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Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia

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Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich
Born(1860-10-03)3 October 1860
Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, Russian Empire
Died24 January 1919(1919-01-24) (aged 58)
Peter and Paul Fortress, Petrograd, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, USSR
SpouseAlexandra of Greece and Denmark
Olga Valerianovna Karnovitsch
IssueGrand Duchess Maria Pavlovna
Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich
Prince Vladimir Paley
Princess Irina Paley
Princess Natalia Paley
HouseHolstein-Gottorp-Romanov
FatherAlexander II of Russia
MotherMaria Alexandrovna

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia (Template:Lang-ru; 3 October 1860 – 30 January 1919) was the sixth son and youngest child of Tsar Alexander II of Russia by his first wife Empress Maria Alexandrovna. He was a brother of Emperor Alexander III and uncle of Nicholas II, Russia's last Tsar.

He entered the Russian Army, was a general in the Calvary and adjutant general to his brother Tsar Alexander III, and a Knight of the Order of St Andrew. In 1889, he married Princess Alexandra of Greece, his paternal first cousin once removed. The couple had a daughter and a son, but Alexandra died during the birth of their second child. In his widowhood, Grand Duke Paul began a relationship with Olga Karnovitsch, a married woman with three children. After obtaining a divorce for Olga and in defiance of a strong family opposition, Grand Duke Paul married her in October 1902. As he contracted a morganatic marriage with a divorcée in defiance of the Tsar's prohibition, Grand Duke Paul was banished from living in Russia and deprived of his titles and privileges. Between 1902 and 1914, he lived in exile in Paris with his second wife who gave him three children. In the spring of 1914, he settled back in Russia with his second family.

With the outbreak of World War I, Grand Duke Paul was appointed in command of the first corps of the Imperial Guard. Afflicted with ill health, he served only intermittently. During the last days of the Tsarist period, he was one of the few members of the Romanov family who remained close to Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. It fell upon Grand Duke Paul to informed Alexandra of Nicholas II's abdication.

After the fall of the Russian monarchy, Grand Duke Paul initially remained living at his Palace in Tsarskoe Selo during the period of the provisional government. With the Bolsheviks ascending to power, his palace was expropriated and eventually he was arrested and sent to prison. In declining health, he was shot by the Bolsheviks with other Romanov relatives in the courtyard of the Peter and Paul Fortress in January 1919 and his remains were thrown into a common grave.

Early life

Tsar Alexander II of Russia with his wife and their three youngest children: Sergei, Paul and Maria

Grand Duke Paul was born on 3 October [O.S. 21 September] 1860 at the Catherine Palace, in Tsarskoye Selo.[1][2] He was the eight and youngest child of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, née Duchess Maximilienne Wilhelmine of Hesse and by Rhine.[1]

As the youngest child in a large family, he was much loved by his parents and siblings.[2] His early years were spent with his two siblings closest in age: his sister Marie, and his brother Grand Duke Sergei from whom he was inseparable.[3] By the time of Paul Alexandrovich birth, his mother was afflicted from tuberculosis and the doctors advised her no to have more children. Relations between Paul's parents ceased.[4][5] The family was struck by tragedy with the death of Paul's eldest brother, Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich in 1865, when Paul was four years old.[6] The following year his father, Alexander II, started an affair with Princess Catherine Dolgurokova, who gave him three children.[5]

Grand Duke Paul early years were spent at Tsarskoye Selo and at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg with vacations at Livadia, the family’s Crimean retreat. As time passed and the Empress’ health dictated her to avoid the harsh Russian climate, the Tsarina spent long sojourns abroad with her three youngest children in Jugenheim outside Darmstadt and the winters in the South of France.[5] Paul was a protected delicate child; he never had a robust constitution.[7]

Education

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich and his brother Grand Sergei Alexandrovich.

