Barnaul
Barnaul
Барнаул | |
|---|---|
| View of Barnaul View of Barnaul | |
.png) Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Barnaul  | |
  Barnaul Location of Barnaul  Barnaul Barnaul (Altai Krai) | |
| Coordinates: 53°21′24″N 83°47′14″E / 53.35667°N 83.78722°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Altai Krai[1] |
| Founded | 1730s[2] |
| City status since | 1771[3] |
| Government | |
| • Body | City Duma[4] |
| • Head[4] | Lyudmila Zubovich[4] |
| Elevation | 180 m (590 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 612,401 |
| • Estimate (2018)[6] | 632,372 (+3.3%) |
| • Rank | 21st in 2010 |
| • Subordinated to | city of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| • Capital of | Altai Krai,[4] city of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Barnaul Urban Okrug[7] |
| • Capital of | Barnaul Urban Okrug[7] |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (MSK+4  [8]) |
| Postal code(s)[9] | 656000, 656002–656004, 656006, 656008, 656010–656012, 656015, 656016, 656018, 656019, 656021, 656023–656025, 656031, 656033, 656035–656039, 656043–656045, 656048–656050, 656052–656060, 656062–656068, 656700, 656880, 656890, 656899, 656905, 656960, 656961, 656963–656966, 656998, 656999, 901024, 901213 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3852[citation needed] |
| OKTMO ID | 01701000001 |
| City Day | One of Sundays in August or September[3] |
| Website | www |
Barnaul (Russian: Барнаул, IPA: [bərnɐˈul]) is a city and the administrative center of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka River into the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. At the end of 2015, the city had a population above 700,000 people,[10] making it the 21st largest city in Russia. The population of the Barnaul metropolitan area is estimated to be over 1.14 million.[11]
Geography
Barnaul is located in the forest steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain, on the left bank of the Ob River, at the confluence of Barnaulka into the Ob.
Barnaul is the closest major city to the Altai Mountains to the south. The border with Kazakhstan is only in 345 km to the south-west, whereas the distance from Moscow is 3580 km. The city is also situated relatively close to the border with Mongolia and China.
Barnaul lies in the UTC+7:00 time zone, the difference with the Moscow Time thus being plus three hours.
History
Ancient History
The area around the city has been inhabited by Modern Humans, Neanderthals & Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years.[12] In the late BC millennia, the locality was the centre of activity for Scythians and various Turkic peoples.[13]
Russian Empire
Barnaul was founded in 1730[14] and incorporated in 1771. Originally chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, the site was founded by the wealthy Demidov family in the 1730s.[2] In addition to the copper which had originally attracted the Demidovs, substantial deposits of silver were soon found as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown, and soon became the center of silver production in the Russian Empire.[15]
By the 1900s, Barnaul had grown into a major center of trade and culture of the region, especially after the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway.[citation needed]
In 1914, Barnaul was the site of a draft riot, Russia's largest during World War I, which resulted in over a hundred casualties.[16]
World War II
It is estimated that over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II was produced in Barnaul.[17]
Administrative and municipal status
Barnaul is the administrative center of the krai.[4] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.[7]
Climate
The humid continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of +19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above +35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.
The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 millimeters (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season.
| Climate data for Barnaul | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.9 (100.2) |
38.3 (100.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
38.3 (100.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −10.8 (12.6) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −20.1 (−4.2) |
−18.7 (−1.7) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −48.2 (−54.8) |
−42.9 (−45.2) |
−35.5 (−31.9) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−43.1 (−45.6) |
−48.2 (−54.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24 (0.9) |
18 (0.7) |
17 (0.7) |
28 (1.1) |
40 (1.6) |
55 (2.2) |
68 (2.7) |
44 (1.7) |
43 (1.7) |
37 (1.5) |
37 (1.5) |
31 (1.2) |
433 (17.0) |
| Average rainy days | 0.4 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 118 |
| Average snowy days | 22 | 20 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 24 | 122 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 76 | 74 | 63 | 55 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 79 | 79 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 77 | 112 | 178 | 218 | 272 | 315 | 320 | 265 | 199 | 109 | 75 | 64 | 2,204 |
| Source 1: pogoda.ru.net[18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[19] | |||||||||||||
Economy
Barnaul is an important industrial center of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120 thousand people. Leading industries in the city work with diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tires, furniture and footwear.[20]
Transportation
It lies at a junction of the Novosibirsk–Almaty and Biysk train lines. [citation needed]
Education and culture
