View source for Cunard Line

{{Short description|British shipping and cruise line}}
{{Redirect|British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company|the different Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, later Royal Mail Lines|Royal Mail Steam Packet Company}}{{Redirect|Cunard}}

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{{Infobox company
| name = Cunard Line
| logo = Cunard Line Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1840}} (as the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company)
| location = [[Carnival House]], [[Southampton]], United Kingdom
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Katie McAlister  (President)|David Dingle (Chairman)}}
| area_served = Transatlantic, Mediterranean, Northern Europe, Caribbean and World Cruises.
| industry = Shipping, transportation
| products = [[Transatlantic crossing]]s, world voyages, leisure cruises
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| num_employees = 
| predecessor = 
| parent = [[Carnival Corporation & plc]]
| subsid = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.cunard.com/}}
| footnotes = 
[[File:House flag of the Cunard Line.svg|150px]]<br>House Flag
}}
[[File:Sir Samuel Cunard.jpg|thumb|upright|Sir Samuel Cunard, 1st [[Baronet|Bt]]]]

The '''Cunard Line''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|j|uː|n|ɑː|r|d}}) is a British shipping and [[cruise line]] based at [[Carnival House]] at [[Southampton]], England, operated by [[Carnival Corporation & plc#Carnival UK|Carnival UK]] and owned by [[Carnival Corporation & plc]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/20/business/company-news-carnival-to-buy-remaining-stake-in-cunard-line.html|title=Company news; Carnival to buy remaining stake in Cunard Line|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 October 1999}}</ref> Since 2011, Cunard and its four ships have been registered in [[Hamilton, Bermuda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bernews.com/2017/12/cruise-line-awaiting-further-updates-on-law/|title=Cruise Line 'Awaiting Further Updates' On Law|date=13 December 2017|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125600/http://bernews.com/2017/12/cruise-line-awaiting-further-updates-on-law/|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=registry>{{cite web|author=Jonathan Bell |url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20111021/NEWS/710219930 |title=Luxury cruise ship line Cunard switches to Bermuda registry &#124; Bermuda News |publisher=Royalgazette.com |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509210412/https://www.royalgazette.com/article/20111021/NEWS/710219930 |archive-date=9 May 2012}}</ref>

In 1839, [[Samuel Cunard]] was awarded the first British transatlantic [[steamship]] mail contract, and the next year<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cunard |url=https://atlantistravel.co.uk/cruise/cunard |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Atlantis Travel |language=en-US}}</ref> formed the '''British and North American Royal Mail Steam-Packet Company''' in Glasgow with shipowner [[Sir George Burns]] together with [[Robert Napier (engineer)|Robert Napier]], the famous Scottish steamship engine designer and builder, to operate the line's four pioneer paddle steamers on the Liverpool–Halifax–Boston route. For most of the next 30 years, Cunard held the [[Blue Riband]] for the fastest Atlantic voyage. However, in the 1870s Cunard fell behind its rivals, the [[White Star Line]] and the [[Inman Line]]. To meet this competition, in 1879 the firm was reorganised as the '''Cunard Steamship Company Ltd''', to raise capital.<ref name=gibbs>{{cite book | last = Gibbs | first = Charles Robert Vernon | title = Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day | publisher = John De Graff | year = 1957 | pages = 52–92}}</ref>

In 1902, White Star joined the American-owned [[International Mercantile Marine Co.]] In response, the British Government provided Cunard with substantial loans and a subsidy to build two [[Superliner (passenger ship)|superliners]] needed to retain Britain's competitive position. [[RMS Mauretania (1906)|''Mauretania'']] held the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929. Her sister ship, [[RMS Lusitania|''Lusitania'']], was torpedoed in 1915 during the [[First World War]].

In 1919, Cunard relocated its British homeport from Liverpool to Southampton,<ref name="Nautical Gazette">{{cite book|title=The Nautical Gazette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2d5EAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA210|year=1919|page=210}}</ref> better to cater for travellers from London.<ref name="Nautical Gazette"/> In the late 1920s, Cunard faced new competition when the Germans, Italians and French built large prestige liners. Cunard was forced to suspend construction on its own new superliner because of the Great Depression. In 1934, the British Government offered Cunard loans to finish [[RMS Queen Mary|''Queen Mary'']] and to build a second ship, [[RMS Queen Elizabeth|''Queen Elizabeth'']], on the condition that Cunard merged with the then-ailing White Star Line to form '''Cunard-White Star Line'''. Cunard owned two-thirds of the new company. Cunard purchased White Star's share in 1947; the name reverted to the Cunard Line in 1950.<ref name=gibbs />

Upon the end of the Second World War, Cunard regained its position as the largest Atlantic passenger line. By the mid-1950s, it operated 12 ships to the United States and Canada. After 1958, transatlantic passenger ships became increasingly unprofitable because of the introduction of [[jet airliner]]s. Cunard undertook a brief foray into air travel via the "Cunard Eagle" and "BOAC Cunard" airlines, but withdrew from the airline market in 1966. Cunard withdrew from its year-round service in 1968 to concentrate on cruising and summer transatlantic voyages for holiday makers. The Queens were replaced by ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'' (''QE2''), which was designed for the dual role.<ref name=graham>{{cite book | last = Maxtone-Graham | first = John | title = The Only Way To Cross | publisher = Collier | year = 1972 }}</ref>

In 1998, Cunard was acquired by the [[Carnival Corporation & plc|Carnival Corporation]], and accounted for 8.7% of that company's revenue in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/blog1/market-share/|title=2012 World Wide Market Share|date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Cruise Market Watch}}</ref> In 2004, ''QE2'' was replaced on the transatlantic runs by [[RMS Queen Mary 2|''Queen Mary 2'']] (''QM2''). The line also operates [[MS Queen Victoria|''Queen Victoria'']] (''QV'') and [[MS Queen Elizabeth|''Queen Elizabeth'']] (''QE''). As of 2022, Cunard is the only shipping company to still operate a scheduled passenger service between Europe and North America.

In 2017, Cunard announced a fourth ship would join its fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnival Corporation to Build New Cruise Ship for Iconic Cunard Brand {{!}} Carnival Corporation & plc |url=https://www.carnivalcorp.com/news-releases/news-release-details/carnival-corporation-build-new-cruise-ship-iconic-cunard-brand/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www.carnivalcorp.com |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823024347/https://www.carnivalcorp.com/news-releases/news-release-details/carnival-corporation-build-new-cruise-ship-iconic-cunard-brand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was initially scheduled for 2022 but delayed until 2024 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ship has since been named {{MS|Queen Anne||2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cunard Reveals Name of New Ship, Queen Anne |url=https://www.travelmarketreport.com/articles/Cunard-Reveals-Name-of-New-Ship-Queen-Anne |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www.travelmarketreport.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

===Early years: 1840–1850===
[[File:RMS Britannia 1840 paddlewheel.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[RMS Britannia Class|''Britannia'']] of 1840 (1150 [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]]), the first Cunard liner built for the transatlantic service]]
The British Government started operating monthly mail [[brig]]s from [[Falmouth, Cornwall]], to New York in 1756. These ships carried few non-governmental passengers and no cargo. In 1818, the [[Black Ball Line (trans-Atlantic packet)|Black Ball Line]] opened a regularly scheduled New York–Liverpool service with [[clipper ship]]s, beginning an era when American sailing [[packet ship|packets]] dominated the North Atlantic saloon-passenger trade that lasted until the introduction of [[steamships]].<ref name=gibbs /> A Committee of Parliament decided in 1836 that to become more competitive, the mail packets operated by the Post Office should be replaced by private shipping companies. The [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] assumed responsibility for managing the contracts.<ref name=parry>{{cite book | last = Parry | first = Ann | title = Parry of the Arctic | publisher = London | year = 1963 }}</ref> The famed Arctic explorer Admiral Sir [[William Edward Parry]] was appointed as Comptroller of Steam Machinery and Packet Service in April 1837.<ref name=grant>{{cite book | last = Grant | first = Kay | title = Samuel Cunard | publisher = London | year = 1967}}</ref> Nova Scotians led by their young Assembly Speaker, [[Joseph Howe]], lobbied for steam service to [[City of Halifax|Halifax]]. On his arrival in London in May 1838, Howe discussed the enterprise with his fellow Nova Scotian Samuel Cunard (1787–1865), a shipowner who was also visiting London on business.<ref name=langley>{{cite book | last = Langley | first = John G. | title = Steam Lion | publisher = Nimbus | year = 2006 }}</ref> Cunard and Howe were associates and Howe also owed Cunard £300<ref name=beck>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = J. Murray | title = Joseph Howe, Conservative Reformer | publisher = McGill-Queens | year = 1984 }}</ref> ({{Inflation|UK|300|1838|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} Cunard returned to Halifax to raise capital, and Howe continued to lobby the British government.<ref name=langley /> The [[Rebellions of 1837–1838]] were ongoing and London realised that the proposed Halifax service was also important for the military.<ref name=arnell>{{cite book | last = Arnell | first = J.C | title = Steam and the North Atlantic Mails | publisher = Toronto | year = 1986 }}</ref>

