Barbareño language
Barbareño | |
---|---|
P̌atna | |
Native to | California |
Region | Santa Barbara, Santa Ynez |
Extinct | 1965, with the death of Mary Yee[1] |
Chumashan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:boi – Barbareñoinz – Ineseño |
Glottolog | barb1263 Barbarenoines1240 Ineseno |
ELP | Barbareño |
Barbareño is one of the extinct Chumashan languages, a group of Native American languages, which was spoken in the area of Santa Barbara, California. The closely related Ineseño may have been a dialect of the same language. Barbareño became extinct in 1965 with the death of Mary Yee.[1]
Language revitalization
As of 2013, the Barbareno Chumash Council is engaged in ongoing efforts to revive the language. Two of its members are language apprentices and teachers.[2][3] Wishtoyo Chumash Village, in Malibu, California, announced the opening of its Šmuwič Language School in 2010.[4][5]
The Ineseño community now call their language Samala. In 2008 Richard Applegate compiled a grammar and dictionary of Ineseño based on Harrington's work in the early 1900s with one of the last fluent speakers, Maria Solares.[6] Applegate and Nakia Zavalla, Cultural Director for the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash and a descendant of Solares, have begun an effort to revitalize the language. Applegate began teaching Ineseño in 2003, and Zavalla has started an immersion-based language apprentice program.[7] As of 2008, Applegate had five students, though none had reached fluency.[8]
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | plain | m | n | ||||
glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | |||||
Plosive | plain | p | t | k | q | ʔ | |
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |||
Affricate | plain | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | |||||
aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | |||||
Fricative | plain | s | ʃ | x | h | ||
ejective | sʼ | ʃʼ | xʼ | ||||
aspirated | sʰ | ʃʰ | |||||
Approximant | plain | l | j | w | |||
glottalized | ˀl | ˀj | ˀw |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Open | e | a | o |
References
- ^ a b Poser, William J. (2004). "On the Status of Chumash Sibilant Harmony" (PDF). Ms., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
- ^ "Barbareno Chumash Council". Archived from the original on 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Funded Projects". Seventh Generation Fund for Indian Development. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
- ^ "Chumash Language". Wishtoyo Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Moreno, Sarah Koyo (2011). "Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo". News from Native California. 24 (4). Retrieved 2013-05-08.
- ^ Chawkins, Steve (2008-04-20). "Chumash recover their 'alishtaha'n: Armed with a trove of scattered notes, linguist saves ancestral tongue from brink of extinction". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
- ^ "Bringing Back the Samala Chumash Language". Channel Islands National Park. 2010-04-08. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Chumash Dictionary Breathes Life into Moribund Language". The Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
- Beeler, M. S. (January 1970). "Sibilant Harmony in Chumash". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36 (1): 14–17. doi:10.1086/465084. JSTOR 1264477.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Applegate, Richard. (1972). Ineseño Chumash Grammar. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
- Beeler, M. S. 1976. Barbareno Chumash: a farrago. In Langdon, Margaret and Silver, Shirley, eds. Hokan Studies: Papers from the 1st Conference on Hokan Languages held in San Diego, California April 23–25, 1970, pp. 251–270. The Hague: Mouton.
- Wash, Suzanne. (1995). Productive Reduplication in Barbareño Chumash. (Master's thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara; 210 + x pp.)
- Wash, Suzanne. (2001). Adverbial Clauses in Barbareño Chumash Narrative Discourse. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; 569 + xxii pp.)
External links
- Barbareño language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- "Barbareño / Chumash sound recordings". Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- Chumash Barbareño, Smithsonian Archives
- Barbareño Chumash Names for the Body
- Samala Chumash Language Tutorial
- OLAC resources in and about the Barbareño language
- OLAC resources in and about the Ineseño language
- Ineseño basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
This article incorporates public domain material from Bringing Back the Samala Chumash Language. National Park Service.