Grand Duke Paul was educated at home by private tutors. From the 1870s, Paul and his brother Sergei were kept in Russia by their studies. They were destined to follow a military career, but their tutor, Admiral D.S Arseniev, encouraged his pupils to have a broad artistic education as well.[3] Grand Duke Paul became a good amateur actor and an excellent dancer.[8] He was widely liked due to his gentle character, very different from his boisterous eldest brothers.[9]

He was from birth Guard cornet in an Infantry Regiment.[3] However, his career advanced more slowly than that of his elder brothers. He became Lieutenant in January 1874, but as he was still too young, he was the only of Tsar Alexander II's sons not to take part in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78).[3]

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich was known as a gentle person, religious and accessible to people. In June 1880, he was afflicted by the death of his mother, whose slim figure and delicate health he inherited. Shortly after his father married his mistress Catherine Dolgorukova.[10] Grand Duke Paul, overprotected by his brother Sergei, did not know of the affair. Emotional distraught by the news, he had to travel abroad to recuperate. Grand Duke Paul was in a trip to Italy with his brother Sergei when their father Alexander II was assassinated on 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881. Paul's eldest surviving brother Alexander III ascended to the Russian throne.[11]

Since childhood Paul was very attached to his brother Sergei, their closeness remained even after Sergei engagement and later marriage to Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918).[3] Paul accompanied the couple to England to meet Elisabeth's British grandmother Queen Victoria, who was favorably impressed by Paul.[3] After Sergei's marriage Paul moved with his brother and his new sister in law who became also very close to him.[3] The trio share the same household for some time and they made a trip together to Jerusalem in 1888.[12] Grand Duke Paul suffered from weak lungs and spent periods abroad to recuperate.[7] On medical advice he visited Greece in 1887.[12][13]

First marriage

.Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich and Princess Alexandra of Greece. Engagement photograph.[14]

During his visits to Greece, in the family atmosphere of his first cousin, Queen Olga of Greece, Grand Duke Paul grew closer with Olga's eldest daughter, Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark.[15] Alexandra's father, King George I of Greece, was a brother of Tsarina Maria Feodorovna, Paul's sister-in-law. During the silver wedding anniversary of king George and Queen Olga, Paul asked for Alexandra hand and he was accepted.[13] Alexandra had come to Russia several times during visits to her maternal relatives. She was lively and mischievous while he was reserved.[16] Their engagement was announced on 10 November 1888.[16] The wedding took place on 17 June  [O.S. 5 June] 1889, in St. Petersburg at the chapel of the Winter Palace.[13] Grand Duke Paul was twenty-nine years old and his wife ten years younger.[17]

Paul settled with his wife in his own Palace in St Petersburg on the English Embankment No 68.[12][18] The mansion, located behind the Church of the Annunciation and facing the Corps de la Marine in the very center of Saint Petersburg. It was built in the Florentine renaissance style revival by the architect Alexander Krakau between 1859–1862 for Baron Alexander von Stieglitz, a prominent financier and the first Governor of the Bank of Russia.[18] After Stieglitz's death in 1884, the mansion was inherited by his adopted daughter, Nadezhda Polovtsova. She sold the property to the Treasury in 1887 and Grand Duke Paul bought it the same year.[16] [18] In 1889, he had the architect Maximilian Messmacher redesigned some of the interiors, creating a Moorish Hall.[18] The treasures of the house included the white marble staircase, the sitting room decorated with caryatids, the oak-paneled library, and the concert hall with portraits of great composers and panels depicting The Four Seasons. Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich; Sergei's wife, Grand Duchess Elizaberth Feodorovna holding Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna; Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich with his son, Dmitri, on his lap.