That November, Parry released a tender for North Atlantic monthly mail service to Halifax beginning in April 1839 using steamships with 300 horsepower.<ref name=arnell /> The [[Great Western Steamship Company]], which had opened its pioneer Bristol–New York service earlier that year, bid £45,000 for a monthly Bristol–Halifax–New York service using three ships of 450 horsepower. While [[British and American Steam Navigation Company|British American]], the other pioneer transatlantic steamship company, did not submit a tender,<ref name=fox>{{cite book | last = Fox | first = Stephen | title = Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel and the Great Atlantic Steamships | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780060195953 | url = https://archive.org/details/transatlanticsam00foxs | url-access = registration }}</ref> the [[St George Steam Packet Company]], owner of [[SS Sirius (1837)|''Sirius'']], bid £45,000 for a monthly Cork–Halifax service<ref name=body>{{cite book | last = Body | first = Geoffey | title = British Paddle Steamers | publisher = Newton Abbot | year = 1971 }}</ref> and £65,000 for a monthly Cork–Halifax–New York service. The Admiralty rejected both tenders because neither bid offered to begin services early enough.<ref name=bacon>{{cite book | last = Bacon | first = Edwin M. | title = Manual of Ship Subsidies | url = https://archive.org/details/manualshipsubsi00bacogoog | year = 1911 | publisher = Chicago, A. C. McClurg }}</ref>

Cunard, who was back in Halifax, unfortunately did not know of the tender until after the deadline.<ref name=fox /> He returned to London and started negotiations with Admiral Parry, who was Cunard's good friend from when Parry was a young officer stationed in Halifax 20 years earlier. Cunard offered Parry a fortnightly service beginning in May 1840. While Cunard did not then own a steamship, he had been an investor in an earlier steamship venture, [[SS Royal William|''Royal William'']], and owned coal mines in Nova Scotia.<ref name=langley /> Cunard's major backer was [[Robert Napier (engineer)|Robert Napier]] whose [[Robert Napier and Sons]] was the Royal Navy's supplier of steam engines.<ref name=fox /> He also had the strong backing of Nova Scotian political leaders at the time when London needed to rebuild support in British North America after the rebellion.<ref name=arnell />

[[File:RMS Europa.jpg|thumb|right|[[RMS America Class|''Europa'']] of 1848 (1850 [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]]). This is one of the earliest known photos of an Atlantic [[steamship]].]]
Over Great Western's protests,<ref name=corlett>{{cite book | last = Corlett | first = Ewan | title = The Iron Ship: the Story of Brunel's ss Great Britain | publisher = Conway | year = 1975 }}</ref> in May 1839 Parry accepted Cunard's tender of £55,000 for a three-ship Liverpool–Halifax service with an extension to Boston and a supplementary service to Montreal.<ref name=langley /> The annual subsidy was later raised £81,000 to add a fourth ship<ref name=fry>{{cite book | last = Fry | first = Henry | title = The History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation with Some Account of Early Ships and Shipowners| location = London | publisher = Sampson, Low & Marston | year = 1896 | oclc = 271397492 }}</ref> and departures from Liverpool were to be monthly during the winter and fortnightly for the rest of the year.<ref name=gibbs /> Parliament investigated Great Western's complaints, and upheld the Admiralty's decision.<ref name=bacon /> Napier and Cunard recruited other investors including businessmen James Donaldson, [[Sir George Burns]], and David MacIver. In May 1840, just before the first ship was ready, they formed the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company with initial capital of £270,000, later increased to £300,000 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|300000|1840|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} Cunard supplied £55,000.<ref name="langley"/> Burns supervised ship construction, MacIver was responsible for day-to-day operations, and Cunard was the "first among equals" in the management structure. When MacIver died in 1845, his younger brother Charles assumed his responsibilities for the next 35 years.<ref name=fox /> (For more detail of the first investors in the Cunard Line and also the early life of Charles MacIver, see Liverpool Nautical Research Society's ''Second Merseyside Maritime History'', pp.&nbsp;33–37 1991.)

In May 1840 the coastal [[paddle steamer]] ''Unicorn'' made the company's first voyage to Halifax<ref>''Ships of the Cunard Line''; Dorman, Frank E.; Adlard Coles Limited; 1955</ref> to begin the supplementary service to Montreal. Two months later the first of the four ocean-going steamers of the [[RMS Britannia Class|''Britannia Class'']], departed Liverpool. By coincidence, the steamer's departure had patriotic significance on both sides of the Atlantic: she was named ''Britannia'', and sailed on 4 July.<ref name="Miles2015">{{cite book|author=Miles, Vincent|title=The Lost Hero of Cape Cod: Captain Asa Eldridge and the Maritime Trade That Shaped America|url=http://vjmiles.com/lost-hero|year=2015|publisher=Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts: The Historical Society of Old Yarmouth.}}</ref> Even on her maiden voyage, however, her performance indicated that the new era she heralded would be much more beneficial for Britain than the US. At a time when the typical packet ship might take several weeks to cross the Atlantic, ''Britannia'' reached Halifax in 12 days and 10 hours, averaging 8.5 knots (15.7&nbsp;km/h), before proceeding to Boston. Such relatively brisk crossings quickly became the norm for the Cunard Line: during 1840–41, mean Liverpool–Halifax times for the quartet were 13 days 6 hours to Halifax and 11 days 4 hours homeward. Two larger ships were quickly ordered, one to replace the [[RMS Britannia Class|''Columbia'']], which sank at [[Seal Island, Nova Scotia]], in 1843 without loss of life. By 1845, steamship lines led by Cunard carried more saloon passengers than the sailing packets.<ref name=gibbs /> Three years later, the British Government increased the annual subsidy to £156,000 so that Cunard could double its frequency.<ref name=fry /> Four additional wooden paddlers were ordered and alternate sailings were direct to New York instead of the Halifax–Boston route. The sailing packet lines were now reduced to the immigrant trade.<ref name=gibbs />

From the beginning Cunard's ships used the line's distinctive red funnel with two or three narrow black bands and black top. It appears that Robert Napier was responsible for this feature. His [[Robert Napier and Sons|shipyard]] in Glasgow used this combination previously in 1830 on [[Thomas Assheton Smith II|Thomas Assheton Smith]]'s private steam yacht "Menai". The renovation of her model by Glasgow Museum of Transport revealed that she had vermilion funnels with black bands and black top.<ref>The National Archives, BT107/202, Beaumaris 1830 No. 24, 132'2" x 20'6" x 12'8", 138 tons.</ref> The line also adopted a naming convention that utilised words ending in "IA".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://chrisframe.com.au/post/628311901907173376/naming-cruise-ships |title= Naming Cruise Ships |access-date= 4 September 2020}}
</ref>

Cunard's reputation for safety was one of the significant factors in the firm's early success.<ref name="graham"/> Both of the first transatlantic lines failed after major accidents: the British and American line collapsed after the [[SS President|''President'']] foundered in a gale, and the Great Western Steamship Company failed after [[SS Great Britain|''Great Britain'']] stranded because of a navigation error.<ref name=gibbs /> Cunard's orders to his masters were, "Your ship is loaded, take her; speed is nothing, follow your own road, deliver her safe, bring her back safe – safety is all that is required."<ref name=graham /> In particular, Charles MacIver's constant inspections were responsible for the firm's safety discipline.<ref name=fox />