Barnaul is an important regional center of scientific development. Five universities, including Altai State Technical University, Barnaul State Pedagogical University, Altai State Medical University, Altai State Agrarian University and Altai State University, as well as 35 libraries are located in the city. Barnaul also has five theatres and three museums. The city's Museum of Local Lore was founded in 1823 and is one of the oldest in Siberia, displaying local artists' work as well as unique artifacts from the Altai region. [citation needed]
The city also has 'The South-Siberian Botanical Garden' (SSBG),[21] linked to Altai State University.[22]
Sports
Since 1957 FC Dynamo Barnaul has been the city's professional football club.[citation needed]
Twin towns and sister cities
Barnaul is twinned with:
Flagstaff, Arizona, United States
Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China
Notable people
- Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov, scientist & inventor
- Tatyana Kotova, Olympic champion in long jump
- Julia Neigel, singer, songwriter
- Ivan Nifontov, Olympic champion in Taekwondo
- Anna Nikolskaya-Ekseli, writer of children's books and sci-fi
- Alexey Novikov-Priboy, writer
- Ivan Polzunov, inventor, creator of the first two-cylinder engine in the world
- Konstantin Scherbakov, pianist
- Sergey Shubenkov, track and field athlete, 2015 World Champion[23]
- Nadezhda Shuvayeva-Olkhova, Olympic champion in Basketball
- Alexey Smertin, former captain of the Russia national football team
- Rita Streich, coloratura soprano
- Nikolai Yadrintsev, explorer & archeologist. Discoveries include the Orkhon script, Genghis Khan's capital, Karakorum
- Mikhail Yevdokimov, comedian & former governor of Altai Krai
- Barsik the Cat (Kot Barsik), mayoral "candidate"[24]
Images of Barnaul
-
A cafe on Kalinina Avenue -
Barnaul's main street as seen from the new Ob River Bridge. -
-
Barnaul's first 25-storey building -
The City Duma of Barnaul -
The Altai Dramatic Theater
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Law #28-ZS
- ^ a b Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 37. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ a b Исторический опыт хозяйственного и культурного освоения Западной Сибири: Сборник научных трудов. Кн. I. Барнаул: Изд-во Алт. ун-та. 2003. p. 464.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e http://www.barnaul.org/
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010024/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b c Law #144-ZS
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ http://barnaul.fm/2016/02/08/chislo-zhitelej-barnaula-perevalilo-za-700-tysyach-chelovek/
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3238424/Inside-cave-home-Denisovans-Neanderthals-Homo-sapiens-Different-species-early-man-used-shelter-thousands-years.html
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ijJ4o2iorhkC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=scythians+barnaul&source=bl&ots=Ph6ygUJmhn&sig=rozXeR75ObBBpV2fns0SWByPigY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIv9vK6q7-xwIVBFuSCh0iGgHC#v=onepage&q=scythians%20barnaul&f=false
- ^ "Barnaul - capital of Altai Krai". Altai Region. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
- ^ http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/borod5/got/15.html
- ^ Sanborn, Josh. "The Mobilization of 1917 and the Question of the Russian Nation." Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 2: pp. 267-89.
- ^ http://www.webcitation.org/6144m19m3?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ada.ru%2FGuns%2Fbsz%2Findex.htm
- ^ "Weather And Climate - Climate Barnaul" (in Russian). Retrieved May 14, 2015.
- ^ "Climate Normals for Barnaul". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "The South-Siberian Botanical Garden". ssbg.asu.ru. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
- ^ "South-Siberian Botanical Garden". biologybrowser.com. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
- ^ http://barnaul.fm/2015/08/28/sergej-shubenkov-vyigral-zoloto-na-chempionate-mira-po-lyogkoj-atletike-v-pekine/
- ^ "This City in Siberia Would Rather Elect a Cat Mayor". December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
Sources
- Алтайский краевой Совет народных депутатов. Закон №28-ЗС от 1 марта 2008 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Алтайского края», в ред. Закона №16-ЗС от 4 апреля 2017 г. «О присоединении станции Железнодорожная Казарма 572 км к посёлку Октябрьскому Октябрьского сельсовета Кулундинского района Алтайского края и внесении изменений в отдельные законы Алтайского края». Вступил в силу 8 марта 2008 г. Опубликован: "Алтайская правда", №67, 8 марта 2008 г. (Altai Krai Council of People's Deputies. Law #28-ZS of March 1, 2008 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #16-ZS of April 4, 2017 On Merging the Station of Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 572 km into the Settlement of Oktyabrsky in Oktyabrsky Selsoviet of Kulundinsky District of Altai Krai and on Amending Various Laws of Altai Krai. Effective as of March 8, 2008.).
- Алтайское краевое Законодательное Собрание. Закон №144-ЗС от 27 декабря 2008 г. «О статусе и границах муниципального и административно-территориального образования город Барнаул Алтайского края», в ред. Закона №44-ЗС от 2 июля 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Приложение 1 к Закону Алтайского края "О статусе и границах муниципального и административно-территориального образования город Барнаул Алтайского края"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Алтайская правда", №5–6, 15 января 2009 г. (Altai Krai Legislative Assembly. Law #144-ZS of December 27, 2008 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #44-ZS of July 2, 2009 On Amending Appendix 1 of the Law of Altai Krai "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication.).
External links
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
Barnaul travel guide from Wikivoyage- Barnaul.org Official website of Barnaul
- Weather in Barnaul
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