Comparison of wireless data standards: Difference between revisions

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A comparison of wireless data standards can be made by several different measures. 1

Introduction

A wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, some in direct competition with one another, others designed for specific applications. Wireless technologies can be evaluated by a variety of different metrics described below.

Standards can be grouped as follows:

UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Wireless USB are intended for use as wireless personal area network (PAN) systems. They are intended for short range communication between devices typically controlled by a single person. A keyboard might communicate with a computer, or a mobile phone with a handsfree kit, using any of these technologies.

Wi-Fi is a product name for a system intended for a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). A WLAN is an implementation of a LAN over a microcellular wireless system. Such systems are used to provide wireless Internet access (and access to other systems on the local network such as other computers, shared printers, and other such devices) throughout a local area. Typically a WLAN offers much better rate and latency than the user's Internet access, being designed for local communication. While Wi-Fi may be offered in many places as an Internet access system, access speeds are usually more limited by the shared Internet connection and number of users than the technology itself. Other systems that provide WLAN functionality include DECT and HIPERLAN.

GPRS, EDGE and 1xRTT evolved from 2G cellular systems, providing Internet access to users of existing 2G networks. Both EDGE and 1xRTT are 3G standards, as defined by the ITU, but are generally deployed on existing networks. 3G systems such as EV-DO, W-CDMA (including HSDPA and HSUPA) provide combined circuit switched and packet switched data and voice services, usually at better data rates than the 2G extensions. All of these services can be used to provide combined mobile phone access and Internet access at remote locations. Typically GPRS and 1xRTT provide stripped down, mobile phone oriented, Internet access, such as WAP, multimedia messaging, and the downloading of ring-tones, whereas EV-DO and HSDPA's higher speeds make them suitable for use as a broadband replacement.

Pure packet-switched only systems can be created using 3G network technologies, and UMTS-TDD is one example of this. Alternatively, next generation systems such as WiMAX also provide pure packet switched services with no need to support the circuit switching services required for voice systems. WiMAX is available in multiple configurations, including both NLOS and LOS variants. UMTS-TDD, WiMAX, and proprietary systems such as Canopy are used by Wireless ISPs to provide broadband access without the need for direct cable access to the end user.

Some systems are designed for point-to-point line-of-sight communications, once 2 such nodes get too far apart they can no longer communicate. Other systems are designed to form a wireless mesh network using one of a variety of routing protocols. In a mesh network, when nodes get too far apart to communicate directly, they can still communicate indirectly through intermediate nodes.

Standards

The following standards are included in this comparison.

Wide Area (WAN)

RTT
EDGE
EV-DO x1 Rev 0, Rev A, Rev B and x3 standards.
Flash-OFDM: FLASH(Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff)-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
GPRS
HSPA D and U standards.
iBurst
LTE
UMTS over W-CDMA
UMTS-TDD
Wi-Fi: 802.11 standard
WiMAX: 802.16 standard

Local Area (WLAN)

Wi-Fi: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac standards.

Personal Area (WPAN)

Bluetooth V4.0 with standard protocol and with low energy protocol
Wibree
IEEE 802.15.4-2006
Wireless USB
UWB
6loWPAN
ONE-NET

Wireless Video Networks

Currently no common nor standardised use of this term with IETF or IEEE.

Vehicle Area

There is currently no common use of this term with IETF or IEEE. See^[1]