===New Competition: 1850–1879===

[[File:Cunard Line New York Liverpool 1875.jpg|thumbnail|right|Cunard Line, from New York to Liverpool, from 1875]] In 1850 the American [[Collins Line]] and the British [[Inman Line]] started new Atlantic steamship services. The American Government supplied Collins with a large annual subsidy to operate four wooden paddlers that were superior to Cunard's best,<ref name=fry /> as they demonstrated with three [[Blue Riband]]-winning voyages between 1850 and 1854.<ref name = "Miles2015"/> Meanwhile, Inman showed that iron-hulled, screw propelled steamers of modest speed could be profitable without subsidy. Inman also became the first steamship line to carry steerage passengers. Both of the newcomers suffered major disasters in 1854.<ref name=gibbs /><ref name = "Miles2015"/> The next year, Cunard put pressure on Collins by commissioning its first iron-hulled paddler, [[RMS Persia|''Persia'']]. That pressure may well have been a factor in a second major disaster suffered by the Collins Line, the loss of its steamer [[SS Pacific (1849)|''Pacific'']]. ''Pacific'' sailed out of Liverpool just a few days before ''Persia'' was due to depart on her maiden voyage, and was never seen again; it was widely assumed at the time that the captain had pushed his ship to the limit to stay ahead of the new Cunarder, and had likely collided with an iceberg during what was a particularly severe winter in the North Atlantic.<ref name = "Miles2015"/> A few months later ''Persia'' inflicted a further blow to the Collins Line, regaining the Blue Riband with a Liverpool–New York voyage of 9 days 16 hours, averaging {{convert|13.11|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=kludas>{{cite book | last = Kludas | first = Arnold | title = Record breakers of the North Atlantic, Blue Riband Liners 1838–1953 | location = London | publisher = Chatham | year =1999 }}</ref>

[[File:Rms persia.jpg|thumb|right|''[[RMS Persia|Persia]]'' of 1856 (3,300 [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]])]]
During the [[Crimean War]] Cunard supplied 11 ships for war service. Every British North Atlantic route was suspended until 1856 except Cunard's Liverpool–Halifax–Boston service. While Collins' fortunes improved because of the lack of competition during the war, it collapsed in 1858 after its subsidy for carrying mail across the Atlantic was reduced by the US Congress.<ref name=Miles2015 /> Cunard emerged as the leading carrier of saloon passengers and in 1862 commissioned [[RMS Scotia|''Scotia'']], the last paddle steamer to win the Blue Riband. Inman carried more passengers because of its success in the immigrant trade. To compete, in May 1863 Cunard started a secondary Liverpool–New York service with iron-hulled screw steamers that catered for steerage passengers. Beginning with ''China'', the line also replaced the last three wooden paddlers on the New York mail service with iron screw steamers that only carried saloon passengers.<ref name=gibbs />

When Cunard died in 1865, the equally conservative [[Charles MacIver (businessman)|Charles MacIver]] assumed Cunard's role.<ref name=fox /> The firm retained its reluctance about change and was overtaken by competitors that more quickly adopted new technology.<ref name=fry /> In 1866 Inman started to build screw propelled express liners that matched Cunard's premier unit, ''Scotia''. Cunard responded with its first high speed screw propellered steamer, ''Russia'' which was followed by two larger editions. In 1871 both companies faced a new rival when the White Star Line commissioned the [[RMS Oceanic (1870)|''Oceanic'']] and her five sisters. The new White Star record-breakers were especially economical because of their use of compound engines. White Star also set new standards for comfort by placing the dining saloon midships and doubling the size of cabins. Inman rebuilt its express fleet to the new standard, but Cunard lagged behind both of its rivals. Throughout the 1870s Cunard passage times were longer than either White Star or Inman.<ref name=gibbs />

[[File:Cunard Line (538135059).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cunard Line offices in New York City]]
In 1867 responsibility for mail contracts was transferred back to the Post Office and opened for bid. Cunard, Inman and the German [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] were each awarded one of the three weekly New York mail services. The fortnightly route to Halifax formerly held by Cunard went to Inman. Cunard continued to receive an £80,000 subsidy (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|80000|1867|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} while NDL and Inman were paid sea postage. Two years later the service was rebid and Cunard was awarded a seven-year contract for two weekly New York mail services at £70,000 per annum. Inman was awarded a seven-year contract for the third weekly New York service at £35,000 per year.<ref name=bacon />

The [[Panic of 1873]] started a five-year shipping depression that strained the finances of all of the Atlantic competitors.<ref name=gibbs /> In 1876 the mail contracts expired and the Post Office ended both Cunard's and Inman's subsidies. The new contracts were paid on the basis of weight, at a rate substantially higher than paid by the [[United States Post Office]].<ref name=bacon /> Cunard's weekly New York mail sailings were reduced to one and White Star was awarded the third mail sailing. Every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday a liner from one of the three firms departed Liverpool with the mail for New York.<ref name=preble>{{cite book | last = Preble | first = George Henry |author2=John Lipton Lochhead | title = A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navigation | url = https://archive.org/details/achronologicalh00lochgoog | location = Philadelphia | publisher = L.R. Hamersley | year = 1883 | oclc = 2933332 }}</ref>

===Cunard Steamship Company Ltd: 1879–1934===
[[File:House flag of the Cunard Line.svg|thumb|[[House flag]] used by Cunard Line]]
[[File:MandK Captain on Cunard 1901.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Captain (nautical)|captain]] waves aboard a Cunard Line vessel in 1901]]
To raise additional capital, in 1879 the privately held British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was reorganised as a public stock corporation, the '''Cunard Steamship Company, Ltd'''.<ref name=gibbs /> Under Cunard's new chairman, John Burns (1839–1900), son of one of the firm's original founders,<ref name=fox /> Cunard commissioned four steel-hulled express liners beginning with {{SS|Servia||2}} of 1881, the first passenger liner with electric lighting throughout. In 1884, Cunard purchased the almost new Blue Riband winner {{SS|Oregon|1883|2}} from the [[Guion Line]] when that firm defaulted on payments to the shipyard. That year, Cunard also commissioned the record-breakers {{RMS|Umbria|3=2}} and {{RMS|Etruria|3=2}} capable of {{convert|19.5|kn|km/h}}. Starting in 1887, Cunard's newly won leadership on the North Atlantic was threatened when Inman and then White Star responded with twin screw record-breakers. In 1893 Cunard countered with two even faster Blue Riband winners, {{RMS|Campania|3=2}} and {{RMS|Lucania|3=2}}, capable of {{convert|21.8|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=fry />
[[File:Rms etruria.jpg|thumb|{{RMS|Etruria|3=2}} of 1885 (7,700 [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]])]]
[[File:Every boy's book of railways and steamships (1911) (14755838841).jpg|thumb|{{RMS|Campania|3=2}} of 1893 (12,900 GRT)]]
No sooner had Cunard re-established its supremacy than new rivals emerged. Beginning in the late 1860s several German firms commissioned liners that were almost as fast as the British mail steamers from Liverpool.<ref name=gibbs /> In 1897 {{SS|Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse||2}} of Norddeutscher Lloyd raised the Blue Riband to {{convert|22.3|kn|km/h}}, and was followed by a succession of German record-breakers.<ref name=kludas /> Rather than match the new German speedsters, White Star – a rival which Cunard line would merge with – commissioned four very profitable [[Big Four (White Star Line)|Big Four]] ocean liners of more moderate speed for its secondary Liverpool–New York service. In 1902 White Star joined the well-capitalized American combine, the [[International Mercantile Marine Co.]] (IMM), which owned the [[American Line]], including the old Inman Line, and other lines. IMM also had trade agreements with [[Hamburg America Line|Hamburg America]] and Norddeutscher Lloyd.<ref name=gibbs /> Negotiators approached Cunard's management in late 1901 and early 1902, but did not succeed in drawing the Cunard Line into IMM, then being formed with support of financier J. P. Morgan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cunard and the North Atlantic 1840–1973: A History of Shipping and Financial Management|url=https://archive.org/details/cunardnorthatlan0000hyde|url-access=registration| last1=Hyde| first1=Francis E|year = 1975|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cunardnorthatlan0000hyde/page/139 139]–141|isbn=9780333173138}}</ref>