Grand Duke Paul's marriage was happy, but brief.[13] Alexandra, after a difficult first pregnancy, gave birth to a daughter on 18 April  [O.S. 6 April] 1890, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890–1958).[12] Alexandra was of a frail constitution and she was also homesick for her native Greece. In Autumn that same year, Grand Duke Paul took his wife for a holiday in Greece.[12][17] At their return to Russia, he was appointed commander of the imperial house guards at Krasnoye Selo and, therefore, he was usually away fulfilling his military duties.[16] Paul and his wife were given rooms at the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, but they saw each other only on weekends.[12] Although Grand Duke Sergei and his wife Elizabeth moved to Moscow in May 1891, the two couples remained very close.[19] In the summer 1891, Paul and Alexandra decided to spent some time with them at Ilinskoie, Sergei's country estate outside Moscow.[19] While there, Alexandra, seven months pregnant with her second child, carelessly stepped into a waiting boat, causing premature labor and the following day gave birth prematurely to a son, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia (1891–1942).[12] Alexandra did not recover consciousness and died six days later on 24 September  [O.S. 12 September] 1891.[17]

Grand Duke Paul was deeply affected by Alexandra's death.[20] It took him long time to overcome his depression. During this period, his brother Sergei and Sergei's wife took care of Paul's motherless children in a pattern of behavior that it would be repeated in the years to follow.[21][22] In his widowhood, the grieving grand duke moved to Tsarskoye Selo leaving his palace in St Peterburg that had been his home with Alexandra to never return. For a long time, the palace stood vacant. After that, the building changed many hands over time. When the revolution ended, the mansion was sold to the Russian Society for the Production of Equipment and Military Supplies. Eventually it became home to various Soviet institutions.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). The palace has survived to the present and today it is at the disposal of Saint Petersburg State University.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Grand Duke Paul's brother, Tsar Alexander III, died on 1 November [O.S. 20 October] 1894 and Paul's nephew, Nicholas II, became the new Tsar. There was only an eight-year gap between uncle and nephew and Paul had known Nicholas II's wife, Alexandra Feodorovna, since she was a little girl, when in his youth he made many visit to his mother's native Darmstardt. Therefore, Grand Duke Paul was well liked by the new Tsar and Tsarina.[23]

Second marriage

Grand Duke Paul and his second wife, Olga Valerianovna Karnovich.

In 1895, the young widower began an affair with a commoner, Olga Valerianovna Karnovich.[24] Olga was married with three young children, a son and two daughters.[24] Her husband, Eric von Pistohlkors, was an aide the champ of Paul's brother, Grand Duke Vladimir, and a captain in Paul's regiment.[25] The affair initially remained secret, but it became public knowledge at court when Olga, during a court ball, wore a diamond necklace that had belonged to Paul's mother, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, and that he had given to Olga as a present.[26][27] The Dowager Tsarina Maria Feodorvna recognized the jewels and had Olga removed from the ball.[28] In the subsequent scandal, Paul was moved to a different regimental command and Eric von Pistohlkors was sent away, but it was already too late.[25] Olga was pregnant with Paul's child. She gave birth to a son Vladimir, in January 1897 and Eric von Pistohlkors asked for divorce.[25][29]

Grand Duke Paul wanted to recognize the child, who had been born legally as von Pistolkos son, and to marry Olga, but Tsar Nicholas II and Grand Duke Vladimir vehemently opposed their union. Grand Duke Paul turned his back on his family; lost interest on Maria and Dmitri and instead spent long periods abroad with his mistress.[25] In 1900, he bought a mansion in Bois de Boulogne, that previously belonged to Princess Zenaida Ivanovna Yusupova, intending to settle there and marry Olga once she would obtain a divorce.[25] Paul's brother, Grand Duke Vladimir, made him swore a solemn oath that he would not marry Olga.[30] With this assurance, Olga's divorce was granted in 1902.[30] Things complicated further when, in August that same year, Paul's niece, Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna, married Prince Nicholas of Greece, Paul's former brother-in-law.[27] It was the first time that Paul's former father-in-law, King George of Greece, came to Russia since the death of his daughter Alexandra.[27] Their meeting was very uncomfortable. After the wedding celebrations were over, Paul left for Italy where Olga awaited him.[30] Paul was determined to marry Olga, defying the strong family opposition, particularly of his brother Sergei and his sister-in-law, Elisabeth, who begged him to reconsider, to think about his children and his responsibilities in Russia.[30] The relationship with his brother Sergei and his sister-in-law Elisabeth, so close before, never recovered.[30]