Overview

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods
Common name	Family	Primary use	Radio tech	Downstream (Mbit/s)	Upstream (Mbit/s)	Notes
HSPA+	3GPP	Mobile Internet	CDMA/TDMA/FDD MIMO	21 42 84 672	5.8 11.5 22 168	HSPA+ is widely deployed. Revision 11 of the 3GPP states that HSPA+ is expected to have a throughput capacity of 672 Mbit/s.
LTE	3GPP	Mobile Internet	OFDMA/TDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA/for LTE-FDD/for LTE-TDD	100 Cat3 150 Cat4 300 Cat5 25065 Cat17 1658 Cat19 (in 20 MHz FDD) ^[2]	50 Cat3/4 75 Cat5 2119 Cat17 13563 Cat19 (in 20 MHz FDD)^[2]	LTE-Advanced Pro offers rates in excess of 3 Gbit/s to mobile users.
WiMax rel 1	802.16	WirelessMAN	MIMO-SOFDMA	37 (10 MHz TDD)	17 (10 MHz TDD)	With 2x2 MIMO.^[3]
WiMax rel 1.5	802.16-2009	WirelessMAN	MIMO-SOFDMA	83 (20 MHz TDD) 141 (2x20 MHz FDD)	46 (20 MHz TDD) 138 (2x20 MHz FDD)	With 2x2 MIMO.Enhanced with 20 MHz channels in 802.16-2009^[3]
WiMAX rel 2.0	802.16m	WirelessMAN	MIMO-SOFDMA	2x2 MIMO 110 (20 MHz TDD) 183 (2x20 MHz FDD) 4x4 MIMO 219 (20 MHz TDD) 365 (2x20 MHz FDD)	2x2 MIMO 70 (20 MHz TDD) 188 (2x20 MHz FDD) 4x4 MIMO 140 (20 MHz TDD) 376 (2x20 MHz FDD)	Also, low mobility users can aggregate multiple channels to get a download throughput of up to 1 Gbit/s^[3]
Flash-OFDM	Flash-OFDM	Mobile Internet mobility up to 200 mph (350 km/h)	Flash-OFDM	5.3 10.6 15.9	1.8 3.6 5.4	Mobile range 30 km (18 miles) Extended range 55 km (34 miles)
HIPERMAN	HIPERMAN	Mobile Internet	OFDM	56.9
Wi-Fi	802.11 (11ax)	Wireless LAN	OFDM/OFDMA/CSMA/MIMO/MU-MIMO/Half duplex	9600 Wi-Fi 6		Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310 km & 382 km)
iBurst	802.20	Mobile Internet	HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO	95	36	Cell Radius: 3–12 km Speed: 250 km/h Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1"
EDGE Evolution	GSM	Mobile Internet	TDMA/FDD	1.6	0.5	3GPP Release 7
UMTS W-CDMA HSPA (HSDPA+HSUPA)	3GPP	Mobile Internet	CDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD/MIMO	0.384 14.4	0.384 5.76	HSDPA is widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s.
UMTS-TDD	3GPP	Mobile Internet	CDMA/TDD	16		Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA
EV-DO Rel. 0 EV-DO Rev.A EV-DO Rev.B	3GPP2	Mobile Internet	CDMA/FDD	2.45 3.1 4.9xN	0.15 1.8 1.8xN	Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz carriers used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received.

Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available.

For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.

Peak bit rate and throughput

The peak bit rate of the standard is the net bit rate provided by the physical layer in the fastest transmission mode (using the fastest modulation scheme and error code), excluding forward error correction coding and other physical layer overhead. In practice, higher layer overhead causes the maximum throughput to be lower than the peak data rate. The typical throughput however is hard to measure, and depends on many protocol issues such as transmission schemes (slower schemes are used at longer distance from the access point), packet retransmissions and packet size. The real throughput is even lower because of other traffic sharing the same network or cell, and other facts.

For PAN and LAN standards like WiFi these levels of performance are attainable under ideal radio conditions (that is, a complete lack of interference and at close range without obstacles). For WAN standards, though, these figures are often impractical to achieve (for instance they assume you are the only user in the cell) or are not implemented or provisioned by any providers in such a way.

The typical throughput is what users have experienced most of the time when well within the usable range to the base station. This value is not known for the newest experimental standards. Note that these figures cannot be used to predict the performance of any given standard in any given environment, but rather as benchmarks against which actual experience might be compared.

Bit rate (Mbit/s)
Standard	Peak Downlink	Peak Uplink	Range	Typical Downlink throughput
CDMA RTT 1x	0.3072	0.1536	~29km (18 mi)	0.125
CDMA EV-DO Rev. 0	2.4580	0.1536	~29km (18 mi)	0.75^{[citation needed]}
CDMA EV-DO Rev. A	3.1000	1.8000	~29km (18 mi)
CDMA EV-DO Rev. B	4.9000	1.8000	~29km (18 mi)
GSM GPRS Class 10	0.0856	0.0428	~26km (16 mi)	0.014^{[citation needed]}
GSM EDGE type 2	0.4736	0.4736	~26km (16 mi)	0.034^{[citation needed]}
GSM EDGE Evolution	1.8944	0.9472	~26km (16 mi)
UMTS W-CDMA R99	0.3840	0.3840	~29km (18 mi)	0.195^{[citation needed]}
UMTS W-CDMA HSDPA	14.400	0.3840	up to 200km (124 mi)^[3]	4.1^{[citation needed]} (Tre 2007)
UMTS W-CDMA HSUPA	14.400	5.7600	up to 200km (124 mi)^[3]
UMTS W-CDMA HSPA+	42.000	22.000	up to 200km (124 mi)^[3]
UMTS-TDD	16.000^[4]	16.000
LTE	326.4	86.4
iBurst: iBurst	24	8	~12km (7.5 mi)	>2
Flash-OFDM: Flash-OFDM	5.3	1.8	~29km (18 mi)	avg 2.5^{[citation needed]}
WiMAX: 802.16e	70.000	70.000	~6.4km (4 mi)	>10^{[citation needed]}
WiFi: 802.11a	54	54	~30m	20
WiFi: 802.11b	11	11	~30m	5^{[citation needed]}
WiFi: 802.11g	54	54	~30m	20^{[citation needed]}
WiFi: 802.11n	600	600	~50m
WiFi: 802.11ac	1300	1300

Downlink is the throughput from the base station to the user handset or computer.
Uplink is the throughput from the user handset or computer to the base station.
Range is the maximum range possible to receive data at 25% of the typical rate.