British prestige was at stake. The British Government provided Cunard with an annual subsidy of £150,000 plus a low interest loan of £2.5&nbsp;million (equivalent to £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|2500000|1906|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} to pay for the construction of the two superliners, the Blue Riband winners ''{{RMS|Lusitania|3=2}}'' and ''{{RMS|Mauretania|1906|2}}'', capable of {{convert|26.0|kn|km/h}}. In 1903 the firm started a [[Fiume]]–New York service with calls at Italian ports and Gibraltar. The next year Cunard commissioned two ships to compete directly with the ''Celtic''-class liners on the secondary Liverpool–New York route. In 1911 Cunard entered the St Lawrence trade by purchasing the Thompson line, and absorbed the Royal line five years later.<ref name=gibbs />
[[File:RMS-Carpathia.jpg|thumb|{{RMS|Carpathia|3=2}} of 1903 (13,555 GRT) became famous for rescuing the survivors of the [[Sinking of the Titanic|sinking of ''Titanic'']]]]
Not to be outdone, both White Star and Hamburg–America each ordered a trio of superliners. The White Star ''{{Sclass|Olympic|ocean liner|0}}'' liners at {{convert|21.5|kn|km/h}} and the Hapag ''{{Sclass|Imperator|ocean liner|0}}'' liners at {{convert|22.5|kn|km/h}} were larger and more luxurious than the Cunarders, but not as fast. Cunard also ordered a new ship, ''{{RMS|Aquitania|3=2}}'', capable of {{convert|24.0|kn|km/h}}, to complete the Liverpool mail fleet. Events prevented the expected competition between the three sets of superliners. White Star's ''[[Titanic]]'' sank on its maiden voyage, both White Star's ''{{HMHS|Britannic|3=2}}'' and Cunard's ''Lusitania'' were war losses, and the three Hapag super-liners were handed over to the Allied powers as war reparations.<ref name=graham />

In 1916 Cunard Line completed its European headquarters in [[Liverpool]], moving in on 12 June of that year.<ref>Liverpool Daily Post 12 June 1916</ref> The grand neo-Classical [[Cunard Building]] was the third of Liverpool's [[Pier Head|''Three Graces'']]. The headquarters were used by Cunard until the 1960s.<ref name=cunard_pdf>{{cite web|url=http://www.cunard.com/images/Content/History.pdf |title=Cunard History at a Glance |access-date=13 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326230808/http://www.cunard.com/images/Content/History.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref> In 1917, Cunard's facilities were co-opted by the [[War Office]] to build aircraft for the expanding [[Royal Flying Corps]], later the RAF.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Learmonth |first1=Bob |last2=Nash |first2=Joanna |editor1-last=Cluett |editor1-first=Douglas |title=The First Croyon Airport 1915-1928 |date=1977 |publisher=Sutton Libraries and Arts Services |location=Sutton |isbn=0-950-3224-3-1 |page=19}}</ref>

[[File:'Aquitania' (1914) RMG G10918.tiff|thumb|''[[RMS Aquitania|Aquitania]]'' of 1914 (45,650 GRT) served in both World Wars]]
Due to First World War losses, Cunard began a post-war rebuilding programme including eleven intermediate liners. It acquired the former Hapag {{SS|Imperator|3=2}} (renamed ''Berengaria'') to replace the lost ''Lusitania'' as the running mate for ''Mauretania'' and ''Aquitania'', and [[Southampton]] replaced Liverpool as the British destination for the three-ship express service. By 1926 Cunard's fleet was larger than before the war, and White Star was in decline, having been sold by IMM.<ref name=gibbs />

Despite the dramatic reduction in North Atlantic passengers caused by the shipping depression beginning in 1929, the Germans, Italians and the French commissioned new "ships of state" prestige liners.<ref name=gibbs /> The German ''{{SS|Bremen|1928|2}}'' took the Blue Riband at {{convert|27.8|kn|km/h}} in 1933, the Italian ''{{SS|Rex|3=2}}'' recorded {{convert|28.9|kn|km/h}} on a westbound voyage the same year, and the French ''{{SS|Normandie|3=2}}'' crossed the Atlantic in just under four days at {{convert|30.58|kn|km/h}} in 1937.<ref name=kludas /> In 1930 Cunard ordered an 80,000-ton liner that was to be the first of two record-breakers fast enough to fit into a two-ship weekly Southampton–New York service. Work on "Hull Number 534" was halted in 1931 because of the economic conditions.<ref name=graham />

===Cunard-White Star Ltd: 1934–1949===
{{main|Cunard-White Star Line}}

[[File:Cunard White Star Line Logo.JPG|thumb|left|''Cunard-White Star'' Logo]]
[[File:Queen Mary New York.jpg|thumb|right|''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'' of 1936 (80,700 GRT) in New York (c. 1960)]]
In 1934, both the Cunard Line and the White Star Line were experiencing financial difficulties. [[David Kirkwood]], MP for Clydebank where the unfinished Hull Number 534 had been sitting idle for two and a half years, made a passionate plea in the House of Commons for funding to finish the ship and restart the dormant British economy.<ref name=herald>{{cite web |title=The Red Baron of Bearsden |url=http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/milngavie-yesterday/The-Red-Baron-of-Bearsden.1778877.jp |website=Milngavie Herald |date=14 December 2006 |access-date=17 February 2010 |archive-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212203103/http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/milngavie-yesterday/The-Red-Baron-of-Bearsden.1778877.jp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The government offered Cunard a loan of £3&nbsp;million to complete Hull Number 534 and an additional £5&nbsp;million to build a second ship, if Cunard merged with White Star.<ref name=graham />

The merger took place on 10 May 1934, creating [[Cunard-White Star Limited]]. The merger was accomplished with Cunard owning about two-thirds of the capital.<ref name=gibbs /> Due to the surplus tonnage of the new combined Cunard White Star fleet many of the older liners were sent to the scrapyard; these included the ex-Cunard liner ''Mauretania'' and the ex-White Star liners ''{{RMS|Olympic|3=2}}'' and {{RMS|Homeric|1913|2}}. In 1936 the ex-White Star ''{{RMS|Majestic|1914|2}}'' was sold when Hull Number 534, now named ''{{RMS|Queen Mary|3=2}}'', replaced her in the express mail service.<ref name=graham /> ''Queen Mary'' reached {{convert|30.99|kn|km/h}} on her 1938 Blue Riband voyage.<ref name=kludas /> Cunard-White Star started construction on ''{{RMS|Queen Elizabeth|3=2}}'', and a smaller ship, the second ''{{RMS|Mauretania|1938|2}}'', joined the fleet and could also be used on the Atlantic run when one of the Queens was in drydock.<ref name=gibbs /> The ex-Cunard liner ''Berengaria'' was sold for scrap in 1938 after a series of fires.<ref name=graham />

[[File:RMS Queen Elizabeth at Southampton 1960 (1).jpg|thumb|right|''[[RMS Queen Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'' of 1939 (83,650 GRT)]]
During the [[Second World War]] the Queens carried over two million servicemen and were credited by Churchill as helping to shorten the war by a year.<ref name=graham /> All four of the large Cunard-White Star express liners, the two Queens, ''Aquitania'' and ''Mauretania'' survived, but many of the secondary ships were lost. Both {{RMS|Lancastria|3=2}} and {{RMS|Laconia|1921|2}} were sunk with heavy loss of life.<ref name=gibbs />

In 1947 Cunard purchased White Star's interest, and by 1949 the company had dropped the White Star name and was renamed "Cunard Line".<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7yvCwAAQBAJ&q=cunard+white+star+1949&pg=PA292 | title=Cunard and the North Atlantic 1840–1973: A History of Shipping and Financial Management| isbn=9781349023905| last1=Hyde| first1=Francis E| date=18 June 1975}}</ref> Also in 1947 the company commissioned five freighters and two [[cargo liner]]s. ''{{RMS|Caronia|1947|2}}'', was completed in 1949 as a permanent cruise liner and ''Aquitania'' was retired the next year.<ref name=gibbs />

===Disruption by airliners, Cunard Eagle and BOAC-Cunard: (1950–1968)===
Cunard was in an especially good position to take advantage of the increase in North Atlantic travel during the 1950s and the Queens were a major generator of US currency for Great Britain. Cunard's slogan, "Getting there is half the fun", was specifically aimed at the tourist trade. Beginning in 1954, Cunard took delivery of four new 22,000-GRT intermediate liners for the Canadian route and the Liverpool–New York route. The last White Star motor ship, ''{{MV|Britannic|1929|2}}'' of 1930, remained in service until 1960.<ref name=graham />

