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Charsadda

Coordinates: 34°9′0″N 71°44′0″E / 34.15000°N 71.73333°E / 34.15000; 71.73333
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For other uses, see Charsadda (disambiguation).

Chārsadda
چارسده
District Headquarter / City
Bacha Khan chowk
Bacha Khan chowk
Chārsadda is located in Pakistan
Chārsadda
Chārsadda
Chārsadda is located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Chārsadda
Chārsadda
Coordinates: 34°9′0″N 71°44′0″E / 34.15000°N 71.73333°E / 34.15000; 71.73333
CountryPakistan
Province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
DistrictCharsadda
TehsilCharsadda
Government
[2]
 • TypeTehsil-council
 • ChairmanAbdul Rauf[1] (JUI-F)
Population
 (2023)[3]
 • Total120,170
Time zoneUTC+5 (PKT)

Chārsadda (Pashto: چارسده; pronounceⓘ; Urdu: چارسدہ; pronounceⓘ) is a town and headquarters of Charsadda District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.[4] It is the eighty fifth-largest city of Pakistan, according to 2017 census. Located in the Valley of Peshawar, Charsadda lies about 29 kilometres (18 mi) from the provincial capital of Peshawar at an altitude of 276 metres (906 ft).[5] The total area of Charsadda District measures about 996 square Km. The district is geographically organized into two primary parts: Hashtnagar (Pashto: Ashnaghar) and Do Aaba (Pashto: Duaba).

Name

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The name Chārsadda means "four roads", from the words chār ("four") and sadda ("road").[6]: 2  An alternate explanation, given by Munshi Gopaldas in the 1874 Tawarikh-i Peshawar, is that the city was named after one of the sons of the Pashtun conqueror Ilyas Khan Muhammadzai.[6]: 2 

History

[edit]

The earliest archaeological deposits recovered at Charsadda, in Bala Hisar, are dated to c. 1400 BCE, when a small community was established on a low natural mound of clay above the floodplain of the Kabul and Swat rivers, constructing structures of timber posts slotted into postholes,[7] in association with ceramic sherds and ash. Subsequent periods indicate that more permanent structures were built at Charsadda, including stone-lined pits. Between the 14th century BCE and the 6th century BCE, when an Achaemenid presence is represented at the site (see below), the inhabitants of Charsadda developed an iron-working industry and used ceramics that are typical for this period in the Vale of Peshawar, Swat and Dir. The later history of Charsadda can be traced back to the 6th century BCE. It was the capital of Gandhara from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The ancient name of Charsadda was Pushkalavati. The city hosts the ruins of what was once the ancient Gandharan capital city of Pushkalavati (meaning Lotus City in Sanskrit), and The father of Sanskrit grammar, Pāṇini was from this area and lived around 4th century BCE.[8][9] Many invaders have ruled over this region during different times of history. These include the Maurya Empire and the Gupta Empire, Alexander the Great's Macedonians, the Greco-Bactrians, the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, the Indo-Parthians, the Kushans, the Huns, the Turks, Durranis and more recently the British Empire.

Buddhist statuary obtained in archaeological excavation from Charsadda is the great tourist attraction
Buddhist statues obtained in archaeological excavation from Charsadda is the great tourist attraction

Charsadda is contiguous to the town of Prang; and these two places were identified by Alexander Cunningham with the ancient Pushkalāvati, capital of the region at the time of Alexander's invasion, and transliterated as Peukelaus or Peukelaotis by the Greek historians. Its chieftain (Astes), according to Arrian, was killed in defence of one of his strongholds after a prolonged siege by Hephaistion. Ptolemy fixes its site upon the eastern bank of the Suastene or Swat. The region was later conquered by Chandragupt Maurya The Great from the Macedonian satraps.

