Copper(II) acetate

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Copper(II) acetate

Small crystals of copper(II) acetate

Copper(II) acetate crystals on copper wire
Names
IUPAC name
Tetra-μ2-acetatodiaquadicopper(II)
Other names
Copper(II) ethanoate
Cupric acetate
Copper Acetate
Verdigris
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.005.049 Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2C2H4O2.Cu/c2*1-2(3)4;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;+2/p-2 checkY
    Key: OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L checkY
  • InChI=1/2C2H4O2.Cu/c2*1-2(3)4;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;+2/p-2
    Key: OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-NUQVWONBAO
  • [Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)C.[O-]C(=O)C
Properties
Cu(CH3COO)2
Molar mass 181.63 g/mol (anhydrous)
199.65 g/mol (hydrate)
Appearance Dark green crystalline solid
Odor odorless (hydrate)
Density 1.882 g/cm3 (hydrate)
Melting point Undetermined [1]
Boiling point 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K)
hydrate:
7.2 g/100 mL (cold water)
20 g/100 mL (hot water)
Solubility Soluble in alcohol
Slightly soluble in ether and glycerol
1.545 (hydrate)
Structure
Monoclinic
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
710mg/kg oral rat [3]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)[2]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)[2]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 TWA 100 mg/m3 (as Cu)[2]
Safety data sheet (SDS) Baker MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Copper(II) acetate, also referred to as cupric acetate, is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(OAc)2 where OAc− is acetate (CH
3CO−
2). The hydrated derivative, which contains one molecule of water for each Cu atom, is available commercially. Anhydrous Cu(OAc)2 is a dark green crystalline solid, whereas Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2 is more bluish-green. Since ancient times, copper acetates of some form have been used as fungicides and green pigments. Today, copper acetates are used as reagents for the synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds.[4] Copper acetate, like all copper compounds, emits a blue-green glow in a flame.

Structure

The dinuclear structure of dimeric copper(II) acetate hydrate

Copper acetate hydrate adopts the paddle wheel structure seen also for related Rh(II) and Cr(II) tetraacetates.[5][6] One oxygen atom on each acetate is bound to one copper at 1.97 Å (197 pm). Completing the coordination sphere are two water ligands, with Cu–O distances of 2.20 Å (220 pm). The two five-coordinate copper atoms are separated by only 2.65 Å (265 pm), which is close to the Cu–Cu separation in metallic copper.[7] The two copper centers interact resulting in a diminishing of the magnetic moment such that near 90 K, Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2 is essentially diamagnetic due to cancellation of the two opposing spins. Cu2(OAc)4(H2O)2 was a critical step in the development of modern theories for antiferromagnetic coupling.[8]

Synthesis

Copper(II) acetate synthesized by the method described in the history section leads to impure samples. It is prepared industrially by heating copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate with acetic acid.[4] A second method of copper acetate production is to electrolyze a concentrated aqueous solution of calcium acetate with copper electrodes. As the reaction proceeds the anode oxidizes to produce copper acetate which adheres to its surface and can be removed as crystals. At the cathode calcium ions are reduced to calcium atoms and would be deposited, but due to the water content of the solution the calcium is converted to insoluble calcium hydroxide. The drawback with this setup is that the cathode gets coated with an insulating layer of calcium hydroxide, which gradually slows the process. To negate this hydroxide buildup mercury is utilized as the cathode; therefore as the process takes place the calcium formed immediately reacts with the mercury to make a calcium–mercury amalgam and the copper acetate formed at the anode is removed periodically. This process generally yields suitably pure copper acetate, on a small scale, with slight traces of calcium acetate.

Copper(II) acetate also forms by treating copper metal with a solution of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

Related compounds

Heating a mixture of anhydrous copper(II) acetate and copper metal affords copper(I) acetate:[9][10]

2 Cu + Cu2(OAc)4 → 4 CuOAc

The hydrate form can be dehydrated by heating at 100 °C in a vacuum. Unlike the copper(II) derivative, copper(I) acetate is colourless and diamagnetic.