The introduction of jet airliners in 1958 heralded major change for the [[ocean liner]] industry. In 1960 a government-appointed committee recommended the construction of project Q3, a conventional 75,000 GRT liner to replace ''Queen Mary''. Under the plan, the government would lend Cunard the majority of the liner's cost.<ref name=times20>{{cite news |title= 75,000-Ton Vessel to Replace Queen Mary Is Urged in Britain|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 June 1960 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B1EFA3D5C1A728DDDAB0894DE405B808AF1D3&scp=1&sq=75%2C000-ton+vessel+to+replace+Queen+Mary+is+urged+in+Britain&st=p }}</ref> However, some Cunard stockholders questioned the plan at the June 1961 board meeting because transatlantic flights were gaining in popularity.<ref name=times21>{{cite news |title= Queen Mary Plan Draws Protests|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 1961 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D16FC395D1B728DDDAC0994DE405B818AF1D3&scp=1&sq=queen%20mary%20plan%20draws%20protests&st=cse }}</ref> By 1963 the plan had been changed to a dual-purpose 55,000 GRT ship designed to cruise in the off-season.<ref name=times22>{{cite news |first=George |last=Horne |title= Cunard's Decision on New Liner Is Due by Board Meeting in June|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 April 1963|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FA3858137A93CBA9178FD85F478685F9&scp=1&sq=Cunard%27s%20decision%20on%20new%20liner&st=cse }}</ref> The new vessel design was known as Q4.<ref name=times21a>{{cite news |title= Cunard Unveils Scale Model of Its Q4|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 1967 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/05/archives/cunard-unveils-scale-model-of-its-q4.html }}</ref> Ultimately, this ship came into service in 1969 as the 70,300 GRT {{Ship|2=Queen Elizabeth 2|4=2}}.<ref name=graham />

Cunard attempted to address the challenge presented by jet airliners by diversifying its business into air travel. In March 1960, Cunard bought a 60% [[equity stake|shareholding]] in [[British Eagle]], an independent (non-government owned) airline, for £30&nbsp;million, and changed its name to '''Cunard Eagle Airways'''. The support from this new [[shareholder]] enabled Cunard Eagle to become the first British independent airline to operate pure [[jet airliner]]s, as a result of a £6&nbsp;million order for two new [[Boeing 707#707-420|Boeing 707–420]] passenger aircraft.<ref name="707_Order"/> The order had been placed (including an option on a third aircraft) in expectation of being granted traffic rights for transatlantic scheduled services.<ref name="707_Order">{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200673.html |title=Air Commerce |work=Flight International |date=18 May 1961 |page=683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053602/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200673.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200425.html |title=Cunard and "British Eagle |work=Flight International |date=25 March 1960 |page=425}}</ref><ref>''Aeroplane'' – Air Transport ...: "Cunard Eagle Buys Boeings'', Vol. 100, No. 2587, p. 545, Temple Press, London, 18 May 1961</ref><ref>''Fly me, I'm Freddie!'', p. 99</ref> The airline took delivery of its first [[Bristol Britannia]] aircraft on 5 April 1960 (on lease from [[Cubana de Aviación|Cubana]]).<ref name=AW>{{cite journal|title=British Eagle's Whispering Giants|journal=Airliner World|date=February 2015|pages=42–48}}</ref> Cunard hoped to capture a significant share of the 1 million people that crossed the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] by air in 1960. This was the first time more passengers chose to make their [[transatlantic crossing]] by air than sea.<ref>''Airways – B.O.A.C.'s Rolls-Royce Boeing 707s (Cunard Eagle Airways and BOAC-Cunard)'', Vol. 17, No. 2, Iss. 170, p. 38, HPC Publishing, St Leonards-on-Sea, April 2010</ref> In June 1961, Cunard Eagle became the first independent airline in the UK to be awarded a licence by the newly constituted Air Transport Licensing Board (ATLB)<ref name="Eagle_35">''Aircraft'' (Gone but not forgotten... British Eagle), p. 35</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200463.html |title=Britain's New Board – Plain Man's Guide to the Air Transport Licensing Board |work=Flight International |date=13 April 1961 |pages=471–473}}</ref> to operate a scheduled service on the prime Heathrow – New York JFK route, but the licence was revoked in November 1961 after main competitor, state-owned [[BOAC]], appealed to Aviation Minister [[Peter Thorneycroft, Baron Thorneycroft|Peter Thorneycroft]].<ref name="independent_challenge2">{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967%20-%201657.html |title=The Independent Challenge .. |work=Flight International |date=17 August 1967 |page=247}}</ref><ref name="Eagle_34_5">Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten... British Eagle), pp. 34/5</ref><ref name="Victory">{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200895.html |title=Cunard Eagle wins |work=Flight International |date=29 June 1961 |page=907}}</ref><ref name="Debate">{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%201733.html |title=Parliament Debates Civil Aviation |work=Flight International |date=30 November 1961 |page=839}}</ref><ref name="Postscript">{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%201754.html |title=Cunard Eagle Western – Postscript |work=Flight International |date=30 November 1961 |page=860}}</ref><ref name="CunardEagle_jetservices">{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%200503.html |title=Cunard Eagle bounces back |work=Flight International |date=5 April 1962 |page=501}}</ref><ref name="Application_Aims">{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%200047.html |title=Eagle's Application Aims |work=Flight International |date=11 January 1968 |page=49}}</ref><ref name="Competition_Obstacles">{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200409.html |title=Towards a British Aeroflot |work=Flight International |date=12 March 1970 }}</ref><ref name="FlyMe_99_148">''Fly me, I'm Freddie!'', pp. 99, 148</ref> On 5 May 1962, the airline's first 707 inaugurated scheduled jet services from London Heathrow to Bermuda and Nassau. The new jet service – marketed as the ''Cunarder Jet'' in the UK and as the ''Londoner'' in the western hemisphere<ref>''Airways – B.O.A.C.'s Rolls-Royce Boeing 707s (Cunard Eagle Airways and BOAC-Cunard)'', Vol. 17, No. 2, Iss. 170, p. 39, HPC Publishing, St Leonards-on-Sea, April 2010</ref> – replaced the earlier Britannia operation on this route. Cunard Eagle succeeded in extending this service to Miami despite the loss of its original transatlantic scheduled licence and BOAC's claim that there was insufficient traffic to warrant a direct service from the UK. A load factor of 56% was achieved at the outset. Inauguration of the first British through-plane service between London and Miami also helped Cunard Eagle increase utilisation of its 707s.<ref name="CunardEagle_jetservices"/><ref name="CunardEagle_jetinaugural1">{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%200772.html |title=Cunarder Jet Challenge – Eagle Versus Speedbird |work=Flight International |date=17 May 1962 |pages=770/1}}</ref>

[[File:G-ASGC Vickers Super VC10 Srs1151 (cn 853) BOAC. (5662144246) (cropped).jpg|thumb|G-ASGC Vickers Super VC10]]
BOAC countered Eagle's move to establish itself as a full-fledged scheduled transatlantic competitor on its Heathrow–JFK [[flagship#Flagship as metaphor|flagship]] route by forming BOAC-Cunard as a new £30&nbsp;million joint venture with Cunard. BOAC contributed 70% of the new company's capital and eight Boeing 707s. Cunard Eagle's long-haul scheduled operation<ref name="CunardEagle_RouteMap">{{cite web |url=http://www.britisheagle.net/Routes-Maps-CE.htm |title=The Home of Eagle ... – Cunard Eagle Route Map |publisher=britisheagle.net}}</ref> – including the two new 707s – was absorbed into BOAC-Cunard before delivery of the second 707, in June 1962.<ref group=nb>BOAC-Cunard eventually operated a fleet comprising 11 [[Boeing 707#707-420|707-436/465]]s, two [[Boeing 707#707-320C|707-336C]]s and four [[Vickers VC10|Super VC10]]s</ref><ref name="Competition_Obstacles"/><ref name="BOAC_Cunard"/><ref name="HandOver">''Aeroplane – World Transport Affairs: C.E.A. hands over mid-Atlantic service'', Vol. 104, No. 2659, p. 12, Temple Press, London, 4 October 1962</ref><ref>''Airliner Classics (BOAC throughout the 1950s and 1960s – Boeing 707s and Vickers VC-10s)'', Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, July 2012, p. 97</ref> BOAC-Cunard [[aircraft lease|lease]]d any spare aircraft capacity to BOAC to augment the BOAC mainline fleet at peak times. As part of this deal, BOAC-Cunard also bought flying hours from BOAC for using the latter's aircraft in the event of capacity shortfalls. This maximised combined fleet use. The joint fleet use agreement did not cover Cunard Eagle's European scheduled, trooping and charter operations.<ref name="BOAC_Cunard">''Aeroplane – B.O.A.C. buys Cunard off the North Atlantic'', Vol. 103, No. 2643, p. 4, Temple Press, London, 14 June 1962</ref> However, the joint venture was not successful for Cunard and lasted only until 1966, when BOAC bought out Cunard's share.<ref name=times8>{{cite news |first=Granger |last=Blair |title= BOAC buys out Cunard's Share|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 September 1964 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B16FF3C58117B93C4A81782D85F428685F9&scp=1&sq=boac+buys+out+cunard%27s+share&st=p }}</ref> Cunard also sold a majority holding in the remainder of Cunard Eagle back to its founder in 1963.