The present town of Charsadda is of more recent origin.[6]: 2 

Demography

[edit]
Religious groups in Charsadda City (1881−2017)[a]
Religious
group 		1881[11][12][13] 1901[14][15] 1911[16][17] 1921[18][19] 1931[20] 1941[10] 2017[21]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 7,892 94.37% 8,457 92.74% 8,650 94.25% 9,710 94.9% 10,703 92.77% 15,747 93.48% 145,404 99.73%
Hinduism [b] 471 5.63% 527 5.78% 201 2.19% 484 4.73% 519 4.5% 745 4.42% 5 0%
Sikhism 0 0% 135 1.48% 326 3.55% 30 0.29% 287 2.49% 294 1.75% — —
Jainism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% — — — —
Christianity — — 0 0% 1 0.01% 8 0.08% 28 0.24% 54 0.32% 286 0.2%
Zoroastrianism — — 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% — —
Judaism — — 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% — —
Buddhism — — 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — 106 0.07%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 5 0.03% 0 0%
Total population 8,363 100% 9,119 100% 9,178 100% 10,232 100% 11,537 100% 16,845 100% 145,801 100%

Rivers

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There are three rivers flowing in Charsadda: the River Jindi, the Kabul River and the Swat River; these are the main source of irrigation for Charsadda. The three rivers then merge and join the Indus River.[22]

Administration

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The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils – Charsadda, Tangi, and Shabqadar which contained a total of 49 Union Councils.[4]

Education

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Bacha Khan University is a public university situated in Charsadda, named after Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Bacha Khan). In January 2016, the university was attacked by gunmen.[23]

Cemetery

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Charsadda's huge cemetery lies south of the tehsil bazaar.[24]: 191  It currently occupies an area of 3x4 km, but it used to be bigger — a lot of the current town has been built on top of the old cemetery, often illegally.[24]: 191  Two major roads (the Khushal Khan Khattak and Ali Khan roads) cut across the cemetery from north to south, connecting Charsadda with areas to the south like Prang and Babara.[24]: 191  Various other roads also cross over the cemetery, connecting other villages and towns.[24]: 191  Heavy traffic like trucks and trailers use these roads, which causes additional stress on the underlying graves.[24]: 191 

The age of the cemetery is not known.[24]: 191  One local tradition holds that Ahmad Shah Durrani originally endowed the land to the locals as a reward for their military support during his Indian campaigns.[24]: 191  Another tradition places it in the 15th century, when there was widespread migration of Pashtun tribes into the Peshawar valley.[24]: 192  These migrations would have been accompanied by violent conflict, and the battlefields were supposedly seen as unfit for cultivating or living on after they had been "stained with human blood".[24]: 192  According to Qasim Jan Mohammadzai, the cemetery likely originated when the local population converted to Islam and thus began to bury their dead close to their villages.[24]: 192  The site chosen for the cemetery would have originally been communal land, known in Pashtun as Shamilat, that had previously been used for cattle grazing.[24]: 192 

Different clans (Khels) each have different sections of the cemetery to bury their dead in.[24]: 192  The boundaries between these sections are marked by shallow trenches or brick walls.[24]: 192  The Durrani tribe, for example, has their section in the northeast; it is marked off by barbed wire and shaded by tall trees.[24]: 192  Most of the graves in this section are decorated with marble slabs; many of them belong to the period of Durrani rule.[24]: 192  There are also separate sections for Christians and Ahmadis near the main Janazgah, as well as a separate section for non-locals in the southeastern part of the cemetery.[24]: 192  In this section, called the Musafirkhana, anyone may bury without needing prior permission.[24]: 192 

Although not as large as the Makli necropolis near Thatta, the Charsadda cemetery has a much higher density of graves.[24]: 192  Whereas Makli primarily houses the graves of the ruling class and prominent holy men, Charsadda is used mostly by ordinary people.[24]: 192  That said, there are several prominent saints' tombs at Charsadda, as well as royal Durrani graves from their time in power.[24]: 192 