On 10 October 1902, Grand Duke Paul married Olga in a Greek Orthodox church in Livorno, Italy.[27][30] Because he married morganatically and without the Tsar's permission, Grand Duke Paul was banished from Russia; he was dismissed of his military commissions; all his properties were seized, and his brother Grand Duke Sergei was appointed guardian of Maria and Dmitri.[27][31][32]

Exile

Grand Duke Paul with his children by his first marriage: Dimitri and Maria Pavlovna. Paris, 1914.

Grand Duke Paul and his second wife were still vacationing in Italy when they were banished from Russia.[33] They settled in Boulogne-sur-Seine where a daughter, Irina, was born on 5 December [O.S. 22 November] 1903.[34][35] In 1904, Grand Duke Paul arranged, through Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, for his wife and their children to be granted the hereditary title of Count and Countesses de Hohenfelsen with a coat of arms.[34] With the assassination of his brother Sergei in February 1905, Grand Duke Paul was allowed to return to Russia for the funeral, but Olga was denied entrance that April to attend the promotion of her son Alexander Pistohlkors as an army officer.[33] Paul claimed the custody of Marie and Dmitri, but the Tsar made Elizabeth their guardian.[33] From then on, Grand Duke Paul was allowed to visit his children from his first marriage, but not to return to Russia permanently with his second wife. On 5 December that same year, Grand Duke Paul and Olga had another daughter, Natalia, completing their family.[33]

Although an outcast to the Romanovs, Grand Duke Paul had a happy life in Paris with Olga and their three children.[32] They lived in style employing a household staff of sixteen maids, gardeners, cooks, and tutors and they were avid art and old porcelain collectors.[35] At their mansion in Boulogne-sur-Seine, they had a hectic social life offering dinners and lavish receptions entertaining writers, artist and Russian abroad. The couple was very close to their three children, and on Sundays, the whole family attended private mass at the Russian church on rue Daru.[35]

Although he was not consulted in the engagement of his daughter Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna to Prince Wilhem of Sweden, Paul attended the wedding on 3 May [O.S. 20 April] 1908. That same year, Grand Duke Paul, Olga and their three children visited Russia together for the first time. Shortly after, they returned to Paris but their son, Vladimir, stayed in Russia and became a student in the Corp-des-Paiges.[36][37] In 1912, on the occasion of Dmitri reaching his majority, Tsar Nichola II, finally relented and pardoned his only surviving uncle, restoring Grand Duke Paul titles and privileges. He also recognized as valid Paul's second marriage.[38] However, Grand Duke Paul decided to remained living in France. In 1913, Paul visited Russia, once again, to take part in the celebration for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov family on the Russian throne.[38] Grand Duke Paul moved back permanently to Russia only when he finished a house for himself and his family at Tsarskoe Selo in May 1914.[39]

World War I

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich and his second family. From left to right: Princess Olga Paley, Princess Irina Paley, Prince Vladimir Paley, Princess Natalia Paley, and Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich. 1916.