Basic copper acetate is prepared by neutralizing an aqueous solution of copper(II) acetate. The basic acetate is poorly soluble. This material is a component of verdigris, the blue-green substance that forms on copper during long exposures to atmosphere.

Uses in chemical synthesis

Copper(II) acetate has found some use as an oxidizing agent in organic syntheses. In the Eglinton reaction Cu2(OAc)4 is used to couple terminal alkynes to give a 1,3-diyne:[11][12]

Cu2(OAc)4 + 2 RC≡CH → 2 CuOAc + RC≡C−C≡CR + 2 HOAc

The reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of copper(I) acetylides, which are then oxidized by the copper(II) acetate, releasing the acetylide radical. A related reaction involving copper acetylides is the synthesis of ynamines, terminal alkynes with amine groups using Cu2(OAc)4.[13] It has been used for hydroamination of acrylonitrile.[14]

History

Copper(II) acetate was historically prepared in vineyards, since acetic acid is a byproduct of fermentation. Copper sheets were alternately layered with fermented grape skins and dregs left over from wine production and exposed to air. This would leave a blue substance on the outside of the sheet. This was then scraped off and dissolved in water. The resulting solid was used as a pigment, or combined with arsenic trioxide to form copper acetoarsenite, a powerful insecticide and fungicide called Paris Green or Schweinfurt Green.

In the 1800s, copper acetate was commonly used as a pigment for wallpaper, which was becoming common at that time. Copper acetate became so popular that it began being used to color playing cards, candles, fabrics, and foods. Little did anyone know how dangerous it was to not only the people who made these items, but also with those who lived with or used them afterward.

During the Second World War copper acetate was used as shark repellent.[15] Under war conditions, before adoption it has been tested only very briefly (while in general successfully). The source says copper acetate does repel sharks in some situations but not in all.

References

  1. ^ http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed053p397
  2. ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. ^ http://www.sargentwelch.com/pdf/msds/Copper_II_Acetate_212.00.pdf
  4. ^ a b Richardson, H. Wayne. "Copper Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  5. ^ Van Niekerk, J. N.; Schoening, F. R. L. (1953). "X-Ray Evidence for Metal-to-Metal Bonds in Cupric and Chromous Acetate". Nature. 171 (4340): 36–37. doi:10.1038/171036a0.
  6. ^ Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press.[ISBN missing]
  7. ^ Catterick, J.; Thornton, P. (1977). "Structures and physical properties of polynuclear carboxylates". Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 20: 291–362. doi:10.1016/s0065-2792(08)60041-2.
  8. ^ Carlin, R. L. (1986). Magnetochemistry. Berlin: Springer.[ISBN missing]
  9. ^ Kirchner, S. J.; Fernando, Q. (1980). "Copper(I) Acetate". Inorg. Synth. 20: 53–55. doi:10.1002/9780470132517.ch16.
  10. ^ Parish, E. J.; Kizito, S. A. (2001). "Copper(I) Acetate". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rc193.
  11. ^ Stöckel, K.; Sondheimer, F. "[18]Annulene". Organic Syntheses. 54: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.054.0001; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 68.
  12. ^ Campbell, I. D.; Eglinton, G. "Diphenyldiacetylene". Organic Syntheses. 45: 39. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.045.0039; Collected Volumes, vol. 5, p. 517.
  13. ^ Vogel, P.; Srogl, J. (2005). "Copper(II) Acetate". EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rc194.pub2. ISBN 978-0-470-84289-8..
  14. ^ Heininger, S. A. "3-(o-Chloroanilino)propionitrile". Organic Syntheses. 38: 14. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.038.0014; Collected Volumes, vol. 4, p. 146.
  15. ^ Allen, Thomas B. "Shadows in the Sea: The Sharks, Skates and Rays".

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