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Emmet G. Sullivan

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For persons of a similar name, see Emmet Sullivan (disambiguation).

Emmet Sullivan
Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Incumbent
Assumed office
April 3, 2021
Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
In office
June 16, 1994 – April 3, 2021
Appointed byBill Clinton
Preceded byLouis F. Oberdorfer
Succeeded byJia M. Cobb
Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals
In office
1992–1994
Appointed byGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byJames A. Belson
Succeeded byInez Smith Reid
Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia
In office
1984–1992
Appointed byRonald Reagan
Preceded byPosition created[1]
Succeeded byBrook Hedge
Personal details
Born
Emmet Gael Sullivan

(1947-06-04) June 4, 1947 (age 77)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
EducationHoward University (BA, JD)

Emmet Gael Sullivan (born June 4, 1947)[2] is an American attorney and jurist serving as a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.[3]

He earned his undergraduate and law degrees from Howard University. He worked in private practice for more than a decade at Houston & Gardner, becoming a name partner in 1980. He was appointed to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia in 1984 by President Ronald Reagan, to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals as an Associate Judge in 1992 by President George H. W. Bush, and to the federal bench in 1994 by President Bill Clinton.[4]

Early life and education

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Sullivan was born in Washington, D.C., in 1947 and attended local schools. He graduated from McKinley Technology High School in 1964. In 1968, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Howard University, a historically black university, and in 1971 a Juris Doctor from the Howard University School of Law.[5]

Career

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Upon graduation from law school, Sullivan received a Reginald Heber Smith Fellowship in poverty law from the University of Pennsylvania. He was assigned to the Neighborhood Legal Services Program in Washington, D.C., where he worked for one year. The following year, he served as a law clerk to Superior Court Judge James A. Washington Jr., a former professor and dean of Howard University School of Law.

In 1973, Sullivan joined the law firm of Houston & Gardner, co-founded by Charles Hamilton Houston, who had expanded Howard University Law School as its dean, and led litigation for the NAACP to overturn racially restrictive laws. Sullivan became a partner and was actively engaged in the general practice of law with that firm.

In August 1980, his partner, William C. Gardner, was appointed as an Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. Sullivan was a name partner in the successor firm of Houston, Sullivan & Gardner. He also taught as an adjunct professor at the Howard University School of Law and has served as a member of the visiting faculty at Harvard Law School's Trial Advocacy Workshop.

Sullivan was appointed by President Reagan to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia on October 3, 1984. On November 25, 1991, Sullivan was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to serve as an Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Federal judicial service

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Sullivan was nominated by President Bill Clinton on March 22, 1994, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge Louis F. Oberdorfer. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 15, 1994, and received his commission on June 16, 1994.[6] Sullivan assumed senior status on April 3, 2021.[6][5]

Notable cases

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Sullivan presided over a number of habeas corpus petitions in the early 21st century submitted on behalf of men detained by the United States military at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp as part of President George W. Bush's response to the 9/11 attacks of terrorism.[7]

Sullivan presided over the 2008 trial of U.S. Senator Ted Stevens, who was convicted of seven felony ethics violations in October. During the trial, the judge refused requests by the defense for a mistrial to be declared, after information was revealed that the prosecution had withheld exculpatory Brady material.[8][9] Eight days after the guilty verdict, Stevens narrowly lost his reelection bid.[10] As more evidence of prosecutorial misconduct became known in early 2009, Judge Sullivan held four prosecutors in civil contempt of court.[11] On April 1, 2009, following a Justice Department probe that found additional evidence of prosecutorial misconduct, the Department of Justice recommended that Stevens' conviction be dismissed.[12] On April 7, 2009, Sullivan set aside the conviction and appointed a lawyer to investigate the prosecution team for criminal contempt.[13] Subsequently, one of the four prosecutors held in contempt committed suicide.[14] Ultimately, Sullivan dismissed the civil contempt charges,[15] and no additional charges were brought against the three surviving prosecutors.[16]

In 2014, Sullivan was presiding over a case, Judicial Watch v. IRS,[17] related to an ongoing investigation into the 2013 IRS controversy. There was a fruitless attempt to determine where the deleted emails of former IRS employee Lois Lerner had gone, what damage to her computer hard drive occurred, and what steps the IRS had taken to recover the information contained in the emails and on the hard drive.[18][19]

In 2015, Sullivan presided over a FOIA lawsuit involving the matter of Hillary Clinton's private email use while Secretary of State.[20]