At the out break of World War I, Gran Duke Paul Alexandrovich's two sons, Dmitri and Vladimir, joined the war effort and his daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, became an army nurse. In August 1915, the Tsar granted Paul's wife, Olga, the title of Princess Paley with the style of Serene Highness, and their children also became Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley and Princesses Irina Pavlovna and Natalia Pavlovna Paley.[40][41] In the same month, Prince Vladimir Paley, joined a regiment. Although he had being away from active service for many years and his health was frail, Gran Duke Paul begged his nephew, Tsar Nicholas II, to give him an active military appointment in the battle fields.[37] By that time, Paul was, once again, one of the few members of the extended Romanov family in good terms with the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.[37] Through her intervention, Nicholas II placed Paul in command of the First Corps of the Imperial Guard in 1915.[42] However, before he could assumed his military appointment, Paul felt gravely ill with gall bladder troubled.[42] It was feared that he had cancer and he spent the fall and the winter 1915-1916 sick.[42] It was only, until he recovered many months later, in May 1916, when, Grand Duke Paul, ignoring his doctor's advice, left to take command of his Guards regiment.[42] He served with the rank of General of Calvary.[43] After a difficult spell at the front under heavy enemy bombardment at the village of Sokoul, he was awarded a St George's Cross 4th class, one of the most coveted military decoration.[44] Due to his bad health, the grand duke was moved, in September 1916, to a new appointment as inspector general of the Guard at the Tsar's headquarters and his son, Vladimir, was placed under his orders.[45]

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich (the tallest man in the group) and his son, Vladimir (the young man without mustache), during the war.

In the Autumn 1916, Paul took a three-week holiday in Crimea with his wife and children. On his way back north, in November, he visited the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in Kiev. Maria Feodorovna and her son-in-law, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, enlisted Paul's help in order to persuade Nicholas II and his wife of the need for change and to get rid of Rasputin's damaging influence.[46] Grand Duke Paul had an audience with the Tsar and Tsarina in December.[41][46] He handled the issue with tact, but without success.[41][47] Nevertheless, he was able to retain Nicholas II and Alexandra's confidence even after it was shaken with Paul's son, Dmitri, involvement in Rasputin's murder on the early hours of 30 December  [O.S. 17 December] 1916.[47] Paul, who was at Stavka with Nicholas II when both received news of the event, was horrified of his son's participation in the murder.[48] The Grand Duke supported his son and wrote a letter to the Tsar asking for clemency for Dimitri.[44] Nevertheless, after spending some time under house arrest, Dmitri was sent to the Persian front as a form of exile.[48]

On 28 February  [O.S. 8 March] 1917, Alexandra summoned Paul and asked him to go to the front and gather some troops to save the throne.[44] He declined, convinced that it was going to be a fruitless endeavor.[44] Instead, with the assistance of Prince Michael Putiatin and the lawyer Nicholas Ivanov, Grand Duke Paul drafted a manifesto introducing the idea of a constitutional monarchy with Nicholas II remaining as an Emperor.[41][49] It was signed by Paul, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich and Kirill Vladimirovich, the three most senior grand dukes in the last period of Imperial Russia. The manifesto was then delivered to the Duma to be presented for the Tsar's signature on March 1, at Nicholas II's return from headquarters.[41] However, before that, the Tsar's train was help up and Nicholas II abdicated on 2 March.[41] It fell upon Grand Duke Paul to informed Alexandra of Nicholas II's abdication on March 3.[41][50]

Revolution

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich.

At the fall of the Russian monarchy, in March 1917, Grand Duke Paul, his wife and their children remained united living at their luxurious estate in Tsarkoe Selo amid the upheaval.[51] As Tsar Nicholas II and his family were sent to internal exile to Siberia, the Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky, placed Paul under house arrest on 9 September [O.S. 27 August] 1917.[52] His telephone line was cut and a squad of soldiers guarded all the exists to his home.[53] Through the intervention of his daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, whose second wedding he was not able to attend, the guards in charge of overseeing his house were removed.[51][52]

