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Egypt–Ethiopia relations

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Egyptian-Ethiopian relations
Map indicating locations of Egypt and Ethiopia

Egypt
Ethiopia

Egypt–Ethiopia relations are the bilateral relations between the governments of Egypt and Ethiopia. Both countries established diplomatic ties in 1927 to be the oldest on the African continent and one of the oldest in the world.[1] They are both members of the African Union, Nile Basin Initiative and share a relation of special nature due to their crucial roles in vital issues such as the Nile water file and the interest both share on establishing security in the Horn of Africa region by combating terrorism and piracy.[1] In 2021, Ethiopia closed its embassy in Cairo due to financial reasons.[2] In November 2022, Ethiopia reopened its embassy in Cairo.[3] Currently, the relationship is extremely tense because of the GERD issue, and Egyptian troops & weapons have been stationed in Somalia, angering Ethiopia. Egypt, for its part, is angry about Ethiopia's unilateral fillings of the dam. Both countries have lodged complaints before the UN on this issue.

History

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Main article: Land of Punt

The first contact between the two people dates back nearly seven thousand years ago when the ancient Egyptians launched their earliest recorded expedition to the Land of Punt under Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty although Punt gold dates back to even earlier times during the rule of King Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty. Ancient Egyptians called this place Ta netjer (The Gods' Land) and viewed it as a mysterious and unknown land of great fortune. They frequently engaged in trade expeditions with their partners in Punt where they acquired gold, incense, ebony, ivory, slaves, exotic animals and skins.[4]

Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty attempted to modernize and form an Egyptian empire, engaging in many wars, against the Ottomans, the Sudanese and others. In the 1870s, Egypt invaded Ethiopia resulting in an Ethiopian victory in the resulting Hewett Treaty.

Relations eventually cooled down, and in 1905, Ethiopia first bank was founded in Cairo. During the Second Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Egyptians sympathized with Ethiopia. The Egyptian Red Cross was sent to Ethiopia, while Egyptians denounced the Italian invasion.[5][6][7][8][9]

“With His Foot, Mussolini Is Crushing the Dove of Peace.” Al- Musawwar, Sept. 6, 1935, front page.

After World War II, where Egypt and Ethiopia fought for the Allies, Egypt and Ethiopia were founding members of the United Nations. After the 1952 Egyptian revolution, Egypt's pro-British monarchy was replaced with a military junta, eventually consolidating under Gamal Abdel Nasser. As Afrians nations that suffered under colonialism, revolutionary anti-colonialism post World War II led to both states attending the Bandung Conference, a meeting from newly independent African and Asian states. Ethiopia and Egypt were founding members of the Organization of African Unity in 1963. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie visited Cairo in 1959 and 1970.[10][11]

Two major events in these countries led to a major deterioration in relations. The Ethiopian Revolution overthrow the Selassie government and replaced it with a socialist government ruled by the DERG, and the Corrective Revolution in Egypt, a period of anti-Nasserist purges and the change in Egyptian foreign policy towards the West during the Cold War led by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. Egypt joined the Safari Club, a clandestine network of anti-communist intelligence services during the Cold War. Egypt covertly supported Somalia during the Ogaden War, a war between Somalia and Ethiopia over the Ogaden region.[12][13][14][15]

Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak, sought to repair ties with Ethiopia. Egypt promises neutrality in the Ethiopian civil war[16]

Relations between the two countries began to become strained after the military alliance between Egypt and Somalia. [17] [18]

Religious relations

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Religion plays a crucial role in bringing the two countries closer as the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was under the administration of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959, when it was appointed its own Patriarch by the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa, Cyril VI. Ethiopian Muslims are also closely attached to Al-Azhar in Cairo, where they have their own column to study under, named Al-Jabarta Column, under which numerous scholars studied such as Shaykh Abdurahman al-Jabarti.[19][20]

Economic relations

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In 1905, the National Bank of Egypt helped establish Ethiopia's first ever bank, “The Bank of Abyssinia” which operated as an affiliate of the NBE, it received a 50-year monopoly and was the Ethiopian government's fiscal agent as well as the sole issuer of notes and was responsible for collecting deposits and granting loans as well as trading in gold and silver, stockpiling staple commodities and investments.[19][21][22][23] In a sense, it operated as both a central and a commercial bank until 1930 when it was handed over to the Ethiopian government after Haile Selassie's ascension to the throne who could not accept that the country's issuing bank was foreign-owned. A new government-controlled bank, the Bank of Ethiopia, was installed in 1931 and kept management and almost all staff, premises and clients of the old bank until the Italian invasion in 1936 when it was liquidated.[23]

Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt in Addis Ababa for the Organisation of African Unity summit

Today, there are over 72 Egyptian investments projects in Ethiopia in the fields of agriculture, livestock production, industry, tourism and real estate. Another project under implementation is an Egyptian industrial zone in the city of Adama, about 90 km from the capital Addis Ababa. Also, the Arab Contractors company opened an office in the country.[24] Below is statistical data showing the significant development of trade between the two countries between 2007 and 2009 in million US dollars of value:

Statement/Year 2007 2008 2009
Egyptian exports to Ethiopia 87.4 93.2 129.2
Egyptian imports from Ethiopia 7.5 13.4 16.9
Volume of Trade 94.9 106.6 146.1
Trade Balance 79.9 79.8 112.3
Source: Ethiopian Customs Authority[24]

Nile water

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Main articles: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Nile § Water sharing dispute