Within ten years of the introduction of jet airliners in 1958, most of the conventional Atlantic liners were gone. ''Mauretania'' was retired in 1965,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mauretania-ship-1906-1935|title=Mauretania – ship [1906–1935]|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ''Queen Mary'' and ''Caronia'' in 1967, and ''Queen Elizabeth'' in 1968. Two of the new intermediate liners were sold by 1970 and the other two were converted to [[cruise ship]]s.<ref name=graham /> All Cunard ships flew both the Cunard and White Star Line house flags until 4 November 1968, when the last White Star ship, ''[[SS Nomadic (1911)|Nomadic]]'' was withdrawn from service. After this, the White Star flag was no longer flown and all remnants of both White Star Line and Cunard-White Star Line were retired.<ref>{{harvnb|Anderson|1964|p=183}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|de Kerbrech|2009|p=229}}</ref>

===Trafalgar House years: 1971–1998===

[[File:RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 in Trondheim 2008.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'' of 1969 (70,300 GRT) at Trondheim, Norway, in 2008]]

In 1971, when the line was purchased by the conglomerate [[Trafalgar House (company)|Trafalgar House]], Cunard operated cargo and passenger ships, hotels and resorts. Its cargo fleet consisted of 42 ships in service, with 20 on order. The flagship of the passenger fleet was the two-year-old ''Queen Elizabeth 2''. The fleet also included the remaining two intermediate liners from the 1950s, plus two purpose-built cruise ships on order. Trafalgar acquired two additional cruise ships and disposed of the intermediate liners and most of the cargo fleet.<ref>{{cite book | last = Monopolies and Mergers Commission | title = Trafalgar House plc & Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company: A report on the proposed merger | chapter = Appendix 3: Trafalgar House plc: composition of fleet in 1971 and 1983 | year = 1984 | pages = 77–79 | url = http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1984/fulltext/178appendices.pdf | access-date = 17 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025230333/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk//rep_pub/reports/1984/fulltext/178appendices.pdf | archive-date = 25 October 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> During the [[Falklands War]], ''QE2'' and [[MS Cunard Countess|''Cunard Countess'']] were chartered as troopships<ref name=times6>{{cite news |title= A Full Log of Sailings|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 November 1982 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/21/travel/a-full-log-of-sailings.html?scp=1&sq=a%20full%20log%20of%20sailings&st=cse }}</ref> while Cunard's container ship ''[[Atlantic Conveyor]]'' was sunk by an [[Exocet]] missile.<ref name=times3>{{cite news |title= French Missiles En Route to Argentina|work=[[The New York Times]] |date= 19 November 1982 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/19/world/around-the-world-french-missiles-en-route-to-argentina.html?scp=1&sq=french%20missiles%20en%20route%20to%20argentina&st=cse }}</ref>

Cunard acquired the [[Norwegian America Line]] in 1983, with two classic [[ocean liner]]/cruise ships.<ref name=times2>{{cite news |title=Cunard Purchase |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 May 1983 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/12/business/cunard-purchase.html?scp=1&sq=cunard%20purchase&st=cse }}</ref> Also in 1983, the Trafalgar attempted a hostile takeover of [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company|P&O]], another large passenger and cargo shipping line, which was founded three years before Cunard. P&O objected and forced the issue to the British [[Monopolies and Mergers Commission]]. In their filing, P&O was critical of Trafalgar's management of Cunard and their failure to correct ''Queen Elizabeth 2'''s mechanical problems.<ref>{{cite book | last = Monopolies and Mergers Commission | title = Trafalgar House plc & Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company: A report on the proposed merger | year = 1984 | url = http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1984/178traf_house_plc_peni_ori_steam_navigation_comp.htm | access-date = 17 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094145/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk//rep_pub/reports/1984/178traf_house_plc_peni_ori_steam_navigation_comp.htm | archive-date = 3 September 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 1984, the Commission ruled in favour of the merger, but Trafalgar decided against proceeding.<ref name=times15>{{cite news |title=Trafalgar bid for P&O |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 March 1984 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/15/business/trafalgar-bid-for-p-o.html?scp=1&sq=trafalgar+bid+for+p%26o&st=nyt }}</ref> In 1988, Cunard acquired [[Ellerman Lines]] and its small fleet of cargo vessels, organising the business as Cunard-Ellerman, however, only a few years later, Cunard decided to abandon the cargo business and focus solely on cruise ships. Cunard's cargo fleet was sold off between 1989 and 1991, with a single container ship, the second ''Atlantic Conveyor'', remaining under Cunard ownership until 1996. In 1993, Cunard entered into a 10-year agreement to handle marketing, sales and reservations for the [[Crown Cruise Line]], and its three vessels joined the Cunard fleet under the Cunard Crown banner.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iS0DAAAAMBAJ&q=cunard+crown+dynasty&pg=PA28| title=Cruise Travel| last1=Co| first1=Lakeside Publishing| date=November 1993}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1994 Cunard purchased the rights to the name of the [[Royal Viking Line]] and its ''[[Royal Viking Sun]]''. The rest of Royal Viking Line's fleet stayed with the line's owner, [[Norwegian Cruise Line]].<ref name=times14>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=McDowell |title= Cruise lines sail through choppy seas|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 October 1994 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/09/travel/fall-and-winter-cruises-cruise-lines-sail-through-choppy-seas.html?scp=1&sq=cruise%20lines%20sail%20through%20choppy%20seas&st=cse }}</ref>

By the mid-1990s Cunard was ailing. The company was embarrassed in late 1994 when ''Queen Elizabeth 2'' experienced numerous defects during the first voyage of the season because of unfinished renovation work. Claims from passengers cost the company US$13 million. After Cunard reported a US$25 million loss in 1995, Trafalgar assigned a new CEO to the line, who concluded that the company had management issues.

In 1996 the Norwegian conglomerate [[Kværner]] acquired Trafalgar House, and attempted to sell Cunard. When there were no takers, Kværner made substantial investments to turn around the company's tarnished reputation.<ref name=times7>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=McDowell |title=Chief's Strategy for an Ailing Cruise Line |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 August 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/06/business/chief-s-strategy-for-an-ailing-cruse-line.html?scp=1&sq=chief%27s%20strategy%20for%20an%20ailing%20cruise%20line&st=cse }}</ref>

===Carnival: from 1998–present===
[[File:Queen Mary 2 Boston July 2015 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]]'' of 2004 (151,400 GT), docked in [[Boston Harbor]] as part of a tour to mark Cunard's 175th anniversary in 2015]]
In 1998, the cruise line conglomerate [[Carnival Corporation & plc|Carnival Corporation]] acquired 62% of Cunard for US$425&nbsp;million. Coincidently, it was the same percentage that Cunard owned in Cunard-White Star Line<ref name=times9>{{cite news |title= Carnival in $500 million deal to buy Cunard|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 April 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/04/business/company-news-carnival-in-500-million-deal-to-buy-cunard.html?pagewanted=1| url-access  = subscription }}</ref> and the company historian later stated the acquisition was in-part due to the success of [[James Cameron]]’s blockbuster 1997 film, ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krashinsky |first=Susan |date=2012-04-12 |title=White Star name sails on without Titanic |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/white-star-name-sails-on-without-titanic/article4099917/ |access-date=2023-03-29}}</ref> The next year Carnival acquired the remaining 38% and stock for US$205 million.<ref name=times10>{{cite news |title= Carnival to buy remaining share in Cunard|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 October 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/20/business/company-news-carnival-to-buy-remaining-stake-in-cunard-line.html?pagewanted=1| url-access  = subscription }}</ref> Ultimately, Carnival sued Kværner claiming that the ships were in worse condition than represented and Kværner agreed to refund US$50 million to Carnival.<ref name=Butler>{{cite book | last = Butler | first = Daniel Allen | title = The Age of Cunard | publisher = Lighthouse Press | year = 2003 | isbn= 978-1-57785-348-0}}</ref> Each of Carnival's cruise lines is designed to appeal to a different market, and Carnival was interested in rebuilding Cunard as a luxury brand trading on its British traditions. Under the slogan "Advancing Civilization Since 1840", Cunard's advertising campaign sought to emphasise the elegance and mystique of ocean travel.<ref name=times11>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=McDowell |title=Carnival's Cunard cruise line plans to spend 12.5 million to stress a touch of class |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 August 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/19/business/media-business-advertising-carnival-s-cunard-cruise-line-plans-spend-12.5.html?pagewanted=1| url-access  = subscription }}</ref> Only ''Queen Elizabeth 2'' and [[Saga Ruby|''Caronia'']] continued under the Cunard brand and the company began Project ''Queen Mary'' to build a new ocean liner/cruise ship for the transatlantic route.<ref name=times>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Wakin |title=Restoring the Queen's Glamour |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 August 2001 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/19/business/private-sector-restoring-the-queens-glamour.html?scp=1&sq=restoring%20the%20queen%27s%20glamour&st=cse | url-access  = subscription}}</ref>