The lives of the Romanovs deteriorated sharply after the Bolsheviks rose to power in October 1917. On 13 November [O.S. 31 October] 1917, Grand Duke Paul's house was ransacked and his firearms collection was taken away.[52][54] Paul was arrested and held for two weeks at the Bolshevik's headquarters in the Smolny Institute.[52] He was going to be incarcerated at the Peter and Paul Fortress, but the Grand Duke protested. He was treated well by his captors, who addressed him as "Comrade Highness".[51] Due to his frail health, he was released and he returned to live in Tsarkoe Selo with his family.[55]

The Bolshevik Government confiscated all property held by the banks on December 27, 1917.[40] Grand Duke Paul, who had deposited all the jewelry he had inherited from his parents in the banks, under his wife's name, lost all his fortune.[56] By early January 1918, Grand Duke Paul and his family could no longer afford to heat their large Tsarkoe Selo Palace and they were forced to move to a nearby English dacha that belonged to his nephew, Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich.[57] Shortly after they moved out, their home was expropriated and turned into a museum while Lenin himself rode their car.[58]

In March 1918, all male members of the Romanov family, including Paul's son, Vladimir, were ordered to register at Cheka headquarters and shortly after they were sent away into internal Russian exile.[52][54][59] They never saw Vladimir again. He was murdered by the Bolshevik along with several other Romanovs relatives on 18 July 1918 in a mine shaft near Alapayevsk, one day after the murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his immediate family at Yekaterinburg.[60] Grand Duke Paul, who was too ill to travel, initially escaped the fate of his son.[52] Although, under constant harassment, Grand Duke Paul continued living a simple life with his wife and their two daughters at Grand Duke Boris's dacha.[61] It was difficult to find provisions, but as the Grand Duke suffered from a stomach ulcer, he was kept on a strict diet.[60] On 2 August [O.S. 20 July] 1917, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna came to say farewell to her father. She and her husband, Prince Sergei Putiatin, fled Russia through Ukraine.[61] A week later, Gran Duke Paul was offered, through the Danish Ambassador, Harald Scavenius, to be smuggled out of the country and be taken to Vienna wearing an Austrian uniform with a convoy of returning prisoners of war.[61] The Grand Duke flatly refused, preferring to die rather than put on an enemy uniform.[58]

Execution

Trubetskoy bastion, St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress, outside courtyard. 1920

Determined to round the last Grand Dukes remaining on Russia soil, the Bolsheviks arrested Grand Duke Paul at 3 am on 13 August  [O.S. 31 July] 1918.[62] He was taken to the local Soviet, housed in Grand Duke Vladimir's Tsarkoe Selo villa. The next morning he was sent to Spalernaia prison, where he would remain for most of his incarceration.[62] His cousins: Grand Dukes Dimitri Konstantinovich, Nicholas Mikhailovich and George Mikhailovich were already imprisoned there.[52][63] The four Grand Dukes, all men in their fifties, each had their own cell, 7 feet by 3 feet.[64] Their day began at 7:00 am when they were awakened by the steps in the hall of their jailers and the clank of their keys in the door. Lunch was served at noon, which consisted of dirty hot water with a few fish bones in it and black bread.[65] The lights were turned on in the cells at 7:00 pm, although as the winter approached the prisoners had to sit in darkness until that time. During the short time they were given to exercise, the Grand Dukes were able to exchange a few words. Paul's wife was allowed to visit him twice a week, staying from 1 pm to 6 pm.[62] She did all she could to have him released.[62] Queen Alexandrine of Denmark, a nice of Grand Dukes Nicholas and George Mikahilovich, tried unsuccessfully to obtain the release of her Romanovs relatives through the intervention of Harald Scavenius, the Danish Minister in Petrograd.[66]

On 6 December, as the Grand Duke's health, already bad, declined sharply, he was transferred to the prison hospital on the island of Goloday.[67] Before he left, he was allowed to say goodbye to his young daughters, Irina and Natalia.[67] Shortly afterwards, Princess Paley arranged for the two girls to be smuggled into Finland. They never saw their father again.[67]