According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a woman and her child fled domestic abuse in El Salvador to seek asylum in the U.S. However, the mother was removed from her detention facility and likely put on a plane on August 9, 2018, despite Justice Department promises that she and others would not be deported before the judge could rule on their cases. Sullivan demanded, "Turn that plane around." He threatened to hold those responsible for the removal in contempt of court, starting with Attorney General Jeff Sessions, if the situation was not rectified. A Department of Homeland Security official stated, "We are complying with the court's requests...the plaintiffs will not disembark and will be promptly returned to the United States."[21]

Blumenthal v Trump

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Main article: Blumenthal v Trump

Judge Sullivan presided over a lawsuit involving President Trump, which challenged payments by foreign governments to Trump-owned hotels.[22] Sullivan granted in part and denied in part the Trump team's motion to dismiss for lack of standing;[23] denied the motion to dismiss for failure to state claim;[24] and certified interlocutory appeal.[25] On February 7, 2020, in a per curiam decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that individual members of Congress lacked standing to bring action against the president.[25][26] The court, finding in favor of Trump, reversed and remanded Sullivan's holding that the members of Congress had standing to sue and instructed him to dismiss the complaint.[27]

US v Flynn

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Main article: United States v. Flynn

The case of United States of America v. Michael T. Flynn, the former national security adviser to Donald Trump, was randomly assigned to District Court Judge Rudolph Contreras.[28] On December 1, 2017, Flynn and special counsel Robert Mueller agreed to a plea bargain in the D.C. court. In the plea bargain, Flynn admitted to one count of lying to the FBI and said he was cooperating with the Mueller investigation. [29][30] On December 7, Contreras recused himself from the case,[31] which was randomly reassigned to Sullivan.[32] After questioning Flynn about his reasons for pleading guilty, Sullivan accepted Flynn's guilty plea.[33] Sullivan deferred sentencing Flynn several times because prosecutors indicated he was still cooperating with their investigation.[34][35][36][37][38][39]

In June 2019 Flynn changed attorneys, retaining controversial Texas attorney Sidney Powell to head his legal team,[40][41] and began to assert that investigators and prosecutors had acted improperly.[41] On December 16, 2019, Sullivan rejected Flynn's claims of entrapment by the FBI and malfeasance by prosecutors, and set sentencing for January 28, 2020.[42] On January 14, 2020, Flynn filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea "because of the government's bad faith, vindictiveness, and breach of the plea agreement."[43] On January 16, Sullivan postponed Flynn's sentencing date to February 27.[44]

On May 7, 2020, the Department of Justice (DOJ) said it would move to drop all charges against Flynn.[45] It was left to Sullivan to determine whether to dismiss the charges and, if so, whether to do it "with prejudice" to prevent a retrial.[46] On May 11, 2020, former federal judge and prosecutor John Gleeson co-authored with other former law enforcement officials an op-ed encouraging Judge Sullivan to scrutinize the DOJ's motion.[47] On May 12, Sullivan announced that he would place a hold on the DOJ's move to drop charges against Flynn, and would consider a hearing involving "friend of the court" (amicus curiae) input from outside parties with interests and perspectives.[48] On May 13, Sullivan appointed Gleeson as amicus to formally oppose the DOJ's attempt to drop charges, and to look into whether Flynn had committed perjury when he twice told the court under oath that he was guilty.[47] Sullivan said "at the appropriate time" he would set a schedule for outside parties to argue against the DOJ's claims as it moves to drop the charges.[48]

On May 19, Flynn's post-conviction attorney Powell filed a writ of mandamus appeal with the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, asking that Sullivan be ordered to drop the charges, challenging his decision to appoint Gleeson, and asking that he be removed from the case.[49][50] On May 21, citing US v Fokker Servs, BV, 818 F.3d 733 (DC Cir 2016), the D.C. Circuit ordered Sullivan to respond to the writ of mandamus by June 1, 2020, and invited the government to respond within the same 10-day period.[51] On June 1, as part of his response,[52][53][54] Sullivan argued that the Fokker decision does not apply because it did not consider a situation where the defendant pleaded guilty twice and the prosecutor changed course; Sullivan moved to dismiss.[54] Oral arguments before a D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals panel were held on June 12, 2020.[55] Sullivan was next due to hear the case on July 16, 2020.[56]