Following the Carnival acquisition, Cunard Line introduced ''White Star Service'' to ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'' and ''Caronia'', as a reference to the high standards of customer service expected of the company. The term is still today onboard its newer vessels. The company has also created the White Star Academy, an in-house programme for preparing new crew members for the service standards expected on Cunard ships.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.cunard.co.uk/cunard-experience/why-cunard/white-star-service/| title=White Star Service – Cunard Cruise Line |work= Cunard.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://chrisframe.com.au/post/738732637218340864/what-is-cunard-white-star-service| title=What is Cunard's White Star Service? |work= Chris Frame Maritime Historian}}</ref>

By 2001, Carnival was the largest cruise company, followed by [[Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.|Royal Caribbean]] and [[P&O Princess Cruises]], which had recently separated from its parent, P&O. When Royal Caribbean and P&O Princess agreed to merge, Carnival countered with a hostile takeover bid for P&O Princess. Carnival rejected the idea of selling Cunard to resolve antitrust issues with the acquisition.<ref name=times16>{{cite news |title=Carnival may sell unit to complete takeover |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 May 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/28/business/carnival-may-sell-unit-to-complete-takeover.html?pagewanted=1| url-access  = subscription }}</ref> European and US regulators approved the merger without requiring Cunard's sale.<ref name=times17>{{cite news |first=Suzanne |last=Kapner |title= End is seen in long battle for cruise line|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-access  = subscription |date=25 October 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/25/business/end-is-seen-to-long-battle-for-cruise-line.html?scp=2&sq=end%20is%20near%20in%20long%20battle%20for%20cruise%20line&st=cse }}</ref> After the merger was completed, Carnival moved Cunard's headquarters to the offices of Princess Cruises in [[Santa Clarita, California]], so that administrative, financial and technology services could be combined.<ref name=times12>{{cite news |title=Carnival to move Cunard line's operations to California |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 July 2004 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/17/business/company-news-carnival-to-move-cunard-line-s-operations-to-california.html?pagewanted=1| url-access  = subscription }}</ref>

[[Carnival House]] opened in Southampton in 2009,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/4501646.Opening_of_landmark_city_base_for_Carnival_UK/ |title=Carnival UK moves into new Southampton headquarters |author=Keith Hamilton |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=27 August 2010}}</ref> and executive control of Cunard Line transferred from Carnival Corporation in the United States, to [[Carnival UK]], the primary operating company of Carnival plc. As the UK-listed holding company of the group, Carnival plc had executive control of all Carnival Group activities in the UK, with the headquarters of all UK-based brands, including Cunard, in offices at Carnival House.

In 2004, the 36-year-old ''QE2'' was replaced on the North Atlantic by the ocean liner RMS [[RMS Queen Mary 2|''Queen Mary 2'']]. ''Caronia'' was sold and ''Queen Elizabeth 2'' continued to cruise until she was retired in 2008. In 2007 Cunard added [[MS Queen Victoria|''Queen Victoria'']], a cruise ship of the [[Vista-class cruise ship (2002)|Vista class]] originally designed for [[Holland America Line]]. To reinforce Cunard traditions, ''Queen Victoria'' has a small museum on board. Cunard commissioned a second Vista class cruise ship, [[MS Queen Elizabeth|''Queen Elizabeth'']], in 2010.<ref name=times4>{{cite news |first=Fernanda |last=Santos |title=Three Seafaring Queens Spend a Day in New York |work=[[The New York Times]] |date= 4 January 2008 }}</ref>

In 2010, Cunard appointed its first female commander, Captain Inger Klein Olsen.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Queen Elizabeth: Cunard liner returns for celebrations|work=BBC News|date=2 July 2016|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-36687644|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> In 2011, Cunard changed the vessel registry of all three of its ships in service to [[Hamilton, Bermuda]],<ref name="registry" /> the first time in the 171-year history of the company that it had no ships registered in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/28/cunard-leaves-britain-bermuda | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Terry | last=MacAlister | title=Cunard waves goodbye to Britannia after 170 years | date=28 October 2011}}</ref> The captains of ships registered in Bermuda can marry couples at sea, whereas those of UK-registered ships cannot, and weddings at sea are a lucrative market.<ref name="registry" />

On 25 May 2015, the three Cunard ships – ''Queen Mary 2'', ''Queen Elizabeth'' and ''Queen Victoria'' – sailed up the Mersey into Liverpool to commemorate the 175th anniversary of Cunard. The ships performed manoeuvres, including 180-degree turns, as the [[Red Arrows]] performed a fly-past.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-32836087|title=Cunard liners mark 175th anniversary in Liverpool|work=BBC News|date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Just over a year later ''Queen Elizabeth'' returned to Liverpool under Captain Olsen to take part in the celebrations of the centenary of the Cunard Building on 2 June 2016.<ref name="BBC" /> 

In September 2017, Cunard announced a fourth ship was ordered for the fleet. It would be a modified hull platform of Holland America's Pinnacle class [[MS Koningsdam|''Koningsdam'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stieghorst |first=Tom |date=September 25, 2017 |title=Cunard getting new ship |url=https://www.travelweekly.com/Cruise-Travel/Cunard-getting-new-ship}}</ref> The ship was original supposed to be delivered in 2022, but would eventually be pushed back 2 years.

At the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020, Cunard cut short three world-cruises, with the passengers being flown home.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-16 |title=Coronavirus: Cunard ends its three world cruises |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-51904969 |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref>

The White Star Line flag is raised on all current Cunard ships and the ''Nomadic'' every 15 April in memory of the ''Titanic'' disaster.<ref>{{cite news
| last        = Krachinsky
| first       = Susan
| date        = 12 April 2012
| title       = White Star name sails on without Titanic
| url         = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/white-star-name-sails-on-without-titanic/article4099917/
| url-access  = subscription
| work        = The Globe and Mail
| location    = Toronto, Ontario
| access-date = 14 August 2021
}}</ref>

The new ship ''Queen Anne'' was delivered to Cunard on 19 April 2024, the first new ship for the line in over 14 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fincantieri Delivers Cunard Line’s First New Cruise Ship in 14 Years |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/fincantieri-delivers-cunard-line-s-first-new-cruise-ship-in-14-years |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref> She arrived in Southampton on 30 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Cunard Queen Anne cruise ship arrives in Southampton |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-68921943 |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The ship departed on her maiden cruise from Southampton to the Canary Islands on 3 May 2024, and she will be officially named in [[Liverpool]] in June.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-05 |title=Liverpool to host new Cunard ship naming ceremony |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-68203622 |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Fleet==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:Center;"
|-
!Ship
!Delivered
!In service for Cunard
!Shipyard
!Type
!Gross tonnage
!Flag
!Christened By
!Image
|-
|{{RMS|Queen Mary 2|3=2}}
|2003
|2004-present
|[[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]], St Nazaire, [[France]]
|Ocean liner
|{{GT|149,215}}
|{{flag|Bermuda}}
|[[Elizabeth II]]
|[[File:Queen Mary 2 Boston July 2015 01 (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|{{MS|Queen Victoria|3=2}}
|2007
|2007–present
|[[Fincantieri]] Marghera Shipyard, [[Italy]]
|Cruise ship
|{{GT|90,746}}
|{{flag|Bermuda}}
|[[Queen Camilla|Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]]
|[[File:Queen Victoria, Leaving Southampton (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1819858.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|{{MS|Queen Elizabeth|3=2}}
|2010
|2010–present
|[[Fincantieri]] [[Monfalcone]] Shipyard, [[Italy]]
|Cruise ship
|{{GT|90,901}}
|{{flag|Bermuda}}
|[[Elizabeth II]]
|[[File:Hamilton Bermuda' Queen Elizabeth arriving Port of Tallinn 10 June 2012.JPG|center|frameless]]
|-
| style="text-align:Center;"|''[[MS Queen Anne|Queen Anne]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/26750-cunard-announces-new-cruise-ship-queen-anne.html|title= Cunard Announces New Cruise Ship Queen Anne |website=cruiseindustrynews |date= 8 February 2022 |publisher=cruiseindustrynews |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>
|style="text-align:Center;"| 2024<ref>[https://cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/2024/04/cunard-officially-welcomes-queen-anne-with-ceremony-at-fincantieri-shipyard/ Cunard Officially Welcomes Queen Anne with Ceremony at Fincantieri Shipyard]</ref>
|style="text-align:Center;"| 2024-present
|[[Fincantieri]] Marghera Shipyard, [[Italy]]<ref>{{cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Steel Cut for New Cunard Line Ship |url=https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/21710-steel-cut-for-new-cunard-line-ship.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Cruise Industry News}}</ref>
| style="text-align:Center;" | Cruise ship
| style="text-align:Center;" |  {{GT|114,188}}
|{{flag|Bermuda}}
|Ngunan Adamu, Natalie Haywood, [[Jayne Casey]], [[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]] and [[Melanie C]]<ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2024 |title=Thousands watch as Cunard’s Queen Anne named |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cyxxpnxkpepo |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=BBC News}}</ref>
|[[File:Ms queen anne southampton.JPG|frameless]]
|} 
===Former fleet===
{{main|List of Cunard Line ships}}

The Cunard line has operated numerous ships during its long history.

==Cunard Hotels==
After Trafalgar House bought the company in 1971, Cunard operated the former company's existing hotels as Cunard-Trafalgar Hotels. In the 1980s, the chain was restyled as Cunard Hotels & Resorts, before folding in 1995.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Hotel !! Location !! Managed by Cunard !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| London International Hotel || London, England || style="text-align:Center;"| 1971–1977<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/FinancialTimes1977UKEnglish|title=Financial Times, 1977, UK, English|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> || Today London Marriott Hotel Kensington
|-
| Hotel Bristol, later Cunard Hotel Bristol || London, England || style="text-align:Center;"| 1971–1984 || Today Holiday Inn London Mayfair (closed)
|-
| Cunard Paradise Beach Hotel & Club || [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]] || style="text-align:Center;"| 1971<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOcCAAAAMBAJ&q=cunard+%22paradise+beach%22+1972&pg=PA76 | title=New York Magazine| last1=New York Media| first1=LLC| date=12 June 1972}}</ref>–1992<ref>{{cite web|url=https://suntci.com/butch-stewart-to-own-and-operate-two-hotels-in-barbados-p1103-106.htm|title=BUTCH STEWART TO OWN AND OPERATE TWO HOTELS IN BARBADOS|website=suntci.com}}</ref> || Closed since 1992
|-
| Cobblers Cove Hotel || [[Speightstown]], [[Barbados]] || style="text-align:Center;"| 1971<ref name="books.google.com"/>–1975 || 
|-
| Montego Beach Hotel || [[Montego Bay]], [[Jamaica]] || style="text-align:Center;"| 1972<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVrHO-bXR60C&q=cunard+%22la+toc%22+1973&pg=PA19 | title=Black Enterprise| last1=Earl g. Graves| first1=Ltd| date=May 1973}}</ref>–1975<ref>[http://www.nlj.gov.jm/MinistryPapers/1976/2.pdf Acquisition of Montego].</ref> || 
|-
| Cunard Hotel La Toc & La Toc Suites || [[Castries]], [[St. Lucia]] || style="text-align:Center;"| 1972<ref>[https://cdn.sandals.com/applications/tas/commonForms/Sandals_LaToc_Golf_Club_.pdf Sandals Regency La Toc Golf Club].</ref>–1992<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/01/travel/winter-in-the-sun-carribean-resorts-the-high-points.html|title=WINTER IN THE SUN; Caribbean Resorts: The High Points |first=Stanley |last=Carr |date=1 November 1992|work=The New York Times}}</ref> || Today Sandals Regency La Toc
|-
| Cunard International Hotel || London, England || style="text-align:Center;"| 1973<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAkEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22cunard+international+hotel%22+london+1973&pg=PA3 | title=Billboard| date=26 December 1974}}</ref>–1984<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/145990172/|title=Asbury Park Press from Asbury Park, New Jersey on June 10, 1984 · Page 181|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> || Today Novotel London West Hotel
|-
| Cambridgeshire Hotel || [[Cambridge]], England || style="text-align:Center;"| 1974–1985 || Today Cambridge Bar Hill Hotel
|-
| [[The Ritz Hotel, London|The Ritz Hotel]], London || London, England || style="text-align:Center;"| 1976<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/27/archives/london-ritz-is-sold-new-owners-pledge-to-retain-elegance.html|title=London Ritz Is Sold; New Owners Pledge To Retain Elegance|date=27 March 1976|work=The New York Times}}</ref>–1995<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/ailing-trafalgar-sells-the-ritz-1576397.html|title=Ailing Trafalgar sells the Ritz|date=7 October 1995|website=The Independent}}</ref> || Now owned by the Ellerman Group
|-
| [[The Stafford]] || London, England || style="text-align:Center;"| 1985–1995<ref name="redcarnationhotels.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.redcarnationhotels.com/about/our-people/terry-holmes?sc_lang=en|title=Terry Holmes – Executive Director, The Red Carnation Hotel Collection|publisher=Red Carnation Hotels|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209122223/https://www.redcarnationhotels.com/about/our-people/terry-holmes?sc_lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 
|-
| [[Watergate complex#The Watergate Hotel|The Watergate Hotel]] || Washington, D.C. || style="text-align:Center;"| 1986–1990 || 
|-
| [[Dukes Hotel]] || London, England || style="text-align:Center;"| 1988<ref name="redcarnationhotels.com"/>–1994<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecaterer.com/articles/6892/change-at-dukes-is-modernisation|title=Change at Dukes 'is modernisation'|date=2 June 1994|website=thecarterer.com|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> || 
|-
| Hotel Atop the Bellevue || [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania || style="text-align:Center;"| 1989–1993 || Today [[The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel|The Bellevue Hotel]]
|-
| Cunard's Plaza Club || New York City || style="text-align:Center;"| 1989–1989|| concierge floors of the [[Plaza Hotel]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Transport|Companies}}
* [[Cunard Building (New York City)]]
* [[Cunard Yanks]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Roy Claude|title=White Star|location=Prescot|publisher=T. Stephenson & Sons Ltd|year=1964|oclc=3134809}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bombail|first1=Marc-Antoine|last2=Gallagher|first2=Michael|title=Cunard: The Fleet Book|date=2017|publisher=Ferry Publications|location=Ramsey, Isle of Man|isbn=9781911268062}}
* {{cite book|last=de Kerbrech|first=Richard P.|title=Ships of the White Star Line|location=Hersham|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7110-3366-5|oclc=298597975}}
* Fowler Jr., William M. ''Steam Titans: Cunard, Collins, and the Epic Battle for Commerce on the North Atlantic'' (London: Bloomsbury), 2017. 358 pp
* Hyde, Francis E. ''Cunard and the North Atlantic'' (London: Macmillan), 1975. ISBN 978-1-349-02392-9.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://chriscunard.com/ Cunard History Website on Chriscunard.com]
* [https://www.facebook.com/RMSQueenMary2 Official 'Queen Mary 2' Fan Page]
* [https://www.ggarchives.com/OceanTravel/SteamshipLines/CunardLine.html Cunard Line Ephemera 1880-2004] GG Archives
* [http://www.lastoceanliners.com/cgi/lolline.pl?CUN The Last Ocean Liners – Cunard Line] – trade routes and ships of the Cunard Line since the 1950s
* [http://www.charlesfreemandesign.com/curator-intro Curator Intro] Cunard Sesquicentennial Exhibition – 150 Transatlantic Years – The Ocean Liner Museum, New York
* {{PM20|FID=co/005571|TEXT=Documents and clippings about the|NAME=}}
* [http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/cunard.shtml TheShips List]

{{Members of the Carnival Corporation}}
{{Cunard ships}}
{{Tourism in the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cunard Line| ]]
[[Category:1840 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1998 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1840]]
[[Category:Carnival Corporation & plc]]
[[Category:Companies based in Southampton]]
[[Category:Cruise lines]]
[[Category:Cunard family]]
[[Category:History of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Packet trade]]
[[Category:Shipping companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Transatlantic shipping companies]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1840]]
[[Category:Travel and holiday companies of the United Kingdom]]