On Christmas Day, according to the old calendar, Princess Paley arrived at the hospital as usual to see her husband and bring him food.[62] There was a new director, and the Princess was treated roughly.[62] She was allowed to see her husband only briefly.[62] It was their last time together.[68] Princess Paley continued making desperate attempts to have her husband released through the intervention of Maxim Gorky.[69]

On 28 January 1919, Grand Duke Paul was taken to Cheka headquarters and then transferred to another prison, Gorochovaia.[70] He was kept there until 10 pm, when he was driven to the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress.[62] Paul's three cousins: Grand Dukes Nicholas Michailovich, George Michailovich and Dimitri Constantinovich were taken there directly from Spalernaia prison.[62] The four Grand Dukes were then locked up in the dungeons of Troubetskoy Bastion.[62]

At 3 am, the following day, the four Grand Dukes were taken outside the fortress and stripped to the waist despite the fact that it was almost -20 C.[71] His three cousins were each escorted, with a soldier on each side, towards a trench that had been dug in the courtyard.[72] The fusillade of shots sent them reeling into the trench, joining thirteen other bodies in the mass grave. Grand Duke Paul, who was too emaciated and too sick to stand, was carried on a stretcher and shot dead there.[72]

Grand Dukes Paul, Michael, George and Dimitri were buried in a mass grave in the Fortress, the Bolsheviks having refused the distraught Princess Paley the right to bury her husband. On January 31, 1919 The Petrograd Pravda published the news about the execution of the four Grand Dukes.[72]

Ancestry

Family of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia
16. Peter III of Russia
8. Paul I of Russia
17. Catherine II of Russia
4. Nicholas I of Russia
18. Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg
9. Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg
19. Friederike Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt
2. Alexander II of Russia
20. Frederick William II of Prussia
10. Frederick William III of Prussia
21. Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt
5. Charlotte of Prussia
22. Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
11. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
23. Friederike Caroline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt
1. Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia
24. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
12. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse
25. Karoline of Zweibrücken
6. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse
26. Georg Wilhelm of Hesse-Darmstadt
13. Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
27. Luise of Leiningen-Heidesheim
3. Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
28. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
14. Charles Louis of Baden
29. Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt
7. Wilhelmine of Baden
30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
15. Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
31. Karoline of Zweibrücken

Notes

  1. ^ a b Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 149
  2. ^ a b Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 195
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 196
  4. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 42
  5. ^ a b c Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 153
  6. ^ Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 152
  7. ^ a b Zeepvat, Dear, Unforgettable Alix, p. 7
  8. ^ Chavchavadze, The Grand Dukes, p. 127
  9. ^ Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, p. 140
  10. ^ Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 154
  11. ^ Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 155
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 197
  13. ^ a b c d Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 126
  14. ^ Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 157
  15. ^ Zeepvat, The Camera and the Tsars, p. 49
  16. ^ a b c d Zeepvat, Dear, Unforgettable Alix, p. 8
  17. ^ a b c Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 140
  18. ^ a b c d Belyakova, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna and her palace in St Peterburg , p. 14
  19. ^ a b Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 156
  20. ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 198
  21. ^ Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 43.
  22. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 141
  23. ^ Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 162
  24. ^ a b Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 199
  25. ^ a b c d e Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 165
  26. ^ Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 71.
  27. ^ a b c d e Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 166
  28. ^ Papi, Jewels of the Romanovs: Family & Court, p. 162
  29. ^ Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 158
  30. ^ a b c d e f Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 200
  31. ^ Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 72.
  32. ^ a b Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 201
  33. ^ a b c d Vassiliev, Beauty in Exile, p. 435
  34. ^ a b Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 168
  35. ^ a b c Vassiliev, Beauty in Exile , p. 437
  36. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 182
  37. ^ a b c Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 202
  38. ^ a b Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 160
  39. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 183
  40. ^ a b Papi, Jewels of the Romanovs: Family & Court, p. 174
  41. ^ a b c d e f g Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 203
  42. ^ a b c d Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 161
  43. ^ Chavchavadze, The Grand Dukes, p. 129
  44. ^ a b c d Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 163
  45. ^ Princess Paley, Memories of Russia.
  46. ^ a b Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 188
  47. ^ a b Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 189
  48. ^ a b Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 190
  49. ^ Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 148.
  50. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 194
  51. ^ a b c Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 164
  52. ^ a b c d e f g Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 197
  53. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 196
  54. ^ a b Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 204
  55. ^ Zeepvat, The Camera and the Tsars, p. 207
  56. ^ Papi, Jewels of the Romanovs: Family & Court, p. 175
  57. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 199
  58. ^ a b Hall, The English Dacha at Tsarkoe Selo, p. 28.
  59. ^ Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 207-208.
  60. ^ a b Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 198
  61. ^ a b c Hall, The English Dacha at Tsarkoe Selo, p. 27.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 200
  63. ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 218
  64. ^ Marie Georgievna, A Romanov Diary, p. 218.
  65. ^ Marie Georgievna, A Romanov Diary, p. 230.
  66. ^ Hall, Danish efforts to Help the Imprisoned Romanovs, p. 38-40
  67. ^ a b c Hall, Danish efforts to Help the Imprisoned Romanovs, p. 39.
  68. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 201
  69. ^ Perry & Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 208.
  70. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 202
  71. ^ Lee & Davidson, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, p. 165
  72. ^ a b c Cockfield, White Crow, p. 245