Among the saints' tombs at Charsadda are those of Ghazi Gul Baba, Mullah Shah Alam Baba, Mian Sayed Noor Baba, Baba Sahib (aka Ali bin Yousaf Dalazak), Jhare Baba, and Shaheed Baba.[24]: 192  These tombs are sites of pilgrimage; annual urs are held where thousands of devotees gather at night to hear qawwals sung in the saints' honour.[24]: 192 

South of the main Janazgah, on the right side of the Ali Khan Baba road, there are two prominent enclosures, each marked off with a brick wall and accessed by a gate on the west side.[24]: 193  This area is known as the Chardewarai.[24]: 193  The larger enclosure houses eight tombs of the Ali Khel clan, who were the local rulers at the time of the Durrani hegemony; its gate is ornately decorated.[24]: 193  The other one has the grave of the 18th-century poet Ali Khan.[24]: 193  Southwest of these two enclosures is a (now ruined) domed brick mausoleum on a raised platform, said to belong to a holy woman.[24]: 193  None of these tombs have any inscriptions providing a specific date for their construction.[24]: 193 

One of the most distinct features of the Charsadda cemetery is the way its graves are decorated.[24]: 193  About 90% of the graves are decorated with small black and white stones arranged to form geometric or floral designs.[24]: 193  This type of decoration is locally known as Da Kanro Gulkari, and the style of grave is known as a Hashtnaghri Qabroona or a Hashtnaghri grave.[24]: 193  Some wealthier people's graves are made of brick or marble, but Hashtnaghri graves remain popular because they are cheaper, quickly made, and durable.[24]: 193 

Another tradition associated with the Charsadda cemetery is the annual family visits to deceased relatives' graves.[24]: 192  These take place both on Ashura, when any necessary repairs to the grave are done, and on the first day of Eid al-Adha celebrations.[24]: 192  During the Eid visit, family members arrive early in the morning to recite the Fatiha and the Tilawa; this visit is considered compulsory if the buried person died recently.[24]: 192 

Notable people

[edit]
  • Lala Nisar (1930–2016), politician, senator, member of parliament, and cabinet minister[25]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 1881-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Charsadda, which included Charsadda Municipality.[10]: 19 
  2. ^ 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Tehsil Council Charsadda – KPK Local Body Election Result 2021". Geo News. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  2. ^ "KP's new LG system: structure, powers, and voting process". SAMAA TV. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  3. ^ "POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DETAIL FROM BLOCK TO DISTRICT LEVEL: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (Charsadda DISTRICT)" (PDF). 3 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  4. ^ a b Tehsils & Unions in the District of Charsada – Government of Pakistan Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Location of Charsadda – Falling Rain Genomics
  6. ^ a b c Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1963). Peshawar University Archaeological Guide Series 1: Pushkalavati. Peshawar: University of Peshawar. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  7. ^ Coningham, R.A.E. and C. Batt, 2007. "Dating the Sequence", in R.A.E. Coningham and I. Ali (eds.), Charsadda: The British-Pakistani Excavations at the Bala Hisar, Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No. 5, BAR International Series 1709, Archaeopress, Oxford, p. 97.
  8. ^ Peddie, Jon (13 June 2013). The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4471-4932-3.
  9. ^ "NWFP in search of a name". pakhtunkhwa.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province". 1941. p. 19. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215543. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  11. ^ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I." 1881. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057656. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II". 1881. p. 520. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057657. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III". 1881. p. 250. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057658. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 44. JSTOR saoa.crl.25352838. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 26. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 23. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393779. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  17. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1911. p. 302. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394102. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 25. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394121. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1921. p. 340. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430163. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables". 1931. p. 257. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793233. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  21. ^ "Final Results (Census-2017)". Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  22. ^ Noreen Haider. "Living With Disasters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  23. ^ Pakistan attack: Gunmen kill 19 at Bacha Khan University BBC
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Mohammadzai, Qasim Jan (2009). "Glimpses of History in the Cemetery of Charsadda (Ancient Pushkalavati)". Ancient Pakistan. XX. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  25. ^ "Imran visits Charsadda to condole Nisar Khan's death - Peshawar". The News International. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
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