Latency

The latency is the time taken for the smallest packet to travel between the user terminal and base station including average time for checking, correcting and repetition.

Spectral use and efficiency

Frequency

Allocated Frequencies
Standard	Frequencies	Spectrum Type
UMTS over W-CDMA	850 MHz, 1.9, 1.9/2.1, and 1.7/2.1 GHz	Licensed (Cellular/PCS/3G/AWS)
UMTS-TDD	450, 850 MHz, 1.9, 2, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz^[5] 2 GHz	Licensed (Cellular, 3G TDD, BRS/IMT-ext, FWA) Unlicensed (see note)
CDMA2000 (inc. EV-DO, 1xRTT)	450, 850, 900 MHz 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 2.1 GHz	Licensed (Cellular/PCS/3G/AWS)
EDGE/GPRS	850 MHz 900 MHz 1.8 GHz 1.9 GHz	Licensed (Cellular/PCS/PCN)
iBurst	1.8, 1.9 and 2.1 GHz	Licensed
Flash-OFDM	450 and 870 MHz	Licensed
802.16e	2.3, 2.5, 3.5, 3.7 and 5.8 GHz	Licensed
802.11a	5.25, 5.6 and 5.8 GHz	Unlicensed 802.11a and ISM
802.11b/g/n	2.4 GHz	Unlicensed ISM
Bluetooth	2.4 GHz	Unlicensed ISM
Wibree	2.4 GHz	Unlicensed ISM
802.15.4	868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz	Unlicensed ISM
Wireless USB, UWB	3.1 to 10.6 GHz	Unlicensed Ultrawideband
VEmesh*	868 MHz, 915 MHz, 953 MHz	Unlicensed ISM
EnOcean*	868.3 MHz	Unlicensed ISM

Notes

Where EnOcean and VEmesh are proprietary solutions.
Where X/YxHz is used (e.g. 1.7/2.1 GHz), the first frequency is used for the uplink channels and the second for the downlink channels.
Unlicensed frequencies vary in how they can be used. 802.11a can make use of both 802.11a-only spectrum and ISM spectrum around 5–6 GHz. A portion of the 2010 MHz spectrum is allocated to unlicensed UMTS-TDD in Europe, but cannot be used for other standards, whereas ISM bands can generally be used for any technology. This improved flexibility does have the downside that ISM bands are often over-used with incompatible, interfering, technologies.
Unlicensed bands vary from country to country. Most have a 2.4 GHz ISM band, but other bands are only available in certain countries and non ISM bands have restrictions as noted above.
In Europe, part of the 2 GHz 3G TDD band is designated as unlicensed, but where available is restricted to UMTS TDD operation.^[6] To date, this has been left unused and some jurisdictions are re-allocating it to licensed use only.
AMPS/CDMA users tend to refer to 850 MHz band as 800 MHz, whereas 850 MHz is closer and is used by the GSM/UMTS community. For consistency, it is referred to here as 850 MHz.

Deployment size

Allocated Spectrum per Channel (MHz)
Standard	Spectrum
Standard	Total	Uplink	Downlink
iBurst	5
802.16e	10	Variable	Variable
802.11a	20
802.11b	20
802.11g	20
802.11n	20 or 40
EVDO 1x A	2.5	1.25	1.25
EVDO 3x B	10	5	5
UMTS (W-CDMA)	10	5	5
UMTS-TDD	5	5/TDD	5/TDD

Spectral efficiency
(Bits per second per Hz)
Standard	Downlink	Uplink
iBurst	4.88	1.59
802.16e	1.91	0.84
EVDO 1x A	0.85	0.36
EVDO 3x B	0.93	0.28
HSDPA	0.78	0.14
HSUPA	0.78	0.30

References

^ [www.motorola.com/staticfiles/.../Multi-net%20Mobility_FAQ.pdf]
^ ^a ^b "LTE". 3GPP web site. 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16m Air Interface Standard" (PDF). WiMax Forum. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-07. Cite error: The named reference "autogenerated1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ IPWireless
^ UMTS-TDD developer's frequency notes
^ ERC/DEC/(99)25 EU Recommendation on UMTS TDD, Annex 1, points 5 and 6

External links

[1] [www.motorola.com/staticfiles/.../Multi-net%20Mobility_FAQ.pdf]

[ltedef-2] "LTE". 3GPP web site. 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2011.

[autogenerated1-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16m Air Interface Standard" (PDF). WiMax Forum. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-07. Cite error: The named reference "autogenerated1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[4] IPWireless

[5] UMTS-TDD developer's frequency notes

[6] ERC/DEC/(99)25 EU Recommendation on UMTS TDD, Annex 1, points 5 and 6

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 A '''comparison of wireless data standards''' can be made by several different measures.
 == Introduction ==
 A wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, some in direct competition with one another, others designed for specific applications. Wireless technologies can be evaluated by a variety of different metrics described below.