References

  • Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia. Once a Grand Duke. Cassell, London, 1932, ASIN: B000J3ZFL2
  • Belyakova, Zoia. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna and her palace in St Peterburg. Ego Publishers, ISBN 5-8276-0011-3
  • Chavchavadze, David. The Grand Dukes, Atlantic, 1989, ISBN 0-938311-11-5
  • Cockfield, Jamie H. White Crow: The Life and Times of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov, 1859-1919. Praeger, 2002, ISBN 0-275-97778-1
  • King, Greg. The Court of the Last Tsar. Wiley, 2006. ISBN 978-0-471-72763-7.
  • Hall, Coryne. Danish efforts to Help the Imprisoned Romanovs. Published in Royal Russia N 6. 2014. ISBN 1927604079.
  • Hall, Coryne. The English Dacha at Tsarkoe Selo. Royalty Digest Quarterly. 2007 N 1. ISSN 1653-5219
  • Lee, William & Davidson, Lisa. Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich. Published in The Grand Dukes. Eurohistory, 2012. ISBN 9780985460396
  • Marie Georgievna, Grand Duchess of Russia. A Romanov Diary: the Autobiography of the Grand Duchess Marie Georgievna of Russia. Gilbert's Books, 2012. ISBN 978-09865310-6-4
  • Papi, Stefano. Jewels of the Romanovs. Thames & Hudson, 2013. ISBN 978-0-500-51706-2
  • Paley, Princess. Memories of Russia, 1916-1919. Herbert Jenkins Ltd, 1924. ASIN: B000O5UBBE
  • Perry, John and Pleshakov, Constantine. The Flight of the Romanovs. Basic Books, 1999, ISBN 0-465-02462-9.
  • Van der Kiste, John. The Romanovs 1818–1959. Sutton Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-7509-2275-3.
  • Vassiliev, Alexandre. Beauty in Exile: The Artists, Models, and Nobility who Fled the Russian Revolution and Influenced the World of Fashion. Harry N. Abrams, 2001. ISBN 0-8109-5701-9
  • Zeepvat, Charlotte. Dear Unforgettable Alix. Royalty Digest Quarterly. 2012 N 3. ISSN 1653-5219
  • Zeepvat, Charlotte. The Camera and the Tsars. Sutton Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-7509-3049-7.
  • Zeepvat, Charlotte. Romanov Autumn: stories from the last century of Imperial Russia. Sutton Publishing, 2000. ISBN 9780750923378
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