Ethiopia accused Egypt with 1929, a British-sponsored treaty between Egypt and some Nile basin colonies, without the participation of Ethiopia, awarded Egypt the right to veto any project that it deems threatening to its water share.[25] More recently, Ethiopia announced the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) project, claiming that would allow it to better exploit its water resources, rejecting the old treaty and stressing that it wasn't a member back then. According to the Egyptian authorities, the dam, if built, would become existential threat to 100 million Egyptians.[26]

Sameh Shoukry, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Egypt, has also complained about even though Cairo initiated and engaged in painstaking negotiations on the dam to reach a fair and just agreement, those efforts “came to naught”. Indeed, throughout negotiations, Egypt faced an unjustifiable campaign of unfounded claims that Cairo sought to bind parties to agreements from the “dark era of colonialism”, emphasizing that every Nile-related treaty Ethiopia has concluded was signed by its Government and as an independent State, including one involving the Emperor of Abyssinia in 1902 prohibiting construction of any waterworks across the Blue Nile that would affect the river's natural flow.[27]

Ethiopia turned down several requests from Egypt and Sudan to negotiate a binding agreement, furthering tensions between the two countries.[28] The resulting dispute over the GERD has soured recent relations, with Egypt threatening war over Ethiopia.[29][30][31][32]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b "Egyptian-Ethiopian relations". State Information Service.
  2. ^ "Ethiopia closes its embassy in Cairo 'temporarily' for 'financial reasons'". EgyptToday. 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  3. ^ Sisi receives credentials of new Ethiopian ambassador to Egypt
  4. ^ Munro-Hay 2002, pp. 18
  5. ^ Holbert, Quentin Colin (2019-06-04). "Regional Influences on the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1938". doi:10.11575/PRISM/36625. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Gershoni, Israel (21 October 2009). Confronting Fascism in Egypt : Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s. ISBN 978-0-8047-7255-6. OCLC 1178768925.
  7. ^ الوفد. "مصر حاربت مع أثيوبيا ضد الاحتلال الإيطالي". الوفد (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  8. ^ Erlich, Haggai (1994). "Haile Sellassie and the Arabs, 1935-1936". Northeast African Studies. 1 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1353/nas.1994.0005. ISSN 0740-9133. JSTOR 41932035. S2CID 144389379.
  9. ^ Erlich, Haggai (2000). "Identity and Church: Ethiopian - Egyptian Dialogue, 1924-59". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 32 (1): 23–46. doi:10.1017/S0020743800021036. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 259534. S2CID 162416586.
  10. ^ Times, Special to The New York (1959-05-25). "SELASSIE TO VISIT CAIRO; Ethiopian Ruler to Be Guest of Nasser June 24–29". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  11. ^ SYND 06/06/70 HAILE SELASSIE GREETED BY NASSER, retrieved 2023-02-27
  12. ^ "Somalia-Ethiopia war forced Kenya and Iran to sever ties". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  13. ^ Bronson, Rachel (2006). Thicker than oil : America's uneasy partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972888-6. OCLC 71804661.
  14. ^ Getler, Michael (1978-01-24). "Somalia-Egypt Arms Link Cited". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  15. ^ "Ethiopia Accuses Egypt". The New York Times. 1978-02-17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  16. ^ Yihun, Belete Belachew (2014). "Battle over the Nile: The Diplomatic Engagement between Ethiopia and Egypt, 1956-1991". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 8 (1 & 2): 73–100. ISSN 1543-4133. JSTOR 26554818.
  17. ^ Ali, Faisal (2024-01-21). "Egypt backs Somalia in dispute over Ethiopia-Somaliland deal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
  18. ^ "Why Ethiopia is so alarmed by an Egypt-Somalia alliance". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
  19. ^ a b "Brief History of Egyptian-Ethiopian relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt).
  20. ^ "African Christianity, Part One: A Short History (Egypt and Ethiopia)". Think About It, Know About It.
  21. ^ G. Markus 2002, pp. 107
  22. ^ Dr. Richard Pankhurst. "Early Ethiopian Banking History, 1 - The Bank of Abyssinia, and its Bank Notes". Link Ethiopia.
  23. ^ a b Arnaldo Mauri (January 2003). "Origins and early development of banking in Ethiopia". Departmental Working Papers. Ideas.
  24. ^ a b "Economic Relations between Egypt and Ethiopia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt).
  25. ^ Abedje, Ashenafi (17 March 2011). "Nile River Countries Consider Cooperative Framework Agreement". Voice of America. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan Should Negotiate Mutually Beneficial Agreement over Management of Nile Waters, Top Official Tells Security Council | UN Press".
  27. ^ "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Agreement within Reach, Under-Secretary-General Tells Security Council, as Trilateral Talks Proceed to Settle Remaining Differences | UN Press".
  28. ^ "Sudan stresses need for binding solution to Ethiopia's Nile dam issue-Xinhua".
  29. ^ "Egypt's Sisi warns of potential for conflict over Ethiopian dam". Reuters. 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  30. ^ "Water wars: Egypt-Ethiopia conflict over Nile river continues". GE63. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  31. ^ Stack, Liam (2013-06-06). "With Cameras Rolling, Egyptian Politicians Threaten Ethiopia Over Dam". The Lede. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  32. ^ Egyptian Politicians Threaten Ethiopia over Dam Construction_English Subtitles, retrieved 2023-02-28

Bibliography

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Further reading

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See also

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