Syncytin-1
Template:PBB HERV-W_7q21.2 provirus ancestral Env polyprotein also known as syncytin or enverin, is a protein encoded by an endogenous viral element.[1] In humans, the syncytin gene is called ERVWE1.[2][3][4]
Function
Syncytins are genes encoding proteins derived from the envelope protein of endogenous retroviral elements that have been captured and domesticated on multiple occasions and independently in diverse mammalian species.[5] Gene knockout of syncytin genes in mice provides evidence for their absolute requirement for placenta development and embryo survival.
The human ERVWE1 locus is derived from a human endogenous retrovirus-W (HERV-W) provirus located on chromosome 7. This provirus has inactivating mutations in the gag and pol genes, but the envelope glycoprotein gene has been selectively preserved. The product of this gene, syncytin, is expressed in the placental syncytiotrophoblast and is involved in fusion of the cytotrophoblast cells to form the syncytial layer of the placenta. The protein has the characteristics of a typical retroviral envelope protein, including a furin cleavage site that separates the surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) proteins which form a heterodimer.[4]
Clinical significance
Mutations in the ERVWE1 gene have been associated with multiple sclerosis[6] and schizophrenia.[7]
References
- ^ Perot P, Bolze PA, Mallet F. (2012) From Viruses to Genes: Syncytins. In: Witzany G (ed). Viruses: Essential Agents of Life, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 325-361.
- ^ Alliel PM, Périn JP, Pierig R, Nussbaum JL, Ménard A, Rieger F (Oct 1998). "Endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis. II. HERV-7q". Comptes Rendus De L'Académie Des Sciences. Série III, Sciences De La Vie. 321 (10): 857–63. doi:10.1016/S0764-4469(99)80026-2. PMID 9835022.
- ^ Blond JL, Besème F, Duret L, Bouton O, Bedin F, Perron H, Mandrand B, Mallet F (Feb 1999). "Molecular characterization and placental expression of HERV-W, a new human endogenous retrovirus family". Journal of Virology. 73 (2): 1175–85. PMC 103938. PMID 9882319.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: ERVWE1 endogenous retroviral family W, env(C7), member 1 (syncytin)".
- ^ Lavialle C, Cornelis G, Dupressoir A, Esnault C, Heidmann O, Vernochet C, Heidmann T (Sep 2013). "Paleovirology of 'syncytins', retroviral env genes exapted for a role in placentation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 368 (1626): 20120507. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0507. PMID 23938756.
- ^ Laufer G, Mayer J, Mueller BF, Mueller-Lantzsch N, Ruprecht K (2009). "Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences". Retrovirology. 6: 37. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-37. PMC 2672075. PMID 19368703.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Karlsson H, Schröder J, Bachmann S, Bottmer C, Yolken RH (Jan 2004). "HERV-W-related RNA detected in plasma from individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder". Molecular Psychiatry. 9 (1): 12–3. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001439. PMID 14571258.
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Further reading
- Muir A, Lever A, Moffett A (Apr 2004). "Expression and functions of human endogenous retroviruses in the placenta: an update". Placenta. 25 Suppl A: S16-25. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.012. PMID 15033302.
- Voisset C, Blancher A, Perron H, Mandrand B, Mallet F, Paranhos-Baccalà G (Nov 1999). "Phylogeny of a novel family of human endogenous retrovirus sequences, HERV-W, in humans and other primates". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 15 (17): 1529–33. doi:10.1089/088922299309810. PMID 10580403.
- Mi S, Lee X, Li X, Veldman GM, Finnerty H, Racie L, LaVallie E, Tang XY, Edouard P, Howes S, Keith JC, McCoy JM (Feb 2000). "Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis". Nature. 403 (6771): 785–9. doi:10.1038/35001608. PMID 10693809.
- Blond JL, Lavillette D, Cheynet V, Bouton O, Oriol G, Chapel-Fernandes S, Mandrand B, Mallet F, Cosset FL (Apr 2000). "An envelope glycoprotein of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W is expressed in the human placenta and fuses cells expressing the type D mammalian retrovirus receptor". Journal of Virology. 74 (7): 3321–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.7.3321-3329.2000. PMC 111833. PMID 10708449.
- Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, Briones MR, Nagai MA, da Silva W, Zago MA, Bordin S, Costa FF, Goldman GH, Carvalho AF, Matsukuma A, Baia GS, Simpson DH, Brunstein A, de Oliveira PS, Bucher P, Jongeneel CV, O'Hare MJ, Soares F, Brentani RR, Reis LF, de Souza SJ, Simpson AJ (Mar 2000). "Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (7): 3491–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491. PMC 16267. PMID 10737800.
- Voisset C, Bouton O, Bedin F, Duret L, Mandrand B, Mallet F, Paranhos-Baccala G (May 2000). "Chromosomal distribution and coding capacity of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 16 (8): 731–40. doi:10.1089/088922200308738. PMID 10826480.
- An DS, Chen IS (Apr 2001). "Envelope gene of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W encodes a functional retrovirus envelope". Journal of Virology. 75 (7): 3488–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.7.3488-3489.2001. PMC 114144. PMID 11238877.
- Kim HS, Lee WH (May 2001). "Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family: chromosomal localization, identification, and phylogeny". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 17 (7): 643–8. doi:10.1089/088922201300119752. PMID 11375061.
- Perron H, Jouvin-Marche E, Michel M, Ounanian-Paraz A, Camelo S, Dumon A, Jolivet-Reynaud C, Marcel F, Souillet Y, Borel E, Gebuhrer L, Santoro L, Marcel S, Seigneurin JM, Marche PN, Lafon M (Sep 2001). "Multiple sclerosis retrovirus particles and recombinant envelope trigger an abnormal immune response in vitro, by inducing polyclonal Vbeta16 T-lymphocyte activation". Virology. 287 (2): 321–32. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1045. PMID 11531410.
- Knerr I, Beinder E, Rascher W (Feb 2002). "Syncytin, a novel human endogenous retroviral gene in human placenta: evidence for its dysregulation in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 186 (2): 210–3. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.119636. PMID 11854637.
- Alliel PM, Périn JP, Goudou D, Bitoun M, Robert B, Rieger F (Mar 2002). "The HERV-W/7q family in the human genome. Potential for protein expression and gene regulation". Cellular and Molecular Biology. 48 (2): 213–7. PMID 11990458.
- Lavillette D, Marin M, Ruggieri A, Mallet F, Cosset FL, Kabat D (Jul 2002). "The envelope glycoprotein of human endogenous retrovirus type W uses a divergent family of amino acid transporters/cell surface receptors". Journal of Virology. 76 (13): 6442–52. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.13.6442-6452.2002. PMC 136247. PMID 12050356.
- Kudo Y, Boyd CA (Aug 2002). "Changes in expression and function of syncytin and its receptor, amino acid transport system B(0) (ASCT2), in human placental choriocarcinoma BeWo cells during syncytialization". Placenta. 23 (7): 536–41. doi:10.1053/plac.2002.0839. PMID 12175968.
- Yu C, Shen K, Lin M, Chen P, Lin C, Chang GD, Chen H (Dec 2002). "GCMa regulates the syncytin-mediated trophoblastic fusion". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (51): 50062–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209316200. PMID 12397062.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Smallwood A, Papageorghiou A, Nicolaides K, Alley MK, Jim A, Nargund G, Ojha K, Campbell S, Banerjee S (Jul 2003). "Temporal regulation of the expression of syncytin (HERV-W), maternally imprinted PEG10, and SGCE in human placenta". Biology of Reproduction. 69 (1): 286–93. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.102.013078. PMID 12620933.
- Ponferrada VG, Mauck BS, Wooley DP (Apr 2003). "The envelope glycoprotein of human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W induces cellular resistance to spleen necrosis virus". Archives of Virology. 148 (4): 659–75. doi:10.1007/s00705-002-0960-x. PMID 12664292.
- Frendo JL, Olivier D, Cheynet V, Blond JL, Bouton O, Vidaud M, Rabreau M, Evain-Brion D, Mallet F (May 2003). "Direct involvement of HERV-W Env glycoprotein in human trophoblast cell fusion and differentiation". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (10): 3566–74. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.10.3566-3574.2003. PMC 164757. PMID 12724415.
- Kudo Y, Boyd CA, Sargent IL, Redman CW (May 2003). "Hypoxia alters expression and function of syncytin and its receptor during trophoblast cell fusion of human placental BeWo cells: implications for impaired trophoblast syncytialisation in pre-eclampsia". Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1638 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(03)00043-7. PMID 12757936.