On June 24, 2020, in a 2-1 decision, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals panel granted Flynn's petition for a writ of mandamus, ordering Judge Sullivan to dismiss the case. "In this case, the district court's actions will result in specific harms to the exercise of the Executive Branch's exclusive prosecutorial power. The contemplated proceedings would likely require the Executive to reveal the internal deliberative process behind its exercise of prosecutorial discretion, interfering with the Article II charging authority." The decision also vacated Judge Sullivan's amicus appointment on mootness grounds.[57] In response to the higher court ruling, Judge Sullivan issued an order canceling the July 16 hearing date but did not address the DOJ's motion further. Judge Sullivan's options were either to request the full appellate court to review the case or to grant the DOJ's motion to dismiss the charges in accordance with the writ of mandamus.[58]

On July 9, Judge Sullivan asked the entire U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to review the June 24 decision, saying the panel's decision represented a "dramatic break from precedent".[59] On July 20, 2020, Flynn filed his response to Judge Sullivan's request for the full court to review the panel decision to order the criminal charges dismissed.[60] By Order dated July 30, 2020, the full court granted Judge Sullivan's request and scheduled oral argument for August 11, 2020.[61] In addition to vacating the June 24, 2020 panel decision, the Order directs all parties to be prepared to "address whether there are 'no other adequate means to attain the relief' desired" (citation omitted).[61] On August 11, the full appeals court heard arguments from the DOJ and from Flynn's attorney.[62] On August 31, the appeals court declined to order dismissal of Flynn's prosecution.[63] In an en banc hearing, eight of the D.C. Circuit judges ruled in favor of allowing Sullivan to adjudicate the case. Only the two judges who ruled in favor of Flynn in June 2020, appointed by Presidents George W. Bush and Donald J. Trump ruled against the decision. In their dissent, they reversed their earlier position that the case should not be taken from Sullivan and assigned to another judge.[64]

On November 25, 2020, Trump issued Flynn a full presidential pardon.[65] On December 8, 2020, Judge Sullivan dismissed the case as moot because of the presidential pardon. In his 43-page opinion he commented that the pardon was "extraordinarily broad", noted that such a pardon does not render the recipient "innocent", and pointed out that acceptance of a pardon implies an admission of guilt.[66]

A man who left a graphic death threat on Sullivan's voicemail during the Flynn proceeding was sentenced in July 2021 to 18 months in prison.[67]

Post Office

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On October 28, 2020, Sullivan ordered USPS to lift limits on extra trips and overtime leading up to Election Day. He also ordered the Postal Service to update him on the number of trips occurring each day at a national, regional, and local level.[68] On November 3, Sullivan ordered the USPS to "sweep its facilities" in crucial swing states by 3 p.m. that day. The USPS failed to meet the deadline.[69] After the USPS failure to comply with the court-ordered ballot sweep, Sullivan ordered Postmaster General Louis DeJoy to appear in court.[70] Sullivan has also ordered the Postal Service to sweep their facilities for ballots twice a day in states with extended deadlines. At a post-election hearing in early November, Sullivan said that DeJoy "is either going to have to be deposed or appear before me and testify under oath about why some measures were not taken."[71]

Title 42

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On November 15, 2022, Sullivan ruled that Title 42 expulsion, a tool used by presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden to forbid asylum seekers from remaining in the United States was a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act, noting that the Title was an "arbitrary and capricious" violation of the Act. The ruling required the United States government to process all asylum seekers under immigrant law as previous to Title 42's implementation, and Sullivan specifically called out the CDC for intentionally ignoring the negative effects that Title 42 would bring about, as well as failing to allow migrants to reside with legal US residents. The ruling was celebrated by the ACLU, the plaintiff in the case.[72]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Position created by act of Congress, May 18, 1984 JNC (September 30, 2018). "District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission Report of Recommendations and Chief Judge Designations and Presidential Appointments to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the Superior Court of the District of Columbia May 8, 1975 to September 30, 2013" (PDF). Judicial Nomination Commission of the District of Columbia. p. 13. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  2. ^ Affairs, United States Congress Senate Committee on Governmental (1984). Nominations for Superior Court of the District of Columbia: Hearing Before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session, on the Nominations of Emmet G. Sullivan, Colleen C. Kollar-Kotelly, Rufus G. King III, Susan R. Holmes, Noel A. Kramer, Robert I. Richter, and Robert S. Tignor, to be Associate Judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, September 11, 1984. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 10.
  3. ^ "Emmet G. Sullivan". US District Court. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  4. ^ "Report of District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b Hsu, Spencer S.; Marimow, Ann E. (February 4, 2021). "U.S. judge in Flynn case takes senior status, joining wave of jurists allowing Biden to name successors". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Emmet G. Sullivan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
  7. ^ "Respondents' response to Court's August 7, 2006 order" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. August 15, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  8. ^ Lewis, Neil A. (October 2, 2008). "Judge Berates Prosecutors in Trial of Senator". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  9. ^ Ryan, Jason; Cook, Theresa (October 2, 2008). "Judge Denies Stevens Mistrial Request". ABC News. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  10. ^ Kane, Paul (November 19, 2008). "Sen. Ted Stevens Loses Reelection Bid". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  11. ^ Lewis, Neil A. (February 13, 2009). "4 Prosecutors in Stevens Case Held in Contempt". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  12. ^ Perskey, Anna Stolley (October 2009). "A Cautionary Tale: The Ted Stevens Prosecution". Washington Lawyer. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  13. ^ "Sen. Ted Stevens's conviction set aside". CNN. April 7, 2009.
  14. ^ Duggan, Paul (September 28, 2010). "Justice Dept. lawyer kills self". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  15. ^ Hsu, Spencer S. (October 12, 2010). "Judge lifts civil contempt findings against Justice Department lawyers in Ted Stevens case". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  16. ^ Gerstein, Josh (March 14, 2012). "Appeals court won't delay Stevens report". Politico. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  17. ^ Judicial Watch (June 27, 2014). "Motion for Status Conference". Judicial Watch. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  18. ^ Andrew Zajac (August 14, 2014). "Judge Prods IRS on Effort to Save Lois Lerner's E-Mail". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  19. ^ Kevin G. Hall (August 14, 2014). "Group: Inquiry ordered into lost IRS emails". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  20. ^ Jason Donner (August 20, 2015). "Judge orders State Dept. to work on recovering emails, suggests Clinton violated policy". Fox News. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  21. ^ Judge threatens to hold Jeff Sessions in contempt Mobile native's Justice Department deported woman, WKRG, Peter Albrecht, August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  22. ^ Fahrenthold, David A.; Marimow, Ann E. (August 21, 2019). "Federal judge allows Trump to appeal lawsuit over foreign payments accepted by his hotels". The Washington Post.
  23. ^ 335 F.Supp.3d 45
  24. ^ 373 F.Supp.3d 191
  25. ^ a b Blumenthal v. Trump, 19-5237, 2020 WL 593891 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 7, 2020) (No. 1:17-cv-01154)
  26. ^ United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, opinion PER CURIAM, February 7, 2020 https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/2EFD382E65E33B3C852585070055D091/$file/19-5237-1827549.pdf
  27. ^ Blumenthal v. Trump, 19-5237, 2020 WL 593891, at *5 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 7, 2020)
  28. ^ "Michael Flynn Pleads Guilty to Lying to FBI in Russia Probe". December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  29. ^ Sullivan, Eileen; Goldman, Adam; Shear, Michael D. (December 1, 2017). "Michael Flynn Pleads Guilty to Lying to the F.B.I." The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  30. ^ Ross, Brian et al. "Flynn has promised special counsel 'full cooperation' in Russia probe: Source", ABC News (December 1, 2017).
  31. ^ "Judge recuses in Michael Flynn case". POLITICO. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  32. ^ "Judge presiding over Michael Flynn criminal case is recused: court". Reuters. December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  33. ^ Rosenberg, Chuck (May 10, 2020). "The long list of people who thought Flynn's lies were material". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  34. ^ Bowden, John. "Mueller, Flynn legal teams not ready to schedule a sentencing hearing". The Hill. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  35. ^ Samuels, Brett (May 1, 2018). "Mueller requests Flynn's sentencing be delayed at least two more months". The Hill. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  36. ^ "Judge delays sentencing for ex-Trump aide Michael Flynn". NBC News. November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  37. ^ "Michael Flynn's sentencing delayed after judge tells the ex-Trump adviser he might not avoid prison time". The Washington Post. December 18, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  38. ^ Samuelsohn, Darren; Bertrand, Natasha; Gerstein, Josh (June 24, 2019). "Flynn's sentencing delayed again so new lawyer can study up". Politico. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  39. ^ Kruzel, John (February 10, 2020). "Judge delays Flynn sentencing for second time". The Hill. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  40. ^ Trump reportedly considered appointing controversial lawyer Sidney Powell to lead election fraud investigation, Yahoo News, Tim O'Donnell, December 19, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  41. ^ a b Mangan, Kevin Breuninger, Dan (June 12, 2019). "Michael Flynn hires new lawyer, Sidney Powell, who had urged him to withdraw guilty plea in Mueller case". CNBC.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Hsu, Spencer; Leonnig, Carol (December 16, 2019). "Michael Flynn's sentencing set for Jan. 28 after judge rejects his attacks on FBI, Justice Department". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  43. ^ Hsu, Spencer (January 15, 2020). "Michael Flynn moves to withdraw guilty plea, claiming government 'vindictiveness'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  44. ^ "Flynn sentencing delayed as he seeks to withdraw guilty plea". TheHill. January 16, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  45. ^ Balsamo, Michael; Tucker, Eric (May 7, 2020). "Justice Department is dropping Flynn's Trump-Russia case". AP NEWS. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  46. ^ U.S. Drops Michael Flynn Case, in Move Backed by Trump, The New York Times, Adam Goldman and Katie Benner, May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  47. ^ a b Benner, Katie (May 13, 2020). "Judge Appoints Outsider to Take On Justice Dept. in Flynn Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  48. ^ a b Hsu, Spencer; Leonnig, Carol (May 13, 2020). "U.S. judge puts Justice Department's move to drop charges against Michael Flynn on hold". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  49. ^ Re, Gregg (May 20, 2020). "Flynn attorney files emergency appeal to shut down Judge Sullivan's orders, boot him from case". Fox News. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  50. ^ "writ of mandamus petition'".[permanent dead link]
  51. ^ "'DC Circuit Court Of Appeals May 21, 2020 Order'" (PDF).
  52. ^ "Brief For Judge Emmet G. Sullivan In Response To May 21, 2020 Order". Politico. June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  53. ^ Cheney, Kyle (June 1, 2020). "DOJ urges appeals court to force dismissal of Flynn case". Politico. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  54. ^ a b Re, Gregg (June 1, 2020). "Judge's lawyers hint at 'reason to question' DOJ's motives in new Michael Flynn case filing; DOJ fires back". Fox News. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  55. ^ 'Judges appear skeptical of DOJ move to dismiss Flynn case, as his lawyer alleges 'government misconduct'; DC Circuit Oral Argument in Michael Flynn Perjury Dismissal Case, C-Span. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  56. ^ Oral Argument Summary: In re: Michael Flynn, Lawfare, Benjamin Wittes, June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  57. ^ "In re Michael T. Flynn, No. 20-5143, June 24, 2020" (PDF). CNBC. June 24, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  58. ^ Blitzer, Ronn (June 25, 2020). "Flynn case hearing, deadlines nixed after court-ordered to allow dismissal". Fox News. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  59. ^ "U.S. Judge Hearing Flynn Case Asks Appeals Court to Reconsider Dismissal". The New York Times. Reuters. July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  60. ^ Flynn's filing, accessed 7-20-2020
  61. ^ a b In re Flynn en banc granted, accessed 7-30-2020
  62. ^ Phillips, Kristine (August 11, 2020). "Michael Flynn's efforts to force federal judge to dismiss case faces a skeptical appeals court". USA Today. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  63. ^ Tucker, Eric (August 31, 2020). "Appeals court keeps Flynn case alive, won't order dismissal". Associated Press. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  64. ^ Appeals court deals setback to Flynn's attempt to end DOJ case, Politico, Josh Gerstein, August 31, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  65. ^ "Michael Flynn: Trump pardons ex-national security adviser". BBC News. November 26, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  66. ^ Polantz, Katelyn (December 8, 2020). "Judge formally dismisses Michael Flynn case after Trump pardon". CNN. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  67. ^ Gerstein, Josh (July 19, 2021). "Man who threatened Flynn-case judge sentenced to 18 months". POLITICO.
  68. ^ Federal judge orders USPS to lift limits on extra trips, overtime, one week before election, WJXT, October 28, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  69. ^ USPS ordered to sweep swing state facilities for Ballots, Bloomberg Law, November 3, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  70. ^ U.S. Postal Service officials ordered to appear in court after failing to comply with federal judge's ballot-sweep order, Associated Press, November 4, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  71. ^ U.S. appeals ruling that barred Postal Service changes before election, Reuters, David Shepardson, November 27, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  72. ^ Alvarez, Priscilla (November 15, 2022). "Federal judge blocks Title 42 rule that allowed expulsion of migrants at US-Mexico border, restoring access for some asylum seekers | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
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Legal offices
Preceded by Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals
1991–1994 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
1994–2021 		Succeeded by
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