E (Mongolic)

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E is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.[1]: 549–551 

Mongolian language[edit]

Look up ᠡ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main articles: Mongolian script, Mongolian writing systems, and Mongolian language
E
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
ᠠ​
a
ᠡ​
e
ᠢ​
i
ᠣ​
o
ᠤ​
u
ᠥ​
ö
ᠦ​
ü
ᠧ​
(ē)
Mongolian consonants
ᠨ​
n
ᠩ​
ng
ᠪ​
b
ᠫ​
(p)
ᠬ​
q/k
ᠭ​
γ/g
ᠮ​
m
ᠯ​
l
ᠰ​
s
ᠱ​
š
ᠲ​
t
ᠳ​
d
ᠴ​
č
ᠵ​
ǰ
ᠶ​
y
ᠷ​
r
ᠸ​
(w)
Foreign consonants
Letter[2]: 17, 18–19 [3]: 546 
‑e e Transliteration[note 1]
— ᠡ[a] Alone
[b]
ᠡ‍ Initial
‍ᠡ‍ Medial
‍ᠡ Connected final
᠎ᠡ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ — Separated final
Ligatures[2]: 22–23, 24–25 [3]: 546 
be pe ke, ge Transliteration
ᠪᠡ[c] ᠫᠡ ᠬᠡ[d] Alone
ᠪᠡ‍ ᠫᠡ‍ ᠬᠡ‍ Initial
‍ᠪᠡ‍ ‍ᠫᠡ‍ ‍ᠬᠡ‍ Medial
‍ᠪᠡ ‍ᠫᠡ ‍ᠬᠡ Final
Separated suffixes[note 2]
‑e Transliteration
 ᠡ‍ Initial
 ᠡ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ Whole
  • Transcribes Chakhar /ə/;[8][9] Khalkha /i/, /e/, /ə/, and /∅/.[10]: 40–42  Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter э.[11][4]
  • Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (a) and its effect on the shape of a word's consonants (q/k and γ/g), or position in syllable sequence (n, ng, d).[12]
  • The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, k, and g), and to the right in all other cases.
  • ᠡ᠋‍ = a traditional initial form.[13]: 6 
  • Derived from Old Uyghur aleph (𐽰).[3]: 539–540, 545–546 [14]: 111, 113 [15]: 35 
  • Produced with E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[16]
  • In the Mongolian Unicode block, e comes after a and before i.

Ee[edit]

Look up ᠧ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Letter[15]: 38–39 
ē (é) Transliteration[note 3]
ᠧ Alone
ᠧ‍ Initial
‍ᠧ‍ Medial
‍ᠧ Final
Example ligatures
fē gē kē Transliteration
ᠹᠧ ᠺᠧ ᠻᠧ Alone
ᠹᠧ‍ ᠺᠧ‍ ᠻᠧ‍ Initial
‍ᠹᠧ‍ ‍ᠺᠧ‍ ‍ᠻᠧ‍ Medial
‍ᠹᠧ ‍ᠺᠧ ‍ᠻᠧ Final
  • Stands in for e in loanwords,[15]: 38 [9] such as in ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ēüropa (Европ Yevrop).[11]: 48 [17] Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter е.[11][4]
  • Indistinguishable from w, except when inferred by its placement: typically between consonants.[15]: 38 
  • Ultimately derived from Old Uyghur bet (𐽱).[15]: 38 [3]: 539–540, 545–546 [14]: 111, 113 
  • Produced with ⇧ Shift+E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[16]
  • In the Mongolian Unicode block, ē comes after ü and before n.

Clear Script[edit]

Look up ᡄ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main article: Clear Script

Xibe language[edit]

Look up ᡝ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main article: Xibe language § Alphabet

Manchu language[edit]

Look up ᡝ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main article: Manchu alphabet

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö), or interjection ᠡ e (ээ ee) 'oh!'.[6]: 1, 284 
  2. ^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö).[6]: 1 
  3. ^ As in ᠪᠠ ba (ба ba) 'and'.[6]: 64 [2]: 22 
  4. ^ As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.[6]: 438, 442 
  1. ^ Scholarly transliteration.[4]
  2. ^ Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter e include:  ᠡ⟨?⟩ ‑e (vocative or dative-locative),  ᠡᠴᠡ ‑eče (ablative), and  ᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‑ečegen (reflexive+ablative).[7]
  3. ^ Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  2. ^ a b c Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
  4. ^ a b c d "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
  5. ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  6. ^ a b c d Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii  as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[5]
  7. ^ "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.
  8. ^ "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  9. ^ a b "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  10. ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
  11. ^ a b c Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
  12. ^ Viklund, Andreas. "Lingua Mongolia - Mongolian Grammar Reference". Lingua Mongolia. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  13. ^ "Retrieval in Texts with Traditional Mongolian Script Realizing Unicoded Traditional Mongolian Digital Library (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  14. ^ a b Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
  15. ^ a b c d e Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
  16. ^ a b jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  17. ^ "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
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