Court in Avoyelles Parish 1978–1985; born in Lake Providence, c. 1923, interred in Evergreen in Avoyelles Parish
• Charles Addison Riddle III, District Attorney, 2003–current, former state representative, 1992–2003.

Artists, authors and entertainers:

• Sue Eakin, historian, author of Avoyelles Parish: Crossroads of Louisiana
• Alcide "Blind Uncle" Gaspard, early recording artist of traditional Cajun music.
• Ruth McEnery Stuart, Marksville
• Solomon Northup, free black from New York, was held for nearly 12 years as a slave in Avoyelles Parish after being kidnapped; he was freed in 1853 by New York and Marksville officials after being traced here. Published his memoir, Twelve Years a Slave (1854), a best-selling book before the American Civil War and a 2013 film.
• Little Walter, Marion Walter Jacobs. Harmonica player. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Athletes:

• Mark Duper, Moreauville Miami Dolphins wide receiver

Other:

• Norma McCorvey, "Jane Roe" in the landmark Roe v. Wade lawsuit.
• Felix Eugene Moncla, Jr., United States Air Force pilot who disappeared over Lake Superior in 1953.

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana

External links

• Heinrich, P. V., 2008, Woodville 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Snead, J., P. V. Heinrich, and R. P. McCulloh, 2002, Ville